硅酸盐学报

多病害作用下的混凝土耐久性劣化过程预测模型研究进展

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刘清风 ¹ , 孟昭铮 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 混凝土耐久性机理表征与预测方法专题—综合评述 2026,54(2): 811-820

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硅酸盐学报 |混凝土耐久性机理表征与预测方法专题—综合评述 2026 , 54 (2) : 811 -820

多病害作用下的混凝土耐久性劣化过程预测模型研究进展

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刘清风¹, 孟昭铮¹^,²

作者信息

^1．上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院，海洋工程全国重点实验室，上海 200240，中国

^2．荷兰代尔夫特理工大学，南荷兰省代尔夫特 2628 CN，荷兰

作者简介:

刘清风（1986—），男，博士，教授。

A Review of Numerical Modelling for Predicting Concrete Durability Degradation under Multiple Deterioration Mechanisms

Qingfeng LIU¹, Zhaozheng MENG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

^2.Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CN, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands

LIU Qing-feng (1986-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: liuqf@sjtu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250759

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摘要

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近年来，混凝土耐久性劣化问题在土木工程和材料科学领域引起广泛关注，尤其在复杂环境和多种病害耦合作用下，混凝土结构的长期服役性能面临严峻挑战。为深入揭示混凝土耐久性劣化机理并建立科学合理的预测方法，各类数值模型相继被提出，以探究混凝土劣化过程中涉及的多尺度、多物理场耦合机制，以及不同物理化学过程相互作用等关键科学问题。为了全面梳理相关研究脉络与发展趋势，本文将围绕多病害作用下混凝土耐久性劣化预测模型，系统综述该领域的研究进展。本文首先从“化学过程主导”和“物理过程主导”的多病害耦合机制两个角度展开综述：在化学驱动方面，重点分析了氯离子侵蚀与碳化、硫酸盐侵蚀、钙溶蚀之间的典型耦合机制，总结了离子侵蚀、竞争吸附及孔隙结构演化对劣化加速的影响；在物理驱动方面，主要讨论了冻融循环与荷载开裂作用下氯离子侵蚀过程，揭示其与氯离子侵蚀共同作用下的加速劣化机理。在此基础上，本文总结了现有混凝土耐久性预测模型的研究进展与不足，并归纳了当前领域的主要挑战与机遇，包括：1）材料非均质性与微观结构演化的精准表征；2）多尺度、多物理场耦合模型框架的完善；3）基于长期服役性能的预测与可靠性评估方法。最后，本文展望了未来研究方向，并建议结合先进算法深化多病害多尺度劣化机理认识，从而构建更加精准、高效且适应复杂服役环境的耐久性预测模型，以期为混凝土结构的全寿命周期性能评估与耐久性设计提供理论支撑。

关键词

混凝土耐久性 / 多病害耦合 / 劣化机理 / 多离子传输 / 数值模型

Abstract

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Concrete durability has become a central concern in civil engineering as structures are increasingly exposed to complicated and aggressive environments. In practical service conditions such as marine tidal zones, cold regions, sulfate-rich soils, or industrial atmospheres, deterioration rarely occurs in isolation. Instead, chloride ingress, carbonation, sulfate attack, calcium leaching, freeze-thaw damage, and load-induced cracking often coexist and interact on multiple physicochemical and geometric levels. These complex processes alter transport behavior, pore structures, chemical equilibria, and mechanical integrity, resulting in highly nonlinear deterioration that accelerates beyond the sum of individual mechanisms. As conventional models cannot fully capture such synergistic effects, advanced numerical modelling has emerged as a vital tool for durability prediction under multi-deterioration scenarios .

This paper reviews recent progress in modelling durability degradation under multiple deterioration mechanisms, with emphasis on both chemically driven and physically driven coupling effects. In chemically dominated degradation, chloride ingress is recognized as the most rapid and detrimental process, and it is strongly modified by concurrent chemical reactions. The interaction between carbonation and chloride transport is particularly complex: carbonation can decompose chloride-binding phases, releasing previously bound chlorides, while simultaneously refining the pore structure through calcium carbonate precipitation. Numerical models incorporating carbonation rate, degree, and pore structure evolution have enabled more accurate quantification of chloride distribution in fully carbonated and partially carbonated regions. Similarly, for combined sulfate-chloride attack, competitive adsorption and expansion-induced microcracking play decisive roles. Thermodynamic equilibrium models and reaction-kinetic models have been used to capture the competition among ions, the formation of expansive products, and the resulting effects on transport properties. These approaches highlight the necessity of considering multi-ion coupling and electrochemical interactions when assessing deterioration severity. Calcium leaching represents another critical chemical mechanism that strongly influences chloride behavior. The dissolution of calcium-bearing hydrates coarsens the microstructure, increases pore connectivity, and reduces binding capacity, thereby accelerating chloride ingress. Multi-ionic transport frameworks have been adopted to simulate these processes, showing that electrochemical coupling initially promotes leaching but later tempers its progression as chemical gradients evolve. Such findings emphasize the importance of capturing time-dependent feedback within reactive transport models.

