Article(id=1308544307280314669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1308544285121798644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250722, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=1761408000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789910874433, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1773331200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789910874433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789910874433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789910874433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308544285121798644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1499', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789910869150, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789955421627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308731151825600702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1308544285121798644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308731151825600703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1308544285121798644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1625, endPage=1633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308544307699745070, articleId=1308544307280314669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Multidimensional Life-Cycle Assessment of Cement Clinker Production Using Solid-Waste Alternative Raw Materials, columnId=1308544284861759516, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Special Issue on Low-Carbon Cement and Solid Waste Resource Utilization—Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction The introduction of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets has made a green, low-carbon transition the prevailing trend in the cement manufacturing industry. Solid-waste valorisation, which involves substituting natural minerals and fossil fuels with suitable solid waste, can effectively reduce emissions from carbonate decomposition and fuel combustion. It is therefore regarded as a key technological pathway for achieving the carbon reduction goals. The existing studies on single dimensions such as energy or material saving, or carbon mitigation in clinker production using solid waste are relatively well-developed. However, valorisation can generate both environmental benefits and drawbacks, there is a clear need for a comprehensive assessment framework based on multiple indicators that can capture trade-offs across impact categories, rather than drawing conclusions from a single metric.
Methods A multidimensional assessment framework was developed based on standard product carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment models. This framework could comprise three primary indicators, i.e., carbon, resources and environment and twelve secondary indicators, enabling the structured and transparent evaluation of benefits as well as potential burden shifting. A consistent system boundary was defined to cover the entire clinker production value chain, including solid waste inputs, raw material production, waste pre-treatment, transportation, clinker production and credits for avoiding conventional disposal methods (landfilling or incineration). Within this boundary, five substitution scenarios involving the use of solid waste were constructed and benchmarked against a mineral-only baseline, i.e., carbide slag (S1), manganese slag (S2), coal gangue (S3), fly ash (S4) and sewage sludge (S5). We then systematically quantified the potential benefits and burdens of solid waste utilisation in terms of carbon emissions, resource consumption and environmental impacts. This could provide a decision-relevant evidence to support the cement industry's transition to a low-carbon economy.
Results and discussion In terms of carbon emissions, all scenarios achieve net reductions, albeit with significant variation in magnitude. Scenario 1 demonstrates the most significant mitigation, reducing emissions by 35.2%, compared to the baseline, resulting in a total reduction of 351.3 kg CO2eq. By contrast, Scenario 2 involves pre-treatment requiring additional Ca(OH)2 and anhydrous Na2SO4, which increases raw-material production emissions by 9.8 kg CO2eq relative to the baseline. Scenario 5 results in an increase of 4% in fuel-combustion emissions due to the high moisture content of the waste, leading to the weakest overall mitigation with a net reduction of only 38.9 kg CO2eq. Overall, these results indicate that although carbon benefits are generally achievable across different types of waste, their magnitude depends on waste composition and the intensity of the pre-treatment. In terms of resources, overall consumption decreases across all scenarios, but there is a trade-off between "material savin" and "energy saving". Scenario 1 achieves the greatest overall saving of resources, with a reduction of 19.4% relative to the baseline. This is primarily due to its high substitution rate and avoidance of waste landfilling. However, its energy-intensive pre-treatment increases fossil resource consumption by 27.2%, offsetting the net energy benefit. Scenario 3 exhibits the most pronounced energy-saving effect, reducing fossil resource consumption by 18.9% via substituting approximately 20% of coal with coal gangue. However, although the substitution rate in Scenario 5 is 20%, a need to add bauxite to satisfy mineralogical requirements offset some of its material-saving potential. These findings highlight that the outcomes of resource use depend on substitution ratios and on the additional inputs required to meet clinker quality constraints. In terms of the environmental impact, the avoided disposal process has a significant effect on the results. When this process is included in the assessment, Scenario 1 demonstrates the most significant reduction in overall environmental impact at 84.7%, compared to the baseline. This is primarily due to the prevention of heavy metal emissions (i.e., Cd, Se and As) linked to landfill. Scenario 2 shows a similar pattern, but improvements in human toxicity indicators are limited because mercury (Hg) emissions associated with producing anhydrous sodium sulphate (i.e., anhydrous Na2SO4) offset part of the benefits. If avoided disposal is excluded, Scenario 3 exhibits the optimum overall environmental performance. In the comprehensive evaluation, Scenario 1 consistently ranks first under equal weighting and across all three dual-priority schemes, establishing itself as a core pathway with optimal overall benefits. Scenario 3 is suitable as a priority enhancement option under both "carbon emissions-resource priority" and "resource-environment priority" orientations. Scenario 2 can serve as an alternative under the objective of "carbon emissions-environment priority".
Conclusions The five solid waste valorisation scenarios for clinker production had different advantages and constraints with regard to carbon mitigation, material conservation and environmental improvement. Scenario 1 delivered the optimum overall performance, but its high energy demand and associated pollutant emissions during pre-treatment could be limiting factors. Scenario 2 achieved considerable carbon reduction and environmental benefits, but it was limited by heavy metal emissions and energy consumption during pre-treatment. Scenario 3 could be characterised as "low risk, steady benefit", offering significant savings in fossil energy without apparent adverse environmental impact. Scenario 4 yielded the modest gains across the board without any negative effects, making it suitable for routine implementation. Scenario 5 showed the greatest advantage in terms of photochemical smog control, but it had the weakest overall performance. To advance the valorisation of solid waste in the cement sector, we could recommend optimising the pre-treatment of high-substitution waste (i.e., carbide and manganese slag) to reduce energy use and air pollutant emissions arising from energy-intensive steps. Large-scale substitution could be encouraged for wastes with a substantial valorisation potential (such as carbide and manganese slag) to further enhance integrated environmental benefits.
, authors=Honghai SHEN, Yan ZHENG, Yu LIU, Suping CUI, authorsList=Honghai SHEN, Yan ZHENG, Yu LIU, Suping CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Suping CUI, authorNote=
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基于电石渣、电解锰渣、煤矸石、粉煤灰和污泥5种固废替代原料生产硅酸盐水泥熟料的技术情景，本工作构建了适用于固废资源化利用效果评估与方案设计的多维评价体系，系统分析了固废资源化利用对水泥熟料碳排、资源和环境表现的影响。结果表明，电石渣替代情景在碳减排和资源节约方面表现最为显著，煤矸石替代情景在能源节约方面表现最佳，粉煤灰和污泥替代情景则在环境效益方面贡献显著。同时，固废资源化过程因预处理工艺、含水率较高、有害物质含量较高等因素也会造成一些负面影响。基于多维评价方法可有效辨识固废资源化过程的潜在效益与负面影响，通过权重赋值开展多目标综合决策，科学指导工艺研发与路径遴选，进一步提升固废资源化的综合效益。
, authors=沈鸿海, 郑焱, 刘宇, 崔素萍, authorsList=沈鸿海, 郑焱, 刘宇, 崔素萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔素萍, authorNote=
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崔素萍（1964—），女，博士，教授。
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沈鸿海（1996—），男，博士研究生。
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沈鸿海（1996—），男，博士研究生。
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