硅酸盐学报

影响固体氧化物电池堆输出性能的界面因素研究进展

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裴梓翔 ¹ , 张洁 ¹ , 韩丽增 ¹ , 范天成 ¹ , 张旸 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(7): 2524-2533

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (7) : 2524 -2533

影响固体氧化物电池堆输出性能的界面因素研究进展

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裴梓翔¹, 张洁¹, 韩丽增¹, 范天成¹, 张旸²

作者信息

^1．宁波市电力设计院有限公司，浙江宁波 315020

^2．中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所，全省先进燃料电池与电解池技术重点实验室，浙江宁波 315201

通讯作者:

张旸（1991—），男，博士，助理研究员。

作者简介:

裴梓翔（1990—），男，本科，高级工程师。

Interfacial Factors Affecting Output Performance of Solid Oxide Cells: A Brief Review

Zixiang PEI¹, Jie ZHANG¹, Lizeng HAN¹, Tiancheng FAN¹, Yang ZHANG²

Affiliations

^1.Ningbo Elect Power Design Inst Co. Ltd, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang, China

^2.Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China

Corresponding Author:

{ZHANG} Yang (1991-), male, Ph.D.,Assistant Researcher. E-mail: zhangyang@nimte.ac.cn

PEI Zixiang (1990-), Male, Undergraduate, Senior Engineer. E-mail: 759734093@qq.com

出版时间: 2026-04-13 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250588

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摘要

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固体氧化物燃料电池堆是固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）发电系统的核心部件，也是SOFC能否商业化应用的关键。当电池与密封材料性能满足要求时，电池电极与连接体间的接触界面成为影响电池堆性能的直接因素。本文对SOFC电池堆的结构与界面进行分析，同时对界面接触改善方法的研究现状进行综述，如增大界面接触面积、提高电池堆外部载荷、改进集流层材料与优化集流体表面涂层等，为研制高效、稳定运行的电池堆提供参考。

关键词

固体氧化物燃料电池 / 界面 / 电池堆 / 运行寿命

Abstract

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can convert the chemical energy of fuels directly into electricity. This endows them with high efficiency, clean operation and fuel flexibility, positioning SOFCs as an attractive solution for distributed generation, heavy-duty transport and portable power. The commercialization is accelerating, and the performance bottlenecks shift from materials to interface. The existing electrodes and seals meet most requirements, the electrode-interconnect contact becomes the immediate determinant of stack performance. This review represents recent progress on the electrode-interconnect interface in SOFC stacks, covering microstructural evolution, contact-resistance mechanisms and optimization strategies, enlarging the contact region, tuning stack clamping pressure, improving current-collector materials and refining protective coatings to inform the design of next-generation, high-power, long-life and low-cost stacks.

The anode side is always in a strongly reducing atmosphere, so the interface is essentially metal-to-metal (Ni versus metallic interconnect) and can, in principle, yield an extremely low contact resistance. The cathode side is an oxide-to-oxide non-metallic contact with much higher resistance. In a previous work, the anode-interconnect contact resistance was only 6 µΩ·cm², whereas the cathode-interconnect value approached 200 mΩ·cm²-five orders of magnitude higher-rendering the anodic contribution negligible.

Contact resistance is approximately inversely proportional to the real contact area. Increasing the contact area is thus a primary route to lower losses and higher power. Moderate enlargement improves electron collection, but an excessive coverage shrinks the oxygen diffusion cross-section and rapidly raises concentration polarization.

Current collector layers are not flat. Micron-scale "peaks and valleys" contact at room temperature, and mismatched thermal expansion during heat-up widens these gaps, sharply increasing resistance or even causing electrode spalling. A controlled external clamping load introduced during stack assembly therefore becomes essential to reduce contact resistance, while maintaining flatness and gas-tightness. Resistance decreass nonlinearly with pressure. It is therefore critical to balance low contact resistance with structural integrity. It is demonstrated that cathode imprint area and penetration depth can serve as quantitative indicators.

