Article(id=1319726220913267537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726202550600683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734710400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-21, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792576850393, onlineDateStr=2026-10-21, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792576850393, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792576850393, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792576850393, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319726202550600683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='2079', pageEnd='2418', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755619200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792576846015, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792577372688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319728411619213318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726202550600683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319728411619213319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726202550600683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2340, endPage=2350, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319726221106205522, articleId=1319726220913267537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Nano-Silica Modified In-situ Polymerized Cementitious Materials (iPMCM): Properties Enhancement and Strengthening Mechanism, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

In-situ polymerized cementitious materials (iPMCM) exhibit exceptional fluidity, interfacial adhesion, and toughness, making them promising candidates for rapid repair engineering and 3D printing applications. However, the delayed cement hydration caused by polymer significantly impedes early strength development, limiting their practical applications. Nano-silica (NS) has been proven to considerably enhance the early-age mechanical properties of cementitious materials due to its filler effect, nucleation effect, and pozzolanic effect, offering a solution for improving the strength development of iPMCM at the early age. However, the synergistic effects of NS and in-situ polymerization on the mechanical development remain unclear. This study systematically investigates the interaction of NS and in-situ polymerization on the hydration kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of iPMCM. And the enhancement mechanism of NS on both the cement microstructure and the polymer network was in-depth discussed. The findings from this study provide an effective strategy for improving the early-age mechanical properties of iPMCM, broadening their real-world applications.

Methods

Orthogonal experiments L25 (56) were designed to optimize acrylamide (AM) monomer (1%-5% of cement mass), potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator (1%-5% of monomer mass), and NS (0-0.4% of cement mass) dosages based on 6 h compressive strength. P.I 42.5 cement, AM, KPS, and 15 nm NS were used with a fixed water-to-cement ratio of 0.4. NS was pre-dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h before dispersing in water with AM and KPS, and then the resulting solution was mixed with cement to prepare pastes. Samples were cast into 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm molds. After demolding curing for 1 d, the samples were cured at 20 ℃ and 95% RH for specific curing ages prior to mechanical property measurement. The hydration kinetic of cement pastes was monitored by a TAM Air calorimeter. The hydration products of hardened cement pastes were characterized by XRD and TGA. SEM and MIP were employed to observe the microstructure and to analyze the pore structure of iPMCM at different ages, respectively

Results and Discussion

The orthogonal experiment identified 4% AM, 0.3% NS, and 4% KPS as the optimal formulation, achieving a 284% increase in 6 h compressive strength (from 1.38 MPa to 5.3 MPa) and 381% increase in 6 h flexural strength (form 0.36 MPa to 1.73 MPa) compared to the control group. In addition, the optimal group exhibited varying degrees of improvement in compressive and flexural strengths than the control and in-situ polymerization groups after curing for 7 d and 28 d. The evolution of heat flow analyses during the cement hydration indicates that NS reduced the nucleation barrier for C-S-H formation and thus advancing silicate hydration. It resulted in an increase of CH content by 17.8%. Concurrently, NS promoted the earlier AM polymerization releasing a more significant heat, which contributed to accelerating cement hydration, and thereby improving the early-age compressive strength. MIP results suggest that the incorporation of NS into iPMCM reduced harmful pore (>50 nm) volume by 71.1% and increased less-harmful pore (20-50 nm) content, compared to the control group, significantly refining the pore structure of the hardened cement pastes. SEM observations demonstrate a denser organic-inorganic network in NS modified PAM hydrogel where NS is likely to act as a physical crosslinker via hydrogen bonding with polyacrylamide strengthening the polymer network.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that modification using nano-silica effectively enhances the early strength of iPMCM with the optimal formulation of 4% AM, 0.3% NS, 4% KPS, which achieved a 284% improvement in 6 h compressive strength while maintaining superior 28 d flexural strength. The comprehensive experiment analyses conclude that the roles of NS in the early-age mechanical development of iPMCM includes: (i) Improving cement hydration and microstructure. Owing to its nucleation effect, NS accelerates the silicate hydration compensating for the delaying effect of in-situ polymerization on cement hydration. And the presence of NS refines the pore structure of iPMCM by reducing the amount of harmful pores, thus further improving the early strength of iPMCM. (ii) Strengthening the polymerization network. NS advances the occurrence of polymerization with a significant heat released. In iPMCM, NS may interact with polyacrylamide via hydrogen bonding, as a physical crosslinker strengthening the polymer network. These further contribute to the early-age strength development of iPMCM. The findings from this study provide a scientific foundation for the applications of iPMCM in rapid repair engineering, 3D printing structures, etc. The long-term durability and scalability for industrial applications will be further explored in future studies.