On the physically driven side, processes such as freeze-thaw damage and load-induced cracking profoundly alter the geometric pathways of ionic transport. Freeze-thaw cycles induce pore dilation, microcracking, and structural weakening, forming preferential channels for chloride ingress. Models coupling thermal transfer, moisture and ionic transport have shown that although higher salt concentrations reduce freezing rates, the overall deterioration remains accelerated due to increased permeability. The synergistic effects of freeze-thaw damage and chloride transport thus demand integrated modelling strategies capable of representing dynamic pore evolution. Load-induced cracking also creates high-permeability pathways that significantly influence harmful ions transport. Mesoscale lattice models, multi-ionic models, and other models have demonstrated that crack width, shape, and orientation govern diffusion and migration behavior. However, establishing fully bidirectional coupling, where chloride ingress promotes crack propagation and crack propagation further accelerates chloride ingress, remains an unresolved challenge. Existing methods rely on staged or quasi-coupled approaches, often assisted by statistical learning, yet true geometric updating during crack evolution is still computationally difficult. This limitation highlights a critical frontier for future numerical modelling.

Summary and Prospects

Research on durability degradation under multiple deterioration mechanisms has made remarkable progress, yet several breakthroughs are needed to achieve reliable long-term predictions. First, advancing the coupling of multi-mechanism models is essential. The mutual interactions between crack propagation and ionic transport, as well as pore-structure evolution under multiple deterioration modes, requires future numerical models that can dynamically update geometry and transport properties over time. More comprehensive physical representations of environmental effects such as temperature, humidity, salt concentration, freeze-thaw intensity will further enhance predictive accuracy. Second, there is an urgent need to improve the geometric dimensionality and computational efficiency of multi-scale, multi-physics frameworks. High-resolution three-dimensional modelling is still limited for multi-ion systems due to nonlinear chemical reactions and the complexity of heterogeneous microstructures. Future work should focus on algorithm optimization, parallel computing, and innovative discretization schemes to enable large-scale simulations with realistic material characteristics. Third, the scope of durability research must expand across both spatial and temporal scales. Linking micro-level deterioration mechanisms with macro-scale structural performance remains a key challenge, particularly for reinforced concrete exposed to multiple aggressive agents. Early-age behavior, interfacial transition zone development, and long-term interaction between mechanical and chemical processes should also be considered into lifecycle-oriented predictive frameworks. Finally, as sustainable and alternative binders such as alkali-activated materials and high-performance composite cements become more prevalent, existing models must be adapted or reconceptualized to accommodate their unique microstructure, chemical composition, and transport properties. Understanding multi-deterioration behavior in these emerging materials will be essential for their safe and widespread engineering application. Overall, progress in numerical modelling, strengthened by data-driven techniques, multi-scale experiments, and advanced characterization methods, is expected to transform our ability to predict durability degradation under complex service conditions. These advances will ultimately support the development of more resilient, sustainable, and long-lasting concrete structures.

Key words

concrete durability / multi-disease coupling / degradation mechanism / multi-ion transport / numerical model

引用本文

刘清风, 孟昭铮. 多病害作用下的混凝土耐久性劣化过程预测模型研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (2) : 811 -820 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250759

Qingfeng LIU, Zhaozheng MENG. A Review of Numerical Modelling for Predicting Concrete Durability Degradation under Multiple Deterioration Mechanisms[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (2) : 811 -820 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250759

基金

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国家优秀青年科学基金项目(52222805)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52478264)
重庆市杰出青年科学基金项目(cstb2024nscqjqX0007)

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2026年第54卷第2期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250759

接收时间：2025-10-15
首发时间：2026-10-27
出版时间：2026-02-20

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收稿日期：2025-10-15
修回日期：2025-11-22

基金

国家优秀青年科学基金项目(52222805)

国家自然科学基金面上项目(52478264)

重庆市杰出青年科学基金项目(cstb2024nscqjqX0007)

作者信息

^1．上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院，海洋工程全国重点实验室，上海 200240，中国

^2．荷兰代尔夫特理工大学，南荷兰省代尔夫特 2628 CN，荷兰

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250759

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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