硅酸盐学报

SOEC电解水制氢综述：机理、材料与可再生能源耦合

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苏其响 ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ , 郁青春 ¹^,²^,³^,⁴

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(4): 1451-1465

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硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026, 54(4): 1451-1465

SOEC电解水制氢综述：机理、材料与可再生能源耦合

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苏其响¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 郁青春¹^,²^,³^,⁴

作者信息

^1．昆明理工大学云南省有色金属真空冶金重点实验室，昆明 650093

^2．昆明理工大学省部共建复杂有色金属资源清洁利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650093

^3．昆明理工大学真空冶金国家工程研究中心，昆明 650093

^4．昆明理工大学冶金与能源工程学院，昆明 650093

苏其响（1995—），男，博士研究生。

SU Qixiang (1995-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: 874665157@qq.com

通讯作者:

郁青春（1971—），男，博士，教授。

A Review of Hydrogen Production by SOEC Water Electrolysis: Mechanism, Materials, and Renewable Energy Coupling

Qixiang SU¹^,²^,³^,⁴, Qingchun YU¹^,²^,³^,⁴

Affiliations

^1.Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

^3.National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

^4.Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

出版时间: 2026-03-13 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250694

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摘要

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为实现2050年的碳中和愿景，现在急需去发展那些既高效又成本低的绿色制氢技术，本文对高温固体氧化物电解池（SOEC）技术进行了系统的评估，且把其大规模应用的关键瓶颈和路径进行了梳理，把SOEC跟碱性、质子交换膜电解槽的技术经济性进行了对比，阐明了它的高温运行所带来的热力学以及动力学上的优势；重点评述了电极材料和电解质在高温、高水汽分压环境下的衰减机制以及相应的改进策略；分析SOEC跟风能、太阳能以及工业余热等波动性可再生能源的耦合方式，还有系统集成当中面临的挑战。分析结果显示，SOEC的制氢效率以及单位能耗都显著优于传统路线，要实现其商业化，核心在于把电堆寿命从现在的不足10⁴ h提升到5×10⁴ h，凭借材料创新和系统优化，把平准化制氢成本控制在1.5美元／kg以下，SOEC在未来绿氢供给体系当中是极具潜力的技术方案，它的成功规模化主要依赖在材料长寿命、系统高效集成以及跟可再生能源灵活耦合这三个方面取得持续的突破。

关键词

固体氧化物电解池 / 电解制氢 / 可再生能源 / 电极材料 / 系统集成

Abstract

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To achieve the 2050 carbon neutrality vision, it is necessary to promote research and development of efficient and economically beneficial green hydrogen production technologies. In the process of global transition to a low-carbon energy system, hydrogen as a key zero carbon energy carrier continues to attract much attention. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell technology, focusing on analyzing some related challenges and potential pathways for large-scale application.

Compared to low-temperature alternatives such as alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolysis, SOEC has unique advantages due to its high-temperature operation, It uses ceramic materials without precious alloys and can operate at 650-1000 ℃, and it can improve the electrochemical performance, resulting in an energy conversion efficiency of > 80%, These characteristics make SOEC a promising solution for low-cost production of green hydrogen gas, The existing domestic technology is still in demonstration stage with project scales typically ranging from tens to hundreds of kilowatts. Commercial deployment needs to overcome challenges of "three highs and one low". A key is to improve power density of battery stack, increase its service life, improve system integration, and reduce costs. To solve this problem, collaborative progress is needed in fields of material innovation, structural design, and system integration.

Collaborative design approach involving electrodes, electrolytes, and sealing components is crucial in development of materials and structures. For precise microstructure control and interface optimization, battery pack can operate stably at a high current density of 2 A/cm², while controlling attenuation rate of < 1mV/h, and significantly extending actual service life.

Optimizing multi energy data collaboration system is equally crucial, and SOEC can leverage industrial waste heat and renewable energy resources to utilize medium to low temperature thermal energy (i.e., 200-300 ℃), thereby reducing external power consumption by approximately 30% and improving overall energy utilization efficiency, It is also necessary to build a regional supply chain that covers entire process from raw material and battery preparation to integrated assembly and system integration. The integration cost should be controlled within RMB 2500 kilowatt hours, and the design life should reach 50 000 h. A key is to lay a foundation for widespread application.

The widespread promotion of SOEC still faces several constraints, i.e., loss of electrode materials under high temperature and high humidity conditions, stability challenges caused due to power input fluctuations, and relatively high initial costs. Future research should focus on developing more durable electrode materials, establishing intelligent management systems that adapt to changes in renewable energy, and promoting standardization and cost control throughout entire industry chain to achieve technological popularization.

