硅酸盐学报

铋(Bi)：赋予光纤光子技术光学材料“神奇”特性的奇异金属

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Alexander ELOPOV , Konstantin RIUMKIN , Aleksandr KHEGAI , Sergey ALYSHEV , Sergei FIRSTOV

硅酸盐学报 | 先进玻璃与光学材料专题——综合评述 2026,54(4): 1324-1339

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硅酸盐学报 | 先进玻璃与光学材料专题——综合评述 2026, 54(4): 1324-1339

铋(Bi)：赋予光纤光子技术光学材料“神奇”特性的奇异金属

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Alexander ELOPOV, Konstantin RIUMKIN, Aleksandr KHEGAI, Sergey ALYSHEV, Sergei FIRSTOV

作者信息

俄罗斯科学院普罗霍罗夫普通物理研究所季亚诺夫光纤研究中心，莫斯科 119333，俄罗斯

ELOPOV Alexander（1995—），男，博士研究生。

ELOPOV Alexander (1995-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: saelopov@yandex.ru

通讯作者:

FIRSTOV Sergei（1984—），男，教授。

Bismuth (Bi): A Wonder Metal Imparting "Magic" Properties to Optical Materials for Fiber Photonic Technologies

Alexander ELOPOV, Konstantin RIUMKIN, Aleksandr KHEGAI, Sergey ALYSHEV, Sergei FIRSTOV

Affiliations

Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dianov Fiber Optics Research Center, Moscow 119333, Russia

出版时间: 2026-01-29 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250638

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高速通信技术的飞速发展，现已实现4K视频直播、远程实时手术、人工智能、物联网、虚拟现实、云服务及社交媒体的广泛应用。数字技术的进一步发展，无疑需要光纤通信领域的创新性解决方案，这一需求的核心驱动力是对更高传输速率的迫切追求。多波段波长传输技术被视为实现该目标的最具潜力途径之一，该技术可充分利用标准单模光纤中从O波段到U波段的全波段低损耗区间，使光通信系统的带宽提升数倍。掺铋光纤凭借其优异的增益特性与噪声系数表现，成为光放大器的独特介质，是多波段传输技术成功落地的核心器件。尽管掺铋材料的研发已历经20余年，但其相关研究热度仍持续攀升。本文综述阐述了掺铋光学材料（涵盖晶体、陶瓷、玻璃及光纤）新型结构的研发现状与趋势，同时介绍了这类材料的创新制备方法；分析了提升掺铋材料性能的独特技术路径，展示了不同光谱波段下掺铋光纤放大器的代表性研究成果，并归纳了其他研究团队的重要发现。

关键词

光学材料 / 光纤 / 陶瓷 / 玻璃 / 铋 / 发光特性 / 放大器 / 激光器

Abstract

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Tremendous advances in high-speed communications technologies have enabled modern services, including live 4K video streaming, real-time remote surgery, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), cloud storage, and social media. The further development of these digital platforms will inevitably require increased data transmission rate, which significantly exceed the current capabilities of existing high-speed communications systems. To meet the ever-growing data traffic, it is necessary to develop and implement new advanced solutions. Multi-wavelength transmission technology is considered one of the most promising approaches, which can potentially increase a bandwidth of transmission data over optical fiber systems by utilizing an extended range of wavelengths (from O- to U-band), where the optical loss of conventional single-mode fiber is below 0.2-0.3 dB/km. However, the success of this approach depends on the development of new amplification technologies, as traditional optical amplifiers based on fibers doped with rare earth ions, especially Er³⁺ ions, are inherently incapable of providing effective amplification beyond the C+L telecom bands. This has spurred research into promising amplification media, which began more than 20 years ago.

