硅酸盐学报

序构纳米孪晶金属的设计及塑性变形

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程钊 ¹ , 柳林海 ¹^,² , 卢磊 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(7): 2299-2308

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (7) : 2299 -2308

序构纳米孪晶金属的设计及塑性变形

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程钊¹, 柳林海¹^,², 卢磊¹

作者信息

^1．中国科学院金属研究所，沈阳材料科学国家研究中心，沈阳 110016

^2．中国科学技术大学材料科学与工程学院，沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

卢磊（1970—），女，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

程钊（1989—），男，博士，研究员。

Design and Mechanical Properties of Metals with Ordered Units

Zhao CHENG¹, Linhai LIU¹^,², Lei LU¹

Affiliations

^1.Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China

Corresponding Author:

{LU} Lei (1970-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: llu@imr.ac.cn

CHENG Zhao (1989-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: zcheng13s@imr.ac.cn

出版时间: 2026-06-03 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260110

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摘要

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基元序构强韧化策略为突破传统金属材料强度-塑性之间的倒置关系提供了全新思路。纳米孪晶铜因其微观结构稳定、尺度精准可调控，以及塑性变形过程中位错机制明晰，成为构筑序构材料、揭示其力学性能强韧化原理的理想模型。本文基于序构纳米孪晶铜的研究现状，系统阐述层状与梯度2种典型序构方式对力学性能、梯度变形行为与塑性变形机制的影响规律，旨在揭示基元序构方式调控力学性能的内在机制。此外，本文还梳理了该领域当前面临的机遇与挑战，以期为高性能金属材料的发展提供参考。

关键词

基元序构金属 / 纳米孪晶 / 梯度与层状 / 强度和塑性 / 几何必需位错

Abstract

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The strategy of units ordering offers a new approach to overcoming the conventional trade-off between strength and plasticity in metallic materials. Nano-twinned copper (Cu) serves as an ideal model system for constructing ordered materials and unraveling the mechanisms underlying their enhanced mechanical properties due to its stable microstructure, precisely controllable microstructures, and well-understood dislocation mechanisms during plastic deformation. Based on the existing research on ordered nanotwinned Cu, this review systematically elucidates the effects of two typical ordering configurations (i.e., layered and gradient structures) on the mechanical properties, deformation behavior, and plastic deformation mechanisms. The aim is to reveal the intrinsic mechanisms by which the units ordering regulates the mechanical performance. Also, this review outlines the existing opportunities and challenges in this field to provide a reference for the development of high-performance metallic materials.

The strength and ductility as critical mechanical properties of metallic materials often exhibit a trade-off relationship. This phenomenon becomes a formidable bottleneck in conventional strengthening strategies that rely on solid solution, second-phase particles, grain refinement, and dislocations, with homogeneous or randomly microstructure. Fortunately, the ordering architecture of units offers a promising pathway to overcome this limitation, attracting recent attention. Typical ordered configurations include laminated and gradient structures, where the units consist of common microstructural features such as grains, twins, dislocations, and phases. Numerous studies demonstrate that the laminated and gradient architectures both can achieve a superior combination of strength and ductility, thereby mitigating the strength-ductility trade-off. The underlying mechanism is often qualitatively attributed to heterogeneous plastic deformation across different sections and the associated formation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), promoting extra strengthening and work hardening through long-range back stress. However, a quantitative understanding of how the specific ordering strategy affects the mechanical properties, and the strengthening mechanisms remains elusive. In this review, we systematically compare the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of laminated nano-twinned (LNT) Cu and gradient nano-twinned (GNT) Cu to address this important issue.

LNT and GNT Cu both exhibit extra strengthening and enhanced work hardening, as demonstrated by their strengths, and the work-hardening rates at small strains exceed the corresponding rule-of-mixture predictions. These effects are further amplified via increasing the structural gradient, defined as the hardness variation per unit depth. GNT Cu demonstrates superior enhancements in both strength and work hardening, compared to LNT Cu, highlighting the advantage of gradient ordering over laminated ordering. Compared to conventional homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous structures, LNT and GNT architectures both achieve an enhanced strength-ductility synergy. In particular, the GNT structure maintains a considerable ductility with only a minor reduction as the strength increases. GNT Cu with the maximum structural gradient exhibits strength exceeding that of its strongest constituent unit, while retaining appreciable ductility. These results demonstrate that gradient ordering can induce stronger strengthening and superior strength-ductility synergy, compared to laminated ordering.

LNT and GNT Cu both display a characteristic gradient plastic deformation across their sections, which promotes the accumulation of GNDs and thereby enhances strengthening and work hardening. In LNT Cu, plastic strain gradients and GNDs concentrate mainly at interfaces. In contrast, in GNT Cu, they are distributed more homogeneously throughout all thesections, forming bundles of concentrated dislocations within grain interiors. Consequently, the dislocation density in GNT Cu is nearly an order of magnitude higher than that in its homogeneous counterparts. Moreover, these dispersed GNDs interact more frequently with other dislocations, generating higher back stresses, compared to the interface-accumulated GNDs in LNT Cu. This GND-distribution-dominated strengthening mechanism is responsible for the superior strength-ductility synergy achieved through gradient ordering.

Summary and Perspects

This review systematically compares the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of LNT and GNT Cu to elucidate the quantitative effect of ordering strategy on the performance. Gradient ordering can provide greater extra strengthening and work hardening than laminated ordering, leading to a superior strength-ductility synergy. The underlying mechanism is rooted in the distinct distribution of plastic strain gradients and GNDs, while laminated ordering leads to GND accumulation at interfaces, gradient ordering promotes their dispersion throughout all the sections. These dispersed GNDs contribute to stronger strengthening and work hardening via enhanced back stress generation.

Despite recent advances on unit-ordering metallic materials, systematic research on their structure-property relationships and associated mechanisms remains in its early stages. This is particularly true for establishing design criteria for unit-ordering strategies that optimize the performance including strength, ductility, fatigue and fracture resistance, considering the complicated ordering and unit parameters such as ordering way, structural gradient, ordering sequence, unit type and their proportions. More importantly, it remains a challenge to fully understand the deformation mechanism of unit ordering metals, especially in the long-range inter-constraint across sections, which plays an important role in producing the deformation carriers for gradient deformation and extra strengthening. It is encouraged to combine experimental characterization, simulation, and mechanics modelling to address the key issues above.

Key words

metallic materials with unit ordering / nanotwins / laminated and gradient / strength and ductility / geometrically necessary dislocations

引用本文

程钊, 柳林海, 卢磊. 序构纳米孪晶金属的设计及塑性变形. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2299 -2308 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260110

Zhao CHENG, Linhai LIU, Lei LU. Design and Mechanical Properties of Metals with Ordered Units[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2299 -2308 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260110

基金

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国家自然科学基金面上项目(92463302; U24A2027; 52422102; 52371124)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA1210600)
中国科学院全球共性挑战专项(172GJHZ2023075GC)
中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(2023198)

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2026年第54卷第7期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260110

接收时间：2026-03-03
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-06-03

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出版历史

收稿日期：2026-03-03
修回日期：2026-03-26

基金

国家自然科学基金面上项目(92463302; U24A2027; 52422102; 52371124)

国家重点研发计划(2024YFA1210600)

中国科学院全球共性挑战专项(172GJHZ2023075GC)

中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(2023198)

作者信息

^1．中国科学院金属研究所，沈阳材料科学国家研究中心，沈阳 110016

^2．中国科学技术大学材料科学与工程学院，沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

卢磊（1970—），女，博士，研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260110

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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