硅酸盐学报

地聚合物固化淤泥质土：从微观机理到宏观性能

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吴昊 ¹ , 张泽鹏 ¹ , 宋卫民 ¹ , 张德 ² , 程志强 ² , 满立 ³ , 斯碧峰 ³ , 张甲峰 ⁴

硅酸盐学报 | 低碳水泥与固废资源化利用专题—综合评述 2026,54(5): 1699-1724

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硅酸盐学报 |低碳水泥与固废资源化利用专题—综合评述 2026 , 54 (5) : 1699 -1724

地聚合物固化淤泥质土：从微观机理到宏观性能

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吴昊¹, 张泽鹏¹, 宋卫民¹, 张德², 程志强², 满立³, 斯碧峰³, 张甲峰⁴

作者信息

^1．中南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410075

^2．上海公路桥梁（集团）有限公司，上海 200433

^3．上海机场（集团）有限公司，上海 200335

^4．上海民航新时代机场设计研究院有限公司，上海 200335

通讯作者:

张德（1990—），男，博士，总工程师。

作者简介:

吴昊（1980—），男，博士，教授。

Geopolymer-Stabilized Silty Soil: From Microscopic Mechanisms to Macroscopic Performance

Hao WU¹, Zepeng ZHANG¹, Weimin SONG¹, De ZHANG², Zhiqiang CHENG², Li MAN³, Bifeng SI³, Jiafeng ZHANG⁴

Affiliations

^1.School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China

^2.Shanghai Highway and Bridge Group Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200433, China

^3.Shanghai Airport Authority, Shanghai 200335, China

^4.Shanghai Civil Aviation New Era Airport Design and Research Institute Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200335, China

Corresponding Author:

ZHANG De (1990-), male, Ph.D., Chief Engineer. E-mail: dez2021@163.com

WU Hao (1980-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: haoutk@csu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-09-26 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250562

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摘要

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淤泥质土广泛分布于中国沿海及内河流域，其高含水率、低渗透性及弱结构性等不良工程特性，已严重制约了基础设施建设的可持续发展。针对这一挑战，通过土壤固化技术实现淤泥质土的资源化利用，被视为潜在解决方案。然而，传统无机固化剂（如水泥、石灰）在应用中存在高碳排放、能耗大以及有限的工业固废消纳能力等突出弊端，已难以满足中国“双碳”目标下的绿色转型与可持续发展需求。在此背景下，地聚合物作为一种以富含硅铝酸盐工业固废（如矿渣、粉煤灰等）为前驱体，在碱激发作用下形成的新型绿色胶凝材料，凭借其近零碳排放、高反应活性以及显著的固废资源化特性，为淤泥质土的高效利用与工业固废的协同处置提供了极具潜力的可持续发展解决方案。本文从多尺度视角出发，系统性地综述了地聚合物固化淤泥质土的固化机理、宏观性能及其关键科学问题的研究进展。首先，分析了中国不同地区淤泥质土的工程特性，并从微观层面阐明了地聚合物的形成原理及其固化淤泥质土的微观机理；随后，探讨了地聚合物固化淤泥质土的宏观力学性能、耐久性能及其影响因素。本文旨在为开发高性能地聚合物基淤泥质土固化剂、提出高效的淤泥质土处置策略提供理论依据，为推动淤泥质土的资源化利用与工业固废的协同处理提供实践参考。

关键词

淤泥质土 / 工业固废 / 地聚合物 / 机理 / 性能

Abstract

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Silty soil, prevalent across China's coastal regions and inland river basins, significantly impedes sustainable infrastructure development due to its problematic engineering characteristics like high water content, low permeability, and weak structure. To overcome this challenge, soil stabilization technique for the beneficial reuse of silty soil is regarded as a potential solution. However, conventional inorganic binders like cement and lime come with substantial drawbacks, i.e., high carbon emissions, considerable energy consumption, and limited capacity for industrial solid waste assimilation. These increasingly conflict with China's "dual carbon" goals for green transformation and sustainable growth. In this context, geopolymer as a novel type of green cementitious material formed through alkali activation using silicon-aluminum-rich industrial solid wastes (such as slag and fly ash) as precursors offers a highly promising sustainable solution. With near-zero carbon emissions, high reactivity, and remarkable waste valorization properties, it enables both the efficient utilization of silty soil and the synergistic disposal of industrial solid waste. This review systematically represents the research progress on the stabilization mechanisms, macroscopic properties, and key scientific issues of geopolymer-stabilized silty soil from a multi-scale perspective. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for developing high-performance geopolymer-based silty soil solidifiers and proposing efficient silty soil disposal strategies, while offering practical references for promoting the resource utilization of silty soil and the synergistic treatment of industrial solid waste.

First, the physicochemical properties and engineering characteristics of silty soil in different districts of China are analyzed. It is indicated that although the properties of silty soil exhibit certain regional variations, they all share adverse engineering characteristics such as high water content, high void ratio, high thixotropy, low permeability, and low stability. These unfavorable properties severely limit their engineering applications. As a novel inorganic chemical stabilization method, alkali-activated geopolymer stabilization technology has demonstrated broad application prospects in the field of silty soil improvement due to its excellent engineering performance and low-carbon, environmentally friendly features.

