硅酸盐学报

基于低温混凝土孔隙演化的氯离子传输预测模型修正

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高玲玲 ¹^,² , 崔健 ¹ , 黄平明 ² , 袁阳光 ³

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(10): 3614-3627

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (10) : 3614 -3627

基于低温混凝土孔隙演化的氯离子传输预测模型修正

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高玲玲¹^,², 崔健¹, 黄平明², 袁阳光³

作者信息

^1.河北科技大学建筑工程学院，石家庄　050018

^2.长安大学公路学院，西安　710064

^3.西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院，西安　710055

通讯作者:

高玲玲（1982-），女，副教授。

Modification of Chloride Ion Transport Prediction Model Based on Pore Evolution of Concrete Under Low Temperature Environment

Lingling GAO¹^,², Jian CUI¹, Pingming HUANG², Yangguang YUAN³

Affiliations

^1.School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Science and technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China

^2.School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China

^3.College of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

GAO Lingling (1982-), female, Associate Professor. E-mail: gll030214@163.com

出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250690

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摘要

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氯盐侵蚀作为低温沿海区混凝土服役寿命大幅缩减的主要原因，其侵蚀机理研究具有重要意义。为提高混凝土结构在低温-氯盐耦合作用下服役寿命的预测精度，本工作建立时变温度影响的结晶填充（孔隙率降低）和微裂纹扩展（孔隙率增加）的双重效应孔隙变化模型，揭示了冻融环境下溶液结晶对孔隙结构及氯离子扩散速率的复杂影响，并基于Fick第二定律，构建经第三方暴露试验验证的氯离子扩散修正模型。借助COMSOL软件进一步分析不同影响因素作用下混凝土中氯离子的传输特性及空间分布规律。结果表明：低温条件下，随着温度降低，结晶填充与裂纹扩展对混凝土渗透性影响的主导地位发生转变，导致氯离子扩散速率呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势，长期服役中，“结晶-裂纹”双重机制的协同调控对氯离子传输过程的影响愈发显著，主导性持续增强；集成时变温度函数，混凝土材料特性对氯离子传输影响的模拟结果量化揭示了骨料粒径与初始孔隙率的关键影响，骨料粒径的增大降低传输路径的迂曲度，显著加速氯离子的扩散，此外，在长期氯离子侵蚀预测模拟计算中，初始孔隙率由0.10增大至0.15，结构中钢筋的起蚀时间缩短12.42 a。该模型的构建可为低温-氯盐耦合侵蚀下混凝土结构耐久性研究提供理论参考。

关键词

混凝土结构 / 氯离子传输 / 动态孔隙变化 / 时变 / 冻融环境

Abstract

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Introduction

Durability is a fundamental property of concrete, and research on concrete durability differs markedly among service environments. The deterioration mechanisms of concrete materials encompass a complex interplay of physicochemical processes, including carbonation, freeze-thaw damage, wet-dry cycling, sulfate erosion and chloride ion erosion. Considering the coupled erosion mechanism of chloride ingress and freeze-thaw cycling that persistently affect concrete structures in frigid coastal regions of northern China, the non-steady-state transport characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of chloride ions within concrete media are critical parameters for durability assessment in civil engineering applications. The development of predictive models for chloride ion transport in concrete matrices has therefore attracted increasing research attention. Conventional chloride ion transport models often ignore the dynamic effects of low-temperature environments on the micro-pore structure of concrete, resulting in insufficient model prediction accuracy. In this study, the microscopic mechanism of pore structure and chloride ion transport in concrete in low-temperature environments was studied, and a chloride ion diffusion model with higher engineering applicability was constructed.

Methods

The chloride ion transport model suitable for low-temperature environments was established in three steps. The first step was to determine the evolution mechanism of concrete pore structure. Under the combined effects of cryogenic conditions and saline solution infiltration, crystals tended to form within the concrete matrix. These crystals filled concrete capillary pores, densified the matrix, and helped improve concrete impermeability. Crystalline particles could create stress differences around pores, promoting pore expansion and crack formation, thereby reducing the durability of concrete. The second step was to construct a pore structure change model. The pore structure change model included two parts: a time-varying model of temperature field was constructed based on trigonometric functions. and a dynamic evolution equation of porosity considering the coupling effect of temperature fluctuation on crystal filling and microcrack propagation was established to achieve the quantitative characterization of multiphysics response of pore structure. The third step was to construct a chloride ion transport model considering age attenuation, multi-ion coupling, damage to the critical pore size and most probable pore size. The Bruggeman model is combined with the dynamic porosity model to modify the chloride diffusion coefficient. Based on the mathematical and physical nature of Fick's second diffusion law, a chloride ion transport model with time-varying parameters was constructed.

