硅酸盐学报

具有法拉第效应的氧化物玻璃的研究进展

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Katsuhisa TANAKA

硅酸盐学报 | 先进玻璃与光学材料专题——综合评述 2026,54(4): 1307-1323

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硅酸盐学报 | 先进玻璃与光学材料专题——综合评述 2026, 54(4): 1307-1323

具有法拉第效应的氧化物玻璃的研究进展

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Katsuhisa TANAKA

作者信息

京都大学工学研究科物质化学系，京都府西京区 615-8510，日本

TANAKA Katsuhisa（1961—），男，教授。

TANAKA Katsuhisa (1961-), male, Professor. E-mail: tanaka.katsuhisa.4n@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Recent Development on Oxide Glasses Exhibiting the Faraday Effect

Katsuhisa TANAKA

Affiliations

Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan

出版时间: 2026-01-26 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250630

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摘要

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法拉第效应是指线偏振光穿过磁性材料后，转变为偏振面绕光的传播矢量发生旋转的椭圆偏振光的现象。偏振面的旋转角度——法拉第旋转角（θ）是衡量磁性材料能否应用于电流传感器、磁场传感器、光隔离器及光环行器等器件的关键参数。富含稀土离子的氧化物玻璃具有显著的法拉第效应，尤其在可见光至紫外光波段表现突出，且其磁化强度低于钇铁石榴石（Y₃Fe₅O₁₂）等铁磁或亚铁磁氧化物晶体（这类晶体已被有效用作光通信领域的光隔离器）。但在可见光至紫外光波段，这类玻璃的透光率显著优于铁基氧化物晶体，而透光率与法拉第旋转角（θ）对材料的实际应用同等重要。本文综述了高法拉第旋转角（θ）氧化物玻璃的最新研究进展，重点关注含稀土元素的相关材料体系，如具有反常铁磁性的氧化铕基非晶氧化物，以及通过无容器工艺制备的富含顺磁性三价铽离子（Tb³⁺）的氧化物玻璃。

关键词

氧化物玻璃 / 法拉第效应 / 费尔德常数 / 铁磁性非晶氧化物 / 稀土元素 / 二价铕

Abstract

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The Faraday effect is one of the magneto-optical phenomena and refers to the conversion of linearly polarized light passing through a magnetic material into elliptically polarized light with the main axis-containing polarization plane rotated around the propagation vector. The angle by which the polarization plane is rotated, i.e., the Faraday rotation angle, is an important parameter determining the applicability of magnetic materials in devices such as electric-current and magnetic-field sensors, optical isolators, and optical circulators. Since the Faraday effect deals with a transmitted light, the transmittance of the magnetic materials is another important factor for applications. Thus, the materials are required to show a great magneto-optical figure of merit, that is defined as Faraday rotation angle or Verdet constant divided by absorbance or optical absorption coefficient. Here, the Verdet constant is defined as the Faraday rotation angle divided by external magnetic field and light path length inside the magnetic materials. It is well known that single crystals of garnet-type ferrites such as Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ and (Gd,Bi)₃Fe₅O₁₂ exhibit a large Faraday effect and a low optical absorption in the infrared region, especially in a wavelength range from 1.3 μm to 1.5 μm, and that they are effectively utilized as an optical isolator for optical telecommunications. However, compared to the garnet-type ferrites in the infrared region, magneto-optical materials with the superior performance, are lacking in the visible to ultraviolet region. Hence, the development of such materials is still in progress.

Oxide glasses rich in rare-earth ions exhibit a great Faraday effect, especially in the visible to ultraviolet range. Although these glasses feature magnetizations smaller than those of ferro- or ferri-magnetic oxide crystals such as abovementioned Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ because the rare-earth-containing glasses are usually paramagnetic at room temperature, the transmittance of these glasses notably exceeds that of ferrite crystals in the visible to ultraviolet range. In addition, oxide glass has an advantage that it is feasible to tune continuously the composition so that optimized properties are attained and to fabricate large-sized and specific-shaped materials. In addition to the paramagnetic glasses, the Faraday effect of diamagnetic glasses is intensively investigated as well. The magnetization of diamagnetic glasses is further smaller than that of paramagnetic glasses, but the Faraday rotation angle or the Verdet constant of diamagnetic glasses is almost independent of temperature. This is an advantageous point of diamagnetic glasses, which cannot be realized in ferro-magnetic, ferri-magnetic, and para-magnetic materials. Furthermore, for wide-band gap oxide glass like SiO₂ glass, which is diamagnetic, the Faraday effect can occur even in a very short wavelength range such as the deep and vacuum ultraviolet.