In terms of microscopic mechanisms, this review introduces the formation principles of geopolymers, including their reaction processes, strength formation mechanisms, and differences among various types of geopolymers. The reaction mechanisms of different calcium-based geopolymer-solidified soils are revealed. The results show that the strength of low-calcium geopolymer-stabilized soil primarily stems from the N-A-S-H gel with a three-dimensional network structure, while the reaction process of high-calcium geopolymer-stabilized soil is more complex, resulting in diverse cementitious products. Subsequently, the microscopic mechanism of geopolymer-stabilized silty soil is analyzed in detail. Specifically, silicon-aluminum-rich geopolymer precursors such as slag and fly ash, as well as SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in the silty soil, gradually dissolve and undergo a structural destruction under the action of alkali activators. This is followed by repolymerization, generating a large amount of flocculent gel substances, primarily C-(A)-S-H and N-A-S-H. These gel substances adhere on the surface of vitreous bodies, with some condensing and hardening to form a polymer skeleton, while others encapsulate soil particles and fill the pores between them, forming aggregates. The polymer skeleton supports and binds the soil particle aggregates, constituting the spatial structural system of geopolymer-stabilized soil, thereby enhancing its mechanical properties. The mechanisms behind the superior performance of geopolymer-stabilized silty soil are further explained by microanalytical methods.

In terms of macroscopic properties, the results of some strength tests on geopolymer-stabilized silty soil conducted globally in recent years are systematically summarized. Geopolymer-stabilized silty soil exhibits significant advantages over cement-stabilized soil in terms of unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, and foundation bearing capacity. Its mechanical properties are affected by multiple factors, among which alkali activator concentration, modulus of alkali solution, precursor type, and dosage are studied for their patterns. Optimizing reaction conditions can further enhance the mechanical properties of stabilized soil to some extent. Moreover, geopolymer-stabilized silty soil also demonstrates excellent durability, with significant improvements in water stability, freeze-thaw resistance, wet-dry cycle resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance, compared to cement-based materials. It exhibits a desirable environmental adaptability. Geopolymers can reconstruct the soil skeleton through their unique alkali activation and geopolymerization processes, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties and durability of silty soil, thereby providing a solution for the treatment and reinforcement of silty soil.

Summary and prospects

Utilizing geopolymers to stabilize silty soil and applying it in engineering construction represents a highly promising approach for resource utilization. This method enables efficient and sustainable use of silty soil and promotes large-scale consumption of industrial solid waste in China, demonstrating exceptional environmental, economic, and social benefits. Geopolymer-stabilized silty soil exhibits excellent mechanical properties, with improvements in compressive strength, shear strength, and bearing capacity, compared to conventional inorganic stabilized soil. In addition, it also shows significant advantages in key durability aspects such as water stability and freeze-thaw resistance. This performance enhancement is a macroscopic reflection of its unique microstructure and chemical bonding capabilities.

Although the existing experimental research on geopolymer-stabilized silty soil has made significant progress in macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics, the in-depth analysis of its microscopic stabilization mechanisms and systematic studies on the influence of organic matter content on stabilization effects still require a further attention. Moreover, research on stabilized silty soil predominantly focuses on single-component geopolymer systems, while studies on binary or multicomponent geopolymer-stabilized soil remain insufficient. The application of geopolymers in soil stabilization still faces severe challenges, such as the lack of unified testing methods, performance evaluation standards, and engineering design specifications. Future research should focus on investigating the complex interfacial reactions and bonding mechanisms between geopolymers and silty soil particles, actively expanding exploration of silty soil stabilization under multicomponent geopolymer systems, and accelerating the establishment of design and construction specifications for geopolymer-stabilized soil in various engineering applications. Building a full-lifecycle standardized system can provide a technical assurance for the large-scale promotion and application of this technology.

Key words

silty soil / industrial solid waste / geopolymer / mechanism / performance

引用本文

吴昊, 张泽鹏, 宋卫民, 张德, 程志强, 满立, 斯碧峰, 张甲峰. 地聚合物固化淤泥质土：从微观机理到宏观性能. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (5) : 1699 -1724 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250562

Hao WU, Zepeng ZHANG, Weimin SONG, De ZHANG, Zhiqiang CHENG, Li MAN, Bifeng SI, Jiafeng ZHANG. Geopolymer-Stabilized Silty Soil: From Microscopic Mechanisms to Macroscopic Performance[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (5) : 1699 -1724 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250562

基金

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上海市住房和城乡建设管理委员会科研项目(沪建科2023-002-006)

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2026年第54卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250562

接收时间：2025-07-18
首发时间：2026-09-20
出版时间：2025-09-26

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-07-18
修回日期：2025-08-18

基金

上海市住房和城乡建设管理委员会科研项目(沪建科2023-002-006)

作者信息

^1．中南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410075

^2．上海公路桥梁（集团）有限公司，上海 200433

^3．上海机场（集团）有限公司，上海 200335

^4．上海民航新时代机场设计研究院有限公司，上海 200335

通讯作者:

张德（1990—），男，博士，总工程师。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250562

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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