, authors=Zhenqi YU, Xin LIU, Lijing SHAO, Hui XIE, Yi ZHANG, Haochuan WANG, Pan FENG, authorsList=Zhenqi YU, Xin LIU, Lijing SHAO, Hui XIE, Yi ZHANG, Haochuan WANG, Pan FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin LIU, Pan FENG, authorNote=

YU Zhenqi (2001-), male, Master Candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
FENG Pan (1988-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
LIU Xin (1995-), male, Ph.D.
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原位聚合改性水泥基复合材料(iPMCM)具有流动性好、韧性高、界面粘结性优等优势,在修补工程、3D打印等领域具有广泛应用前景。而聚合物对水泥水化的延缓作用导致其早期强度发展缓慢,限制了其进一步应用。采用纳米二氧化硅(NS)改性iPMCM,利用正交实验优选iPMCM的单体质量掺量、引发剂掺量及NS掺量,并探明NS对原位聚合改性水泥基材料水化动力学和微结构的影响规律,揭示NS的增强机理。研究发现,单体和NS分别为水泥质量分数的4.0%和0.3%、引发剂质量分数为单体的4%时,iPMCM的6 h抗压强度最优,比对照组提高了284%,且略微提高抗折强度。NS的成核效应促进水泥水化,优化孔结构,密实水泥微结构;同时,NS通过氢键与聚合物发生相互作用,可能作为交联点强化聚合物网络;单体聚合放热进一步促进了水泥的水化反应。两方面的协同作用优化了iPMCM的有机-无机网络结构,显著提升了iPMCM的早期力学性能,研究结果为拓展iPMCM的应用提供了参考。

, authors=于桢琪, 刘新, 邵丽静, 谢辉, 张艺, 王浩川, 冯攀, authorsList=于桢琪, 刘新, 邵丽静, 谢辉, 张艺, 王浩川, 冯攀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘新, 冯攀, authorNote=

于桢琪(2001—),男,硕士研究生。

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冯攀(1988—),女,博士,教授;
刘新(1995—),男,博士。
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纳米二氧化硅改性原位聚合水泥基材料的性能及强化机理
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于桢琪 , 刘新 , 邵丽静 , 谢辉 , 张艺 , 王浩川 , 冯攀
硅酸盐学报 | 青年视角 2025,53(8): 2340-2350
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硅酸盐学报 |青年视角 2025 , 53 (8) : 2340 -2350
纳米二氧化硅改性原位聚合水泥基材料的性能及强化机理
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于桢琪 , 刘新 , 邵丽静, 谢辉, 张艺, 王浩川, 冯攀
作者信息
  • 东南大学材料科学与工程学院,重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室,江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室,南京 211189
通讯作者:
冯攀(1988—),女,博士,教授;
刘新(1995—),男,博士。
作者简介:

于桢琪(2001—),男,硕士研究生。

Nano-Silica Modified In-situ Polymerized Cementitious Materials (iPMCM): Properties Enhancement and Strengthening Mechanism
Zhenqi YU , Xin LIU , Lijing SHAO, Hui XIE, Yi ZHANG, Haochuan WANG, Pan FENG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, Nanjing 211189, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    FENG Pan (1988-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
    LIU Xin (1995-), male, Ph.D.

    YU Zhenqi (2001-), male, Master Candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250043
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原位聚合改性水泥基复合材料(iPMCM)具有流动性好、韧性高、界面粘结性优等优势,在修补工程、3D打印等领域具有广泛应用前景。而聚合物对水泥水化的延缓作用导致其早期强度发展缓慢,限制了其进一步应用。采用纳米二氧化硅(NS)改性iPMCM,利用正交实验优选iPMCM的单体质量掺量、引发剂掺量及NS掺量,并探明NS对原位聚合改性水泥基材料水化动力学和微结构的影响规律,揭示NS的增强机理。研究发现,单体和NS分别为水泥质量分数的4.0%和0.3%、引发剂质量分数为单体的4%时,iPMCM的6 h抗压强度最优,比对照组提高了284%,且略微提高抗折强度。NS的成核效应促进水泥水化,优化孔结构,密实水泥微结构;同时,NS通过氢键与聚合物发生相互作用,可能作为交联点强化聚合物网络;单体聚合放热进一步促进了水泥的水化反应。两方面的协同作用优化了iPMCM的有机-无机网络结构,显著提升了iPMCM的早期力学性能,研究结果为拓展iPMCM的应用提供了参考。

水泥基材料  /  纳米二氧化硅  /  原位聚合  /  早期力学性能  /  微结构  /  增强机理
Introduction

In-situ polymerized cementitious materials (iPMCM) exhibit exceptional fluidity, interfacial adhesion, and toughness, making them promising candidates for rapid repair engineering and 3D printing applications. However, the delayed cement hydration caused by polymer significantly impedes early strength development, limiting their practical applications. Nano-silica (NS) has been proven to considerably enhance the early-age mechanical properties of cementitious materials due to its filler effect, nucleation effect, and pozzolanic effect, offering a solution for improving the strength development of iPMCM at the early age. However, the synergistic effects of NS and in-situ polymerization on the mechanical development remain unclear. This study systematically investigates the interaction of NS and in-situ polymerization on the hydration kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of iPMCM. And the enhancement mechanism of NS on both the cement microstructure and the polymer network was in-depth discussed. The findings from this study provide an effective strategy for improving the early-age mechanical properties of iPMCM, broadening their real-world applications.