Results and discussion

The microstructure evolution of pores had a significant influence on the transport characteristics and spatial distribution of chloride ions during chloride-ion erosion of structures at low temperature. Compared with the traditional diffusion model, the results showed that the chloride ion penetration depth and concentration predicted by the new model established in this study were more consistent with the exposure test data. The evolution of pore structure of concrete under low temperature could be divided into two characteristic stages: crystallization filling stage and micro-crack propagation stage. In the chloride ion transport mechanism, the enhancement effect of microcrack propagation on the effective chloride ion diffusion coefficient was significantly higher than that of crystal filling at low temperature. This phenomenon revealed the key controlling effect of crack network connectivity on ion migration channels.

Conclusions

This study constructs a modified model that accounts for the influence of concrete pore changes on chloride ion diffusion under time-varying temperature in northern coastal areas. Comparison with exposure test data verifies the applicability of the model, which is then used to study the transport behavior of chloride ions under the influence of temperature, tortuosity and initial porosity of concrete through finite element analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: Temperature has an important influence on chloride ion transport. Regulated by the crystallization-cracking mechanism, the temperature decreases from 273.15 K to 253.15 K, and the chloride ion concentration in concrete decreases first and then increases. This effect is more significant with time, and the effect of crystallization-cracking mechanism on chloride ion transport is most obvious at the depth of 9 mm. As a dynamic driving factor, the time-varying temperature has a stronger accelerating effect on chloride ion transport than the constant temperature condition. Under temperature cycling, chloride ions achieve faster and deeper migration through the crack network generated by freeze-thaw damage, and its peak concentration can reach 2.46 times that under constant temperature conditions. As an initial structural characteristic of concrete, the average particle size of aggregate is closely related to the tortuosity of concrete pore network and chloride ion diffusion capacity. The chloride ion transport process in concrete with different aggregate sizes is simulated under time-varying temperature conditions. A larger aggregate size, corresponds to lower tortuosity of the internal concrete pores, and the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the concrete with an average aggregate size of 20 mm is 1.38 times that of the concrete with an average aggregate size of 16 mm. Affected by differences in the initial pore structure, under the cumulative effect of long-term chloride ion erosion, the difference of chloride ion concentration in concrete with different aggregate sizes gradually increases as the erosion duration increases. The initial porosity of concrete is closely related to the chloride ion transport behavior. The higher the initial porosity, the higher the chloride ion concentration, and as the erosion time increases, the acceleration effect of large porosity on chloride ion transport becomes more significant; in practical engineering applications, when the initial porosity of concrete increases from 0.10 to 0.15, the corrosion time of steel bars at a depth of 20 mm in the structure is shortened by 12.42 years.

Key words

concrete structure / chloride ion transport / dynamic pore evolution / time-varying / freeze-thaw environment

引用本文

高玲玲, 崔健, 黄平明, 袁阳光. 基于低温混凝土孔隙演化的氯离子传输预测模型修正. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (10) : 3614 -3627 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250690

Lingling GAO, Jian CUI, Pingming HUANG, Yangguang YUAN. Modification of Chloride Ion Transport Prediction Model Based on Pore Evolution of Concrete Under Low Temperature Environment[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (10) : 3614 -3627 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250690

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52308200)

参考文献

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2026年第54卷第10期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250690

接收时间：2025-09-19
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-03-04

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收稿日期：2025-09-19
修回日期：2025-11-10

基金

国家自然科学基金(52308200)

作者信息

^1.河北科技大学建筑工程学院，石家庄　050018

^2.长安大学公路学院，西安　710064

^3.西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院，西安　710055

通讯作者:

高玲玲（1982-），女，副教授。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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