Bismuth (Bi)-doped fibers (BDFs) are a unique active medium suitable for optical amplifiers and lasers operating in a spectral range of 1.15-1.78 μm. The progress achieved in the development of BDFs and optical devices based on them gives hope that multi-band technologies capable of operating over the entire available spectral range can be successfully implemented in the near future. This is confirmed by the presence of commercially available devices developed by a number of telecom companies, as well as the start of implementation of bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers (BDFAs) for O-, E-, and S-band data transmission over optical communication systems. However, the progress achieved in the development of BDFA and BDF lasers was due not only to the solution of applied problems, but also to a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles of formation of bismuth active centers (BACs) and their physical nature. This review presents the main achievements in terms of optical characteristics of Bi-doped materials (crystals, ceramics, bulk glasses and optical fibers) and devices developed using these materials. This highlights that the structure and chemical composition of the glass matrix strongly influence the resulting optical properties of these media. Some fabrication strategies such as the modulation of topological order, coordination engineering, smart confined doping, and direct cluster control, and novel approaches for performance analysis (for example, "hidden potential") of BDFs are emphasized and discussed. The peculiar properties of bismuth active centers (BACs), in particular, optical anisotropy and "dark precursors", characterizing their structure and possible process leading to their formation are considered. Also, this review evaluates novel designs of BDFs, especially, heterogeneous glass-core fibers, which can be used for solution of the practical problems. For instance, such designs can be useful for developing a broadband flattop optical amplifier with adopted characteristics. In addition to bismuth-doped materials, this review includes the mainstream results in BDFAs for advanced optical technologies, summarizing the obtained results over two decades. Despite the significant progress the prospects for commercial production of BDFs remain uncertain that primarily due to difficulties in the reproducibility of Bi-doped fiber parameters and the high level of unsaturable loss in highly Bi-concentrated fibers. Addressing these challenges is essential to advancing commercialization and ensuring rapid deployment of this technology.

Summary and Prospects

Bismuth-doped fibers (BDFs) have already proven themselves as active materials that can be used to develop optical devices with unique characteristics in previously inaccessible spectral ranges. Optical amplifiers based on these active fibers exhibit high gain and low noise across all telecommunication spectral bands (from O- to U-band), while BDF-based lasers offer the benefits of high efficiency and wide wavelength tunability. However, existing research still faces significant challenges in achieving a reliable technology for reproducing the parameters of BDFs, as well as in fabricating optical fibers with increased Bi concentrations and low unsaturable losses. Developing a high-gain, ultra-wideband amplifier that can be effectively integrated into existing communication systems remains a challenge. Future research should focus on balancing cost, energy efficiency, and device performance, which can be partially addressed by optimizing the BDF design and the device itself. All of this is necessary to meet the growing demand for high-speed data transmission over fiber-optic communication systems, which is crucial in the context of rapidly evolving artificial intelligence technologies. In this regard, the ability to utilize all available telecommunications bands appears very promising. We believe that progress in this area will undoubtedly lead to the development of optical communication systems with significantly increased bandwidth, where bismuth-doped optical amplifiers are key components. Moreover, thanks to ongoing advances in optical materials and process technology, bismuth-doped fiber technology can pave the way for efficient, reliable, and scalable solutions for next-generation fiber-optic systems.

Key words

optical materials / optical fibers / ceramics / glass / bismuth / luminescence / amplifier / laser device

引用本文

Alexander ELOPOV, Konstantin RIUMKIN, Aleksandr KHEGAI, Sergey ALYSHEV, Sergei FIRSTOV. 铋(Bi)：赋予光纤光子技术光学材料“神奇”特性的奇异金属. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1324 -1339 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250638

Alexander ELOPOV, Konstantin RIUMKIN, Aleksandr KHEGAI, Sergey ALYSHEV, Sergei FIRSTOV. Bismuth (Bi): A Wonder Metal Imparting "Magic" Properties to Optical Materials for Fiber Photonic Technologies[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1324 -1339 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250638

基金

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俄罗斯科学基金(22-19-00708-P)

参考文献

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2026年第54卷第4期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250638

接收时间：2025-08-29
首发时间：2026-05-20
出版时间：2026-01-29

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收稿日期：2025-08-29
修回日期：2025-11-13

基金

俄罗斯科学基金(22-19-00708-P)

作者信息

俄罗斯科学院普罗霍罗夫普通物理研究所季亚诺夫光纤研究中心，莫斯科 119333，俄罗斯

通讯作者:

FIRSTOV Sergei（1984—），男，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250638

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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