Enlarging contact area or penetration depth both require an added current-collector layer that simultaneously acts as a "high-speed electron highway" and a "stress cushion". Its intrinsic conductivity, high-temperature oxidation resistance and thermo-mechanical compatibility govern interface resistance and long-term stability. Noble metals (i.e., Pt, Ag) are first considered for the cathode side due to their stability and conductivity. Perovskites and spinels are also viable alternatives. To marry the performance of noble metals with cost-effective oxides, composite collectors such as LSM+Ag and LSM+Pd are fabricated. Completely noble-metal-free routes employ low-softening glass or inorganic binders that sinter into glass-ceramic interpenetrating networks to enhance adhesion.

For practical stacks, metallic interconnects inevitably oxidize in high-temperature air, causing the increase of ASR and threatening lifetime. A single coating that suppresses oxidation and maintains a low interfacial resistance is therefore highly desirable. Previous studies used perovskite cathodes directly as protective layers, but their high densification temperature hindered large-scale application. Spinel coatings-especially Mn-Co spinel are preferred because they combine high electronic conductivity, excellent oxidation resistance and moderate sintering temperatures.

Summary and prospects

SOFC research shifts from single-cell materials to stack-level system integration. The experimental evidence shows that the contact between critical stack components is a dominant bottleneck governing both power output and lifetime. The anode side, operating in a reducing atmosphere and forming a metal-to-metal contact, exhibits a contact resistance, which is five orders of magnitude lower than the oxide-to-oxide interface on the cathode side and can be therefore neglected. The cathode side, in contrast, must rely on a current-collector/coating system that simultaneously ensures electron collection, stress buffering and oxidation protection. Consequently, future interface optimization will revolve around a three-dimensional, "current-collector material, interconnect coating and surface roughness" synergistic design framework.

Current-collector development evolves from noble metals to oxides and onward to graded, dual-phase composites. These systems aim to deliver conductivities on the order of kilosiemens/cm, while achieving triple matching-thermal, mechanical and chemical-with both the cathode and the interconnect through coordinated control of composition, microstructure and porosity.

Meanwhile, an accurate quantification of interfacial resistance remains a critical challenge. Conventional four-point measurements are limited by stack hermeticity, yielding only the total resistance, making it impossible to isolate the true interfacial contribution. The next step involves embedding ultrathin leads within the stack to couple AC impedance spectroscopy with in-situ voltage monitoring, thereby tracking the interfacial state of every repeating unit in real time. Post-mortem laser confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy will be employed to establish quantitative correlations among surface roughness, contact depth and power degradation, creating a data-closed loop for predictive interface engineering.

The existing interface tuning still relies heavily on trial and error, and outcomes remain unpredictable. Understanding interfacial mechanisms can favor the design of SOFC stacks to lock in optimal clamping pressures, roughness windows and material combinations, thereby achieving a precise performance control. This mastery is essential to realizing commercial durability targets of tens of thousands of hours and laying the foundation for large-scale deployment in distributed generation.

Key words

solid oxide fuel cell / interface / stack / lifespan

引用本文

裴梓翔, 张洁, 韩丽增, 范天成, 张旸. 影响固体氧化物电池堆输出性能的界面因素研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2524 -2533 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250588

Zixiang PEI, Jie ZHANG, Lizeng HAN, Tiancheng FAN, Yang ZHANG. Interfacial Factors Affecting Output Performance of Solid Oxide Cells: A Brief Review[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2524 -2533 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250588

基金

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国家自然科学基金(U24A2062)
浙江省自然科学基金白马湖实验室区域创新发展联合基金资助项目(LBMHY24B060003)
宁波市重点研发计划(2023Z155)

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2026年第54卷第7期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250588

接收时间：2025-08-01
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-04-13

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收稿日期：2025-08-01
修回日期：2025-09-04

基金

国家自然科学基金(U24A2062)

浙江省自然科学基金白马湖实验室区域创新发展联合基金资助项目(LBMHY24B060003)

宁波市重点研发计划(2023Z155)

作者信息

^1．宁波市电力设计院有限公司，浙江宁波 315020

^2．中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所，全省先进燃料电池与电解池技术重点实验室，浙江宁波 315201

通讯作者:

张旸（1991—），男，博士，助理研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250588

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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