硅酸盐学报

复合钛盐混凝剂的研究进展：制备、分类及在水处理领域的应用

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刘海成 , 陈静薇

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(4): 1439-1450

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硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026, 54(4): 1439-1450

复合钛盐混凝剂的研究进展：制备、分类及在水处理领域的应用

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刘海成, 陈静薇

作者信息

苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院，江苏苏州 215009

刘海成（1973—），男，博士，副教授。

LIU Haicheng (1973-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: liuhc2016@usts.edu.cn

Research Progress in Composite Titanium Salt Coagulants: Preparation, Classification, and Application in Water Treatment

Haicheng LIU, Jingwei CHEN

Affiliations

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China

出版时间: 2026-03-13 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250756

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摘要

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混凝是水处理工艺流程中的一个重要组成部分。作为混凝技术的关键环节，混凝剂的发展与应用一直是行业关注的核心问题。为应对复杂水质的挑战并提升混凝处理的效能，钛盐混凝剂正从单一组分向复合化方向发展。本文系统综述了复合钛盐混凝剂的制备方法、分类及其在水处理领域的应用研究进展。制备方面，重点介绍了慢速滴碱法、电渗析法、分步聚合／共聚法及溶胶-凝胶法的原理与优劣。分类及应用方面，详细阐述了钛盐-金属盐、钛盐-硅酸盐及钛盐-有机高分子三大类复合混凝剂的特性、协同作用机理及对各类污染物的去除效能。结果表明，借助复合化策略引入不同组分，可有效克服单体钛盐混凝剂不易储存、混凝效能受pH值波动大等缺陷，显著提升混凝性能、絮体特性及适用范围。最后，本文展望了复合钛盐混凝剂在实际水体适用性、绿色合成及生态安全性等方面的发展，为其规模化应用与进一步研究提供参考。

关键词

复合钛盐混凝剂 / 制备 / 混凝机制 / 水处理 / 实际水体

Abstract

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Coagulation is a critical step in the water treatment process. As an important component of coagulation technology, the development and application of coagulants have always been a core focus of the industry. To address the challenges posed by complex water quality and improve the efficiency of coagulation, titanium-based coagulants are evolving from single-component formulations towards composite formulations. By optimizing synthesis conditions (such as molar ratio, alkalinity, reaction temperature, and reaction time) to alter the structure of single-component titanium-based coagulants, composite titanium salt coagulants can be prepared. These composite variants not only effectively overcome the limitations of single titanium salts and combine the coagulation characteristics of multiple reagents but also achieve efficient removal of various pollutants through synergistic effects between components. Consequently, composite titanium salt coagulants demonstrate superior coagulation performance.

This article provides a comprehensive review of the preparation, classification, application, current challenges, and future development strategies of composite titanium salt coagulants. It begins with an overview of current preparation methods, including slow alkali titration (SAT), electrodialysis (ED), stepwise/copolymerization methods, and the sol-gel method. Each technique has its unique characteristics in terms of control precision, product performance, and suitability for large-scale application. The SAT method is simple to operate, low-cost, and easily scalable, making it the most commonly used method for laboratory and industrial preparation of composite titanium salt coagulants. The ED method allows precise control over hydrolysis and polymerization processes, producing products with excellent performance; however, its higher cost and operational complexity have so far limited its application to laboratory and pilot-scale stages. Copolymerization/stepwise polymerization is suitable for preparing titanium salt-silicate composite coagulants with controlled structures, while copolymerization can produce titanium salt-metal salt composites with stronger synergistic effects. The sol-gel method can prepare dry gel coagulants that are convenient for storage and use, combining both coagulation mechanisms and adsorption. However, this technology is still in the laboratory research stage, and its cost and control techniques are key factors for future large-scale application.

