硅酸盐学报

废旧锂离子电池正极材料的湿法回收和再生技术研究进展

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陈立辉 ¹ , 赖文斌 ¹ , 罗奋强 ¹^,² , 赖志颖 ¹ , 方朝斌 ¹ , 曾诗涵 ¹ , 肖富玉 ¹ , 钱庆荣 ¹ , 陈庆华 ¹ , 曾令兴 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 支撑碳中和目标的新能源材料与器件循环利用专题—综合评述 2025,53(8): 2148-2165

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硅酸盐学报 |支撑碳中和目标的新能源材料与器件循环利用专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (8) : 2148 -2165

废旧锂离子电池正极材料的湿法回收和再生技术研究进展

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陈立辉¹, 赖文斌¹, 罗奋强¹^,², 赖志颖¹, 方朝斌¹, 曾诗涵¹, 肖富玉¹, 钱庆荣¹, 陈庆华¹, 曾令兴¹^,²

作者信息

^1．福建师范大学环境与资源学院，聚合物资源绿色循环利用教育部工程研究中心，福州 350007

^2．南开大学化学学院，先进能源材料化学教育部重点实验室，天津 300071

通讯作者:

曾令兴（1986—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

陈立辉（2000—），男，硕士研究生。

A Review on Hydrometallurgy Recycle and Regeneration Technology of Cathode Materials for Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

Lihui CHEN¹, Wenbin LAI¹, Fenqiang LUO¹^,², Zhiying LAI¹, Chaobin FANG¹, Shihan ZENG¹, Fuyu XIAO¹, Qingrong QIAN¹, Qinghua CHEN¹, Lingxing ZENG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China

^2.Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

Corresponding Author:

ZENG Lingxing (1986-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: zenglingxing@fjnu.edu.cn

CHEN Lihui (2000-), male, Master Candidate. E-mail: qsz20241656@student.fjnu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240817

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摘要

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随着中国新能源汽车退役高峰期的到来，废旧锂离子电池的回收已成为一个亟需解决的问题。废弃电极中富含锂、钴、镍等金属的正极材料具有极大的经济价值，发展高效的回收技术不仅有利于促进“双碳”目标推进，而且能够实现固体废弃物资源化与高值化转化。在各类回收技术中，湿法再生技术工艺成熟，回收效率高，是一种极具潜力的回收技术。在此，本文综述了湿法再生技术的发展，内容涵盖废弃正极材料的浸出、分离、提纯与再合成方法。首先，介绍了酸/氨/深共晶溶剂浸出、生物浸出与电化学浸出等湿法再生策略以及对应策略在浸出阶段的辅助方法。随后基于浸出液的分离与提纯技术，进一步概述了化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、离子交换法与膜分离法等提纯技术。针对正极材料再合成介绍了高温固相法与溶胶-凝胶法等策略。最后，总结了湿法再生技术的瓶颈并提供可能的解决方案，为湿法再生技术发展提供借鉴。

关键词

废旧锂离子电池 / 正极材料 / 湿法 / 回收 / 再生

Abstract

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Spent lithium-ion batteries contain rare metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese, which are limited and unevenly distributed. Through recovery, we can effectively reduce the dependence on the exploitation of new mineral resources and realize the sustainable utilization of resources. It can reduce the cost of raw materials for the production of new batteries, and the development of the battery recycling industry can create new job opportunities and promote economic growth. As lithium-ion batteries contain heavy metals and other harmful substances, if discarded at will, these substances may seep into the soil and water sources, causing serious environmental pollution. The energy consumption in the process of battery production and recycling will produce greenhouse gases. If not handled properly, it may cause fire or explosion due to internal short circuit, overheating and other reasons, resulting in safety accidents. Therefore, effective recycling can reduce the energy consumption needed for the production of new batteries, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of policies and regulations, many countries and regions have laws and regulations on e-waste disposal, which require the recycling of decommissioned batteries. Enterprises can show their sense of social responsibility and enhance their corporate image by recycling retired batteries. This can not only promote the development of related environmental protection technology and material science, establish a perfect battery recycling system, but also help to form a complete closed-loop industry chain from battery production to recycling. In a word, the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries not only is of great significance to environmental protection and resource conservation, but also has a far-reaching impact on promoting economic development, meeting the requirements of laws and regulations, and promoting corporate social responsibility. With the popularity of electric vehicles and other portable electronic devices, the number of retired batteries will continue to increase, and the importance of battery recycling will become more and more prominent.