This review represents recent development on oxide glasses exhibiting large Faraday rotation. The macroscopic and microscopic mechanism of the Faraday effect are explained. The microscopic mechanism is very important to select magneto-optically active elements and to design glass compositions.Also, the Faraday effect of diamagnetic glasses is described. Heavy-metal oxide glasses and sulfide glasses are intensely exploited because the magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials depends on the constituent atoms (ions) and the susceptibility is proportional to the squared atomic (ionic) radius and the number of electrons contained in the atom (ion). The Verdet constants of these glasses are summarized. The applications of diamagnetic glasses are briefly mentioned.

Subsequently, the Faraday effect of paramagnetic oxide glasses containing large amounts of rare-earth ions is reviewed. The pioneering work in this field has been carried out in the mid-1960s, showing that some ions like Ce³⁺, Pr³⁺, Tb³⁺, Dy³⁺, and Eu²⁺give rise to larger Verdet constants in the visible range. A description is given to explain why these rare-earth ions exhibit larger Faraday effects than other ones. Recent researches seem to mainly pay attention to Tb³⁺-rich oxide glasses, for which higher concentrations of Tb³⁺ions simply enhance the Verdet constant. In particular, Tb³⁺-rich oxide glasses fabricated via containerless processing, which is an emerging method and effective to expand the glass-forming region, showing the larger Verdet constant than single-crystalline Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ used as a commercially available optical isolator in the visible range. Furthermore, EuO-based amorphous oxides that have an unexpected ferromagnetism exhibit rather large Faraday effect.

In addition to the abovementioned diamagnetic oxide glasses and rare-earth-rich oxide glasses, a brief review concerns the Faraday effect of oxide glasses containing large amounts of 3d transition metal ions as well as glass-ceramics comprising ferro- or ferri-magnetic nano-sized crystalline particles embedded in transparent glass matrices.

Summary and Prospects

The Faraday effect was discovered 180 years ago, but this phenomenon has been still utilized for practical applications as mentioned above. In particular, Tb³⁺-rich and Eu²⁺-rich oxide glasses are important for both fundamentals and applications. The Tb³⁺-rich glasses show a high transparency even in blue to ultraviolet region, so that the magneto-optical figure of merit is large enough to apply for an optical isolator. The Eu²⁺-rich glasses are ferromagnetic, so that they notably show a large Faraday effect. A new technique of glass formation such as containerless processing is effective to produce new glass compositions with further higher concentrations of rare-earth ions that are expected to exhibit a larger Verdet constant. Besides, the possible enhancement of Faraday effect based on plasmonics and Mie-tronics, i.e., the usage of localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles and the Mie resonance of dielectric nanoparticles to increase the Verdet constant, becomes an important subject in the near future. With the development of high-power lasers, the demand for optical isolators that can operate in a wide wavelength range must increase. The oxide glasses have a promising application in such fields.

Key words

oxide glass / Faraday effect / Verdet constant / ferromagnetic amorphous oxide / rare earth / divalent europium

引用本文

Katsuhisa TANAKA. 具有法拉第效应的氧化物玻璃的研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1307 -1323 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250630

Katsuhisa TANAKA. Recent Development on Oxide Glasses Exhibiting the Faraday Effect[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1307 -1323 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250630

基金

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Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd

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2026年第54卷第4期

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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250630

接收时间：2025-08-26
首发时间：2026-05-20
出版时间：2026-01-26

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收稿日期：2025-08-26
修回日期：2025-09-30

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Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd

作者信息

京都大学工学研究科物质化学系，京都府西京区 615-8510，日本

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250630

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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