硅酸盐学报

基于基元结构组装的下一代锂离子电池厚电极设计

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刘悦 ¹^,² , 郭晋芝 ¹^,² , 曹峻鸣 ¹^,² , 吴兴隆 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(7): 2204-2219

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (7) : 2204 -2219

基于基元结构组装的下一代锂离子电池厚电极设计

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刘悦¹^,², 郭晋芝¹^,², 曹峻鸣¹^,², 吴兴隆¹^,²

作者信息

^1．东北师范大学物理学院，长春 130024

^2．集成光电子全国重点实验室，紫外光发射材料与技术教育部重点实验室，长春 130024

通讯作者:

吴兴隆（1982—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

刘悦（1997—），女，博士研究生。

Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Battery Thick Electrode Design Based on Primitive Structure Assembly

Yue LIU¹^,², Jinzhi GUO¹^,², Junming CAO¹^,², Xinglong WU¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.Northeast Normal University School of Physics, Changchun 130024, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, and MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Changchun 130024, China

Corresponding Author:

{WU} Xinglong (1982-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: xinglong@nenu.edu.cn

LIU Yue (1997-), female, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: ly24923@163.com

出版时间: 2026-06-26 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260120

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摘要

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电动汽车的普及和便携电子设备使用量增加，锂离子电池亟须同时提升能量密度与功率密度。厚电极设计能有效提高活性物质占比，是实现高能量密度的重要路径。但厚电极中电子和离子传输路径的延长会导致严重的极化现象，使得高功率输出难以维持。近年来，纳米基元结构（纳米颗粒、纳米片、纳米线等）的发展为解决这一问题提供了新的方向。在电池组装过程中，严重的团聚和界面副反应使得基元结构的优势无法发挥，这也导致在厚电极尺度下的性能远低于理论预期。本文梳理了从基元结构到厚电极的多尺度传输行为，揭示了纳米效应在电极尺度下的作用规律。围绕着如何通过合理设计基元结构的组装方式，包括构建连续导电网络、调控多级孔道结构、实现垂直取向排列突破厚电极中的电子和离子传输瓶颈，阐明基元结构与电极宏观性能之间的构效关系。最后，从“结构设计”到“系统智造”的未来研究方向进行展望，强调将基元结构作为可设计单元，通过三维空间内的组装实现电子、离子和机械应力的协同管理，是突破下一代高能量与高功率锂离子电池性能极限的关键路径。

关键词

锂离子电池 / 基元结构 / 厚电极 / 电极设计

Abstract

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The widespread adoption of electric vehicles and increased usage of portable electronic devices have created an urgent need for lithium-ion batteries to simultaneously enhance both energy density and power density. As one of the most important electrochemical energy storage technologies in modern society, lithium-ion batteries have had a profound impact on numerous sectors, including portable electronic devices, power tools, and transportation. With the global energy mix undergoing an accelerated shift toward renewable energy and the electric vehicle market expanding rapidly, higher demands are being placed on the performance of lithium-ion batteries. These batteries must not only offer high energy density to extend operating range but also possess high power density to enable fast charging and discharging. A thick electrode design can significantly increase the mass fraction of active material in the battery, thereby improving energy density.

Thick electrode designs effectively increase the proportion of active material, representing a key pathway to achieving high energy density. However, the elongated electron and ion transport paths within thick electrodes lead to severe polarization, making it difficult to sustain high power output. Recent advancements in nanoscale building blocks (nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanowires, etc.) offer new solutions to this challenge. During battery assembly, severe agglomeration and interfacial side reactions prevent these building blocks from delivering their full potential, resulting in performance significantly below theoretical expectations at thick electrode scales. Advances in nanotechnology have provided a solution. By constructing active materials into nanoscale building blocks and forming them into engineered thick electrode structures, it is possible to significantly reduce the diffusion distance of lithium ions within the electrode, increase the number of electrochemical active sites, and mitigate the volume expansion of electrode materials during cycling. Although thin electrodes have demonstrated advantages, the use of thick electrodes still poses a risk of agglomeration. Consequently, research on thick electrodes has long focused on the design of the building blocks themselves.

Therefore, in response to the urgent needs of lithium-ion battery research, this paper shifts the focus from individual material design to the co-design of 'nanomaterials and electrode stacking configurations'. By treating the elementary structure of electrode materials as a design unit and regulating its assembly within thick electrodes, the study aims to construct a multiscale transport network capable of simultaneously achieving efficient electron transport and rapid ion migration. This paper organically integrates elementary structures with thick electrode design and systematically reviews the latest advancements in this emerging research field. This approach provides new insights and a theoretical foundation for the assembly of elementary structures and the design of thick electrodes in next-generation high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries.

Summary and Prospects

Although the aforementioned technologies continue to be optimized along their respective development paths, there remain insurmountable bottlenecks. There is an inherent trade-off between consistency, control precision, and production efficiency. When pursuing high precision and high consistency, production efficiency is often compromised (e.g., by using slower scanning speeds or finer layer-by-layer stacking), whereas pursuing high-speed production tends to result in reduced structural controllability (e.g., excessively fast laser scanning leading to uneven pore morphology, or excessively fast template-based molding causing disordered pore orientation). This 'engineering trilemma' represents the core contradiction that thick electrode manufacturing technologies must address as they transition from the laboratory to large-scale production. Overall, there is currently no single technology capable of simultaneously achieving high precision, high consistency, and high production efficiency. Future breakthroughs may lie in: 1) the integration of multiple technologies, such as combining rapid laser processing with the template method—first using a template to construct a macro-porous framework, then employing lasers for localized fine-tuning. 2) Process innovation, including the development of continuous ice-templating or roll-to-roll compatible guided forming processes. 3) Equipment upgrades, such as the development of new equipment for multi-beam parallel laser processing and high-speed multi-nozzle 3D printing. Therefore, identifying a scalable manufacturing technology that integrates all three elements is key to transitioning thick electrodes from laboratory research to large-scale application.

Research on thick lithium-ion battery electrodes is currently at a critical stage of development. As a bridge linking intrinsic properties at the atomic scale to macroscopic performance at the electrode scale, the rational assembly of unit cell structures will become a core technological pathway for next-generation high-energy/high-power batteries. Achieving this goal requires addressing numerous challenges, including gaining a deep understanding of transport mechanisms, enabling the controlled synthesis of electrode structures, and ensuring compatibility with existing battery manufacturing systems. The engineering of unit cell structures offers us a new research direction and a broader perspective.

Key words

lithium-ion battery / primary structure / thick electrode / electrode design

引用本文

刘悦, 郭晋芝, 曹峻鸣, 吴兴隆. 基于基元结构组装的下一代锂离子电池厚电极设计. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2204 -2219 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260120

Yue LIU, Jinzhi GUO, Junming CAO, Xinglong WU. Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Battery Thick Electrode Design Based on Primitive Structure Assembly[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2204 -2219 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260120

基金

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国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91963118)
国家重点研发计划“战略性科技创新合作”重点专项(2024YFE0209600)

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2026年第54卷第7期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260120

接收时间：2026-03-03
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-06-26

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收稿日期：2026-03-03
修回日期：2026-04-04

基金

国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91963118)

国家重点研发计划“战略性科技创新合作”重点专项(2024YFE0209600)

作者信息

^1．东北师范大学物理学院，长春 130024

^2．集成光电子全国重点实验室，紫外光发射材料与技术教育部重点实验室，长春 130024

通讯作者:

吴兴隆（1982—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260120

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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