Methods

Orthogonal experiments L25 (56) were designed to optimize acrylamide (AM) monomer (1%-5% of cement mass), potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator (1%-5% of monomer mass), and NS (0-0.4% of cement mass) dosages based on 6 h compressive strength. P.I 42.5 cement, AM, KPS, and 15 nm NS were used with a fixed water-to-cement ratio of 0.4. NS was pre-dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h before dispersing in water with AM and KPS, and then the resulting solution was mixed with cement to prepare pastes. Samples were cast into 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm molds. After demolding curing for 1 d, the samples were cured at 20 ℃ and 95% RH for specific curing ages prior to mechanical property measurement. The hydration kinetic of cement pastes was monitored by a TAM Air calorimeter. The hydration products of hardened cement pastes were characterized by XRD and TGA. SEM and MIP were employed to observe the microstructure and to analyze the pore structure of iPMCM at different ages, respectively

Results and Discussion

The orthogonal experiment identified 4% AM, 0.3% NS, and 4% KPS as the optimal formulation, achieving a 284% increase in 6 h compressive strength (from 1.38 MPa to 5.3 MPa) and 381% increase in 6 h flexural strength (form 0.36 MPa to 1.73 MPa) compared to the control group. In addition, the optimal group exhibited varying degrees of improvement in compressive and flexural strengths than the control and in-situ polymerization groups after curing for 7 d and 28 d. The evolution of heat flow analyses during the cement hydration indicates that NS reduced the nucleation barrier for C-S-H formation and thus advancing silicate hydration. It resulted in an increase of CH content by 17.8%. Concurrently, NS promoted the earlier AM polymerization releasing a more significant heat, which contributed to accelerating cement hydration, and thereby improving the early-age compressive strength. MIP results suggest that the incorporation of NS into iPMCM reduced harmful pore (>50 nm) volume by 71.1% and increased less-harmful pore (20-50 nm) content, compared to the control group, significantly refining the pore structure of the hardened cement pastes. SEM observations demonstrate a denser organic-inorganic network in NS modified PAM hydrogel where NS is likely to act as a physical crosslinker via hydrogen bonding with polyacrylamide strengthening the polymer network.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that modification using nano-silica effectively enhances the early strength of iPMCM with the optimal formulation of 4% AM, 0.3% NS, 4% KPS, which achieved a 284% improvement in 6 h compressive strength while maintaining superior 28 d flexural strength. The comprehensive experiment analyses conclude that the roles of NS in the early-age mechanical development of iPMCM includes: (i) Improving cement hydration and microstructure. Owing to its nucleation effect, NS accelerates the silicate hydration compensating for the delaying effect of in-situ polymerization on cement hydration. And the presence of NS refines the pore structure of iPMCM by reducing the amount of harmful pores, thus further improving the early strength of iPMCM. (ii) Strengthening the polymerization network. NS advances the occurrence of polymerization with a significant heat released. In iPMCM, NS may interact with polyacrylamide via hydrogen bonding, as a physical crosslinker strengthening the polymer network. These further contribute to the early-age strength development of iPMCM. The findings from this study provide a scientific foundation for the applications of iPMCM in rapid repair engineering, 3D printing structures, etc. The long-term durability and scalability for industrial applications will be further explored in future studies.

cement-based material  /  nano-silica  /  in-situ polymerization  /  early mechanical properties  /  microstructure  /  strengthening mechanism
于桢琪, 刘新, 邵丽静, 谢辉, 张艺, 王浩川, 冯攀. 纳米二氧化硅改性原位聚合水泥基材料的性能及强化机理. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2340 -2350 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250043
Zhenqi YU, Xin LIU, Lijing SHAO, Hui XIE, Yi ZHANG, Haochuan WANG, Pan FENG. Nano-Silica Modified In-situ Polymerized Cementitious Materials (iPMCM): Properties Enhancement and Strengthening Mechanism[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (8) : 2340 -2350 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250043
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3711403)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52478238; 52408240)
  • 江苏省科技创新资助项目(BK20222004)
  • 博士后创新人才支持计划(BX20240066)
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2025年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250043
  • 接收时间:2024-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-21
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-21
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3711403)
国家自然科学基金(52478238; 52408240)
江苏省科技创新资助项目(BK20222004)
博士后创新人才支持计划(BX20240066)
作者信息
    东南大学材料科学与工程学院,重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室,江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室,南京 211189

通讯作者:

冯攀(1988—),女,博士,教授;
刘新(1995—),男,博士。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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