硅酸盐学报

废旧锂电池正极材料回收技术研究进展

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李家骏 ¹ , 王俊雄 ¹^,² , 周光敏 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 支撑碳中和目标的新能源材料与器件循环利用专题—综合评述 2025,53(8): 2115-2132

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硅酸盐学报 |支撑碳中和目标的新能源材料与器件循环利用专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (8) : 2115 -2132

废旧锂电池正极材料回收技术研究进展

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李家骏¹, 王俊雄¹^,², 周光敏¹

作者信息

^1．清华大学深圳国际研究生院，广东深圳 518055

^2．上海交通大学变革性分子前沿科学中心，上海 200240

通讯作者:

周光敏（1985—），男，博士，副教授。

作者简介:

李家骏（2000—），男，硕士研究生。

Research Progress on Recycling Technologies for Cathode Materials of Waste Lithium Batteries

Jiajun LI¹, Junxiong WANG¹^,², Guangmin ZHOU¹

Affiliations

^1.Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China

^2.Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding Author:

ZHOU Guangmin (1985-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: guangminzhou@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn

LI Jiajun (2000-), male, Master Candidate. E-mail: ljj23@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240790

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摘要

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随着电动汽车、电子设备和能源存储系统对锂电池需求的不增长，废旧锂电池的产量也呈现显著上升趋势。传统的锂电池回收方法，如湿法冶金和火法冶金，虽然能够有效回收锂电池中的有价值金属，但由于其高能耗、环境污染以及复杂的工艺流程，已逐渐难以满足日益严格的环保与经济要求。为此，绿色高效的回收技术应运而生，并成为当前研究的重点。这些技术通过减少环境负担、节约资源并提高回收经济性，为锂电池的可持续回收提供了新的解决方案。本文总结了近年来在锂电池正极材料回收领域的绿色回收技术进展，重点介绍了直接再生等创新方法。这些新型回收技术不仅有效降低了回收过程中的环境污染，还能显著提高资源的回收率，并具备较好的经济效益。然而，尽管这些技术在实验室研究中取得了较大的进步，它们在大规模应用和工业化过程中仍面临一定的技术和经济挑战，需要进一步的优化与提升。综上所述，未来锂电池回收技术的发展方向将集中于提升其工业化应用的可行性并降低成本，进一步优化其环境效益，以推动锂电池产业的可持续发展。

关键词

碳中和 / 电池回收 / 锂离子电池 / 正极材料

Abstract

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The rapid increase in demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by their widespread use in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and energy storage systems, has led to a significant rise in the generation of waste LIBs. These batteries contain valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, which are essential for the production of new batteries. However, the disposal of these batteries, especially after their life cycle ends, poses substantial environmental and economic challenges. Traditional recycling methods, such as hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, are effective in recovering metals from spent batteries, but they are hindered by high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and complex processing techniques. Consequently, more sustainable and efficient recycling technologies have become the focus of research, with direct regeneration techniques emerging as a promising solution to overcome the limitations of conventional methods.

This review discusses the recent advancements in direct regeneration technologies for recycling the cathode materials of waste LIBs. Direct regeneration refers to methods that restore the electrochemical properties and structural integrity of degraded cathode materials, making them suitable for reuse in new batteries. These techniques are designed to enhance the resource recovery process by efficiently restoring the performance of the cathode materials while reducing environmental impact. Key methods under direct regeneration include electrochemical recovery, solid-state sintering, and hydrothermal regeneration. These methods have shown significant promise in improving material recovery rates and enhancing the economic feasibility of the recycling process.

Electrochemical recovery methods involve using electrochemical reactions to selectively recover valuable metals from spent cathode materials while restoring their electrochemical performance. This process can be performed under relatively mild conditions, which significantly reduces the environmental impact compared to traditional methods. Solid-state sintering techniques, on the other hand, involve high-temperature processes that repair the crystal structure of the cathode materials, restoring their electrochemical stability and performance. Hydrothermal regeneration, a more environmentally friendly approach, uses aqueous solutions under high temperature and pressure to regenerate the cathode materials, making it a promising method for green recycling. All these techniques offer substantial advantages, such as reducing material loss, minimizing harmful byproducts, and enhancing the overall efficiency of the recycling process.

While these methods have demonstrated considerable potential in laboratory settings, there are several challenges that must be overcome to scale these technologies for industrial applications. One of the primary barriers to the widespread adoption of direct regeneration methods is the high cost of reagents and the energy requirements of some techniques, which make them less economically competitive with traditional recycling methods. In addition, the complexity of controlling reaction conditions and maintaining consistent material quality during large-scale regeneration processes poses significant challenges. Furthermore, ensuring that the regenerated materials meet the stringent performance standards required for new, high-performance batteries is a critical issue that needs to be addressed.

Despite these challenges, direct regeneration technologies offer a viable alternative to conventional recycling methods, with the potential to significantly reduce reliance on raw material extraction and minimize the environmental footprint of LIBs. The main advantage of these technologies lies in their ability to restore cathode materials to their original or near-original performance levels, thus extending the lifecycle of valuable materials. This ability not only helps conserve resources but also reduces the environmental damage associated with the mining and processing of raw materials.

Summary and prospects

Direct regeneration technologies for LIB cathode materials have shown significant promise in recent years, offering an environmentally friendly and resource-efficient alternative to traditional recycling methods. However, for these technologies to be successfully implemented on a large scale, several challenges need to be addressed. High processing costs and energy consumption, the need for better control over reaction parameters, and the integration of regeneration techniques into existing recycling infrastructures are the key hurdles that need to be overcome. Additionally, ensuring that regenerated cathode materials maintain their long-term stability and performance is crucial for their commercial viability.

The future of LIB recycling will likely focus on optimizing these direct regeneration methods to improve their scalability, reduce costs, and enhance their overall efficiency. Research should prioritize the development of more cost-effective reagents, energy-efficient processes, and technologies that can be easily integrated into current recycling systems. Additionally, innovations in material science, particularly in the design of more durable and stable cathode materials, will play an important role in enhancing the regeneration process. As these technologies continue to mature, they will contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy for LIBs, reducing the need for new mining activities and minimizing the environmental impact of battery disposal.

Ultimately, the successful development of direct regeneration technologies will help bridge the gap between the growing demand for LIBs and the need for sustainable resource management. By improving the efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of recycling, these technologies have the potential to make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the battery industry, supporting the long-term goals of reducing carbon emissions and conserving valuable resources.

Key words

carbon neutrality / battery recycle / lithium-ion battery / cathode material

引用本文

李家骏, 王俊雄, 周光敏. 废旧锂电池正极材料回收技术研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2115 -2132 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240790

Jiajun LI, Junxiong WANG, Guangmin ZHOU. Research Progress on Recycling Technologies for Cathode Materials of Waste Lithium Batteries[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2115 -2132 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240790

基金

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国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52302285)
清华大学深圳国际研究生院深圳鹏瑞青年教师计划(深圳鹏瑞基金会; SZPR2023007)

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2025年第53卷第8期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240790

接收时间：2024-12-10
首发时间：2026-10-21
出版时间：2025-08-20

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收稿日期：2024-12-10
修回日期：2025-01-06

基金

国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52302285)

清华大学深圳国际研究生院深圳鹏瑞青年教师计划(深圳鹏瑞基金会; SZPR2023007)

作者信息

^1．清华大学深圳国际研究生院，广东深圳 518055

^2．上海交通大学变革性分子前沿科学中心，上海 200240

通讯作者:

周光敏（1985—），男，博士，副教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240790

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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