硅酸盐学报

纳米填料改性水泥基材料及其结构物内部界面研究进展

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王欣悦 ¹^,² , 马新凯 ¹^,² , 张立卿 ³ , 丁思齐 ⁴ , 李洪艳 ⁵ , 冉千平 ⁵ , 韩宝国 ⁶

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(8): 2781-2794

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (8) : 2781 -2794

纳米填料改性水泥基材料及其结构物内部界面研究进展

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王欣悦¹^,², 马新凯¹^,², 张立卿³, 丁思齐⁴, 李洪艳⁵, 冉千平⁵, 韩宝国⁶

作者信息

^1．天津大学建筑工程学院，中国天津 300072

^2．天津大学滨海土木工程结构与安全教育部重点实验室，中国天津 300072

^3．华东交通大学土木建筑学院，中国南昌 330013

^4．香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系，中国香港 999077

^5．重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室，东南大学材料科学与工程学院，中国南京 211189

^6．大连理工大学建设工程学院，中国辽宁大连 116024

通讯作者:

张立卿（1987—），女，博士，副教授；

韩宝国（1976—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

王欣悦（1992—），男，博士，副研究员。

Research Progress on Interfaces inside Nanofiller-Modified Cement-Based Materials and Their Structures

Xinyue WANG¹^,², Xinkai MA¹^,², Liqing ZHANG³, Siqi DING⁴, Hongyan LI⁵, Qianping RAN⁵, Baoguo HAN⁶

Affiliations

^1.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

^2.Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

^3.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China

^4.Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China

^5.State Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials for Major Infrastructure, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

^6.School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China

Corresponding Author:

ZHANG Liqing (1987-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: zlq@ecjtu.edu.cn;

HAN Baoguo (1976-), male, Ph.D., Professor. hanbaoguo@dlut.edu.cn

WANG Xinyue (1992-), male, Ph.D., Associate Research Fellow. E-mail: xinyuewang@tju.edu.cn

出版时间: 2026-05-11 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250585

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摘要

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水泥基材料的黏结性能与结合界面特征决定了水泥基材料及其结构物的力学与耐久性能。纳米填料可通过界面特有的纳米富集效应在界面内部提供大量成核位点并发挥纳米中心效应，诱导产生纳米-中心壳单元；纳米-中心壳单元的生成有助于限制氢氧化钙晶体的定向生长并提高界面内部水化产物微观结构的致密性，进而改善界面黏结性能。本文聚焦纳米填料对水泥基材料黏结性能与结合界面特征的改善规律和调控机制，系统总结了界面的基本特征及纳米填料作用下界面改善的基本机制与调控规律，分析了现存研究难点并展望了未来发展方向。纳米水泥基复合材料界面相关研究有助于揭示水泥基材料多尺度性能演化的本质机理，也为水泥基材料及其结构物的高性能设计、数字/智能建造、维护修补与再生循环利用等方面提供理论基础与工程支撑。

关键词

纳米填料 / 水泥基材料及其结构物 / 界面性能 / 界面特征 / 改性机制

Abstract

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The interfaces in cement-based materials and their structures(i.e., the cement paste-aggregate, mortar-aggregate, new-to-old concrete, and reinforcement-concrete interfaces) are widely recognized as the most critical and weakest zone governing overall