Based on compositional differences, composite titanium salt coagulants can be classified into several types: titanium salt-metal salt, titanium salt-silicate, and titanium salt-organic polymer composite coagulants. Titanium salt-metal salt composite coagulants mainly include liquid or conventional composite titanium salt coagulants prepared by techniques such as SAT and ED, as well as dry gel-form composite titanium salt coagulants prepared by the sol-gel method. Both types of coagulants form titanium-containing bimetallic or multimetallic composite systems by combining titanium salts with metal salts such as aluminum, iron, and zirconium, thereby incorporating the coagulation advantages of multiple metals. Titanium salt-silicate composite coagulants are formed by copolymerizing/stepwise polymerizing titanium salts and polysilicic acid (PSiA). These coagulants combine the charge neutralization capacity of titanium salts with the adsorption and bridging ability of PSiA, significantly enhancing coagulation efficiency. Titanium salt-organic polymer composite coagulants are a category of composite titanium-based coagulants formed by combining titanium salts with organic polymer compounds (such as polyacrylamide, chitosan, starch, etc.). These coagulants integrate the highly efficient charge neutralization capacity of titanium salts with the adsorption and bridging capabilities of organic polymers, thereby significantly improving coagulation performance. Composite coagulants effectively overcome the problems associated with single titanium salts, such as significant pH fluctuations and poor storage stability. They demonstrate superior performance compared to traditional coagulants in specific areas, including ultrafiltration pretreatment, sludge conditioning, treatment of low-temperature and low-turbidity water, and removal of micropollutants. The sludge generated from their use can serve as a raw material for producing TiO₂, providing a new pathway for resource recovery in water treatment processes and highlighting their unique application prospects. However, their adaptability in real water bodies, economic feasibility, and long-term ecological safety still require systematic evaluation.

Finally, this study outlines the challenges faced in transitioning composite titanium salt coagulants from laboratory research tolarge-scale engineering applications and proposes corresponding strategies to address them.

Summary and prospects

Although composite titanium salt coagulants demonstrate excellent performance, there are still some issues and challenges that need to be addressed. Future research can focus on the following aspects: (a) Enhancing Adaptability to Real Water Bodies. Currently, the complex composition of various actual water bodies imposes higher demands on the application of composite titanium salt coagulants. To ensure stable and efficient coagulation performance under complex water quality conditions, future efforts should focus on developing novel composite titanium salt coagulants with stronger specificity and broader applicability, thereby meeting the needs of more complex and demanding application scenarios. (b) Lower- Cost Preparation of Composite Titanium Salt Coagulants. At present, the preparation of composite titanium salt coagulants largely relies on complex processes such as SAT, ED, and sol-gel methods, which hinders their large-scale application. Future research should aim to develop simpler, greener, and more economically viable preparation pathways—for instance, utilizing industrial by-products or waste materials as raw materials—while optimizing the preparation process to reduce energy consumption and production costs. (c) Ensuring Ecological and Health Safety. Current research on the toxicity assessment of titanium-based coagulants has predominantly focused on TiCl₄ and Ti(SO₄)₂. Future studies should strengthen investigations into titanium residue and its ecotoxicological effects during the use of composite titanium salt coagulants. Meanwhile, it is essential to employ a wider range of aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants) for ecotoxicity studies, and to further explore the migration, transformation, and long-term accumulation of residual titanium in water bodies and organisms. This will provide a scientific basis for comprehensively safeguarding water environments and human health.

Key words

composite titanium salt coagulants / preparation / coagulation mechanism / water treatment / actual water

引用本文

刘海成, 陈静薇. 复合钛盐混凝剂的研究进展：制备、分类及在水处理领域的应用. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1439 -1450 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250756

Haicheng LIU, Jingwei CHEN. Research Progress in Composite Titanium Salt Coagulants: Preparation, Classification, and Application in Water Treatment[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1439 -1450 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250756

基金

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江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX23_3335)
苏州科技大学国家自然科学基金培育项目(XKZ2019007)

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2026年第54卷第4期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250756

接收时间：2025-10-14
首发时间：2026-05-20
出版时间：2026-03-13

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收稿日期：2025-10-14
修回日期：2025-11-14

基金

江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX23_3335)

苏州科技大学国家自然科学基金培育项目(XKZ2019007)

作者信息

苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院，江苏苏州 215009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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