Recycling the valuable metal resources of spent lithium-ion batteries can generate significant economic benefit. Among various recycling technologies, hydrometallurgy reveals better application potential due to its high maturity and recovery rate. This review focus on the development of hydrometallurgy, including the methods of leaching, separation, purification and re-synthesis of spent cathode materials. The first part introduces the leaching strategies, using acid, ammonia, deep eutectic solvent, bioleaching, and electrochemical leaching, as well as the auxiliary methods for such methods. The second part summarized the purification technologies for the leaching solution and the following re-synthesis process, while the former includes the chemical precipitation method, solvent extraction method, ion exchange method, and membrane separation method and the latter contains the high temperature solid state method and sol-gel method. In the thrid part, the bottlenecks of hydrometallurgy are summarized, and possible solutions are provided for the development of hydrometallurgy regeneration technology.

Summary and prospects

Hydrometallurgy has high efficiency and practicability in the large-scale application of recycling the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion battery. However, it consumes a large number of chemical reagents during the leaching process, generating pollutants and arousing attention. Therefore, the key issue is to reduce the negative environmental impact caused by hydrometallurgy. The selection of green and efficient leaching technology is beneficial to reduce the production of "three wastes" pollutants in the hydrometallurgy recycle technology, in which the environment-friendly organic acid has the characteristics of both leaching agent and chelating agent, promising to partly replace the inorganic acid leaching in the future. Using the microorganisms to leaches the spent lithium-ion batteries is an environmentally friendly and cheap method, which can design a targeted leaching process by adjusting its own redox properties. However, its strict cultivation environment and inefficiency have become a major difficulty in industrialization. Compared with the traditional acid leaching technology, deep eutectic solvent technology and electrochemistry technology still do not have the advantage in cost. For different cathode materials, auxiliary leaching methods such as mechanical activation, Fe ion medium and wave assistance can be adopted to reduce the amount of leaching agent, increasing the leaching efficiency and economic benefit. The traditional chemical precipitation and solvent extraction for separating and purifying often reveal a complex process, increasing the burden on the environment. The advanced purification technologies such as ion exchange and membrane separation generate positive effects on the environment, its cost still needs to be considered. Besides, enormous efforts have been paid on recycling the single cathode materials. However, the spent cathode materials collected from the market often consisted of a mixture of different cathode materials, which trend to increase the cost of pretreatment and separation process. Therefore, recycling technology for mixed cathode materials should be studied. For recycling other components used in lithium-ion batteries, such as anode materials, separator, current collector and so on, although it generates lower economic benefits than that of cathode materials, the closed-loop recycle of all components of spent lithium-ion batteries is still important in the future, which realizes high-value and deeply utilization of the whole components of spent lithium-ion batteries.

Key words

spent lithium-ion batteries / cathode materials / hydrometallurgy / recycle / regeneration

引用本文

陈立辉, 赖文斌, 罗奋强, 赖志颖, 方朝斌, 曾诗涵, 肖富玉, 钱庆荣, 陈庆华, 曾令兴. 废旧锂离子电池正极材料的湿法回收和再生技术研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2148 -2165 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240817

Lihui CHEN, Wenbin LAI, Fenqiang LUO, Zhiying LAI, Chaobin FANG, Shihan ZENG, Fuyu XIAO, Qingrong QIAN, Qinghua CHEN, Lingxing ZENG. A Review on Hydrometallurgy Recycle and Regeneration Technology of Cathode Materials for Spent Lithium-ion Batteries[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2148 -2165 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240817

基金

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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3906300)
国家自然科学基金(22479026)
福建省雏鹰计划青年拔尖人才
福建省重点基金(2023J02013)
福建省级科技创新重点项目(2022G02022)

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2025年第53卷第8期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240817

接收时间：2024-12-23
首发时间：2026-10-21
出版时间：2025-08-20

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收稿日期：2024-12-23
修回日期：2025-02-10

基金

国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3906300)

国家自然科学基金(22479026)

福建省雏鹰计划青年拔尖人才

福建省重点基金(2023J02013)

福建省级科技创新重点项目(2022G02022)

作者信息

^1．福建师范大学环境与资源学院，聚合物资源绿色循环利用教育部工程研究中心，福州 350007

^2．南开大学化学学院，先进能源材料化学教育部重点实验室，天津 300071

通讯作者:

曾令兴（1986—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240817

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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