The combination of wind and solar energy with water electrolysis can build a more adaptable clean energy resource system, Integration helps alleviate grid stability issues related to intermittent renewable energy resources and significantly reduces electricity cost of hydrogen production. Hybrid wind and solar energy system can increase hydrogen production, while reducing costs. A key is that when SOEC is matched with fluctuating power sources, oxygen electrode/electrolyte interface will degrade under frequent thermal cycles, which is an important factor affecting long-term stability of system. In global, green hydrogen production driven by renewable resources is gradually known as a key approach of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Electrolytic hydrogen can utilize local wind and solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen, reducing production costs. Moreover, solar and wind energy are widely distributed and naturally compatible with electrolysis equipment. Excess electricity can be chemically stored as hydrogen, efficiently regulating spatial and temporal imbalance of energy supply and demand. Therefore, generated hydrogen and oxygen can be directly applied in transportation and industrial fields without conversion, making hydrogen both a primary energy source and a data carrier.

Compared with conventional methods, the SOEC technology has a better hydrogen production efficiency and a lower unit energy consumption, and its commercialization key lies in increasing lifespan of fuel cell stack from less than 10⁴ h to 5 × 10⁴ h, reducing cost of hydrogen to below $1.5/kg. The current costs of photovoltaics and wind power continue to decline. In combination with growing demand for green hydrogen in industries such as chemical metallurgy, the SOEC is expected to achieve large-scale applications in "electricity hydrogen ammonia/methanol" integrated system, distributed energy network, and sustainable financing model. Its core position lies in serving as a fundamental supporting technology for carbon neutrality goals.

Summary and Prospects

In transition towards a decarbonized energy system globally, hydrogen plays a crucial role as a zero carbon energy carrier. In this context, solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology with its advantages in high-temperature operation significantly reduces material costs and improves overall system energy efficiency, compared to low-temperature solutions such as alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolysis. SOEC system adopts a non-precious metal ceramic structure. When operating at 650-1000 ℃, electrochemical kinetics acceleration mechanism achieves a conversion efficiency of > 80%, providing a feasible approach to reduce cost of green hydrogen leveling. The existing domestic demonstration projects are limited to a scale of tens to hundreds of kilowatts, and the commercial implementation needs to break through bottleneck of "three highs and one low", thus increasing power density of fuel cell stack, extending its service life, and optimizing system integration, while reducing assets and operation and maintenance costs. Solving these obstacles requires collaborative efforts in three major fields, and innovation in materials and structures must break through conventional design framework of electrodes, electrolytes, and sealing glass. With precise microstructure design and interface stress control, system can maintain a high current density of 2 A·cm^-2, while controlling degradation rate at 1 mV per thousand hours, significantly extending lifespan of battery pack. Multi-energy coupling optimization is crucial, which requires integrating the SOEC with industrial waste heat and renewable resources, thus utilizing low-grade thermal energy (i.e., 200-300 ℃), efficiently offsetting internal heating demand, reducing external electricity consumption by approximately 30%, and comprehensively improving energy utilization efficiency. For those localized supply chains, establishing a complete domestic production capacity from precursor powder to single cell manufacturing, stacking and assembly to system integration is particularly crucial. The goal is to control stacking cost at RMB 2500 per kW and achieve an operating life of 5×10⁴ h, laying a foundation for large-scale applications. At present, although the SOEC has significant energy efficiency advantages, its promotion and application still face multiple constraints, i.e., gradual decay of oxygen electrodes under high temperature and high vapor partial pressure, mechanical and electrochemical damage caused by power fluctuations, and daunting initial capital investment. Subsequent exploration should focus on preparing new electrode materials with a higher stability, establishing flexible thermoelectric synergistic regulation mechanisms to adapt to fluctuating renewable energy, and promoting standardization and cost reduction and efficiency improvement throughout entire industry chain. The cost of photovoltaic and wind power continues to decrease, coupled with increasing demand for green hydrogen in chemical and metallurgical fields. Solid oxide electrolysis cell technology is expected to be widely applied in "electricity hydrogen ammonia/methanol" integrated system, distributed energy system, and sustainable refining scenarios. This technology will undoubtedly become a key pillar technology supporting the dual carbon goals in China.

Key words

solid oxide electrolysis cell / hydrogen production / renewable energy / electrode materials / system integration

引用本文

苏其响, 郁青春. SOEC电解水制氢综述：机理、材料与可再生能源耦合. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1451 -1465 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250694

Qixiang SU, Qingchun YU. A Review of Hydrogen Production by SOEC Water Electrolysis: Mechanism, Materials, and Renewable Energy Coupling[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (4) : 1451 -1465 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250694

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52364054)

参考文献

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2026年第54卷第4期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250694

接收时间：2025-09-22
首发时间：2026-05-20
出版时间：2026-03-13

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收稿日期：2025-09-22
修回日期：2025-11-11

基金

国家自然科学基金(52364054)

作者信息

^1．昆明理工大学云南省有色金属真空冶金重点实验室，昆明 650093

^2．昆明理工大学省部共建复杂有色金属资源清洁利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650093

^3．昆明理工大学真空冶金国家工程研究中心，昆明 650093

^4．昆明理工大学冶金与能源工程学院，昆明 650093

通讯作者:

郁青春（1971—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250694

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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