Article(id=1320095755369562443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250937, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766851200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-28, revisedDate=1769011200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792664954273, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792664954273, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792664954273, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792664954273, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320095743872971684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792664951531, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792738533970, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320404371276411812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320404371276411813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1955, endPage=1962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320095755566694732, articleId=1320095755369562443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Preparation of Porous Barium Titanate Piezoelectric Ceramics
via Digital Light Processing-Based Photopolymerization, columnId=1263922769897599102, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction Compared with dense ceramics, porous ceramics exhibit lower density and acoustic impedance, as well as excellent thermal resistance, enabling their broader application in hydrophones, high-temperature ultrasonic transducer backing layers, biopiezoelectric devices, and related fields. However, conventional fabrication methods for porous ceramics, such as freeze-casting and gelcasting, are often associated with complex processing procedures. The digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing technique offers several advantages, i.e., high resolution, rapid curing, uniform surface exposure, and low production cost, making it a promising alternative for fabricating complex porous ceramic structures. Lead-free barium titanate piezoelectric ceramics have attracted much attention due to their favorable piezoelectric performance. In this study, porous barium titanate ceramics with varying porosity levels were fabricated via DLP 3D printing by adjusting the content of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) from 0 to 20%. The influence of porosity on the phase structure, microstructure, and electrical properties of the ceramics was systematically investigated.
Methods A ceramic slurry containing 82% barium titanate (BTO), composed of BTO powder (500 nm), photosensitive resin, and dispersant, was mixed with PMMA microspheres (15 μm) at different mass fractions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. The mixture was homogenized at 2000 r/min by a homogenizer (ZYE, ZYMC-180V) for 2 min. Subsequently, the designed 3D model in STL format was imported into the control computer for DLP printing. The printed samples had dimensions of Ф12mm×2 mm, with a layer thickness of 50 μm. After printing, the green bodies were subjected to a two-step debinding process (i.e., firstly under vacuum and then in an air atmosphere) and then sintered. The sintered samples were ground, polished, and coated with gold electrodes. The poling was performed in an electric field of 3 kV/mm in silicone oil at 60 ℃ for 15 min. The microstructure of the samples was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (LYRA 3 XMU, Tescan Co., CZ). The phase composition of the BTO ceramics was determined by X-ray diffraction (X'Pert PRO, PANalytical B.V., the Netherlands). The sample density was determined based on the Archimedes principle. The dielectric properties were measured by precision impedance analysis (6500B, Wayne Kerr Co., UK), while the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) was evaluated by a d33 meter (ZJ-3A, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China).
Results and discussion The results show that the porosity of barium titanate ceramics gradually increases as the PMMA content increases from 0 to 20%. The porous ceramics exhibit closed, spherical pores, with pore sizes closely matching the particle size of the employed PMMA (approximately 15 μm). The axial shrinkage ratio of the ceramics increases from 11% to 29%, and the radial shrinkage increases from 14% to 26%. This anisotropic shrinkage behavior is attributed to the layer-by-layer printing process, resulting in a greater axial shrinkage relative to the radial direction. Besides, after the introduction of the air phase, the bulk density decreases from 5.7 g/cm3 to 4.5 g/cm3, the porosity increases from 6.0% to 25.7%, and the acoustic impedance reduces from 23.12 MRayls to 15.25 MRayls. Regarding the electrical properties, the piezoelectric coefficient d33 gradually decreases from 223 pC/N to 135 pC/N, and the dielectric constant εr declines from 1255 to 407. This is primarily attributed to the reduction in the effective volume fraction of the piezoelectric phase caused via increasing porosity, as well as the non-uniform electric field distribution within the material, which impairs a polarization efficiency. Meanwhile, the dielectric loss tanδ remains in the range of 0.02-0.04, exhibiting minor fluctuations with an increasing porosity and maintaining a low value.
Conclusion The effect of PMMA content on the microstructure and electrical properties of BTO ceramics was investigated. The piezoelectric constant and dielectric constant of porous barium titanate ceramics both decreased, while the dielectric loss remained a low range as the PMMA content increased, indicating a good stability. An increase in porosity reduced the bulk density of the BTO ceramics, thereby lowering the acoustic impedance and enhancing acoustic impedance matching. DLP-based 3D printing, by combining high precision with rapid prototyping capability, could provide an efficient and cost-effective route for the fabrication of porous BTO ceramics in acoustic device applications.
, authors=Zhongliang ZOU, Zhihao LAI, Haofeng LUO, Yan CHEN, Xuanrong JI, authorsList=Zhongliang ZOU, Zhihao LAI, Haofeng LUO, Yan CHEN, Xuanrong JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan CHEN, authorNote=
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钛酸钡压电陶瓷具有良好的压电性能和较大的介电常数，但其较高的密度和声阻抗，限制了其在传感器、水听器等换能器中的广泛应用。本工作通过引入不同质量分数的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯[PMMA，0~20%（质量分数），粒径~15 μm]制备多孔钛酸钡压电陶瓷，系统研究了PMMA含量对陶瓷的微观形貌、相结构、电学性能以及声阻抗的影响。当PMMA含量为20%时，样品的孔隙率为25.7%、压电常数d33为135 pC/N、介电常数εr为407、声阻抗Z为15.25 MRayls；与未添加PMMA的致密陶瓷（孔隙率为6.0%、d33=223 pC/N、εr=1255、Z=23.12 MRayls）相比，随着PMMA含量的增加，陶瓷中引入的气孔显著增多，导致陶瓷的密度和声阻抗明显降低，同时伴随压电与介电性能逐步下降。结果表明，采用光固化成型技术制备多孔钛酸钡陶瓷，通过添加不同含量的PMMA调控其压电陶瓷的电学性能，同时保持良好的电学性能，从而拓展其在声学器件中的应用潜力。
, authors=邹忠良, 赖智浩, 罗浩峰, 陈燕, 纪轩荣, authorsList=邹忠良, 赖智浩, 罗浩峰, 陈燕, 纪轩荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈燕, authorNote=
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陈燕（1983—），女，博士，副教授。
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ZOU Zhongliang (2002-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: 570659304@qq.com
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ZOU Zhongliang (2002-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: 570659304@qq.com
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邹忠良（2002—），男，硕士研究生。
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邹忠良（2002—），男，硕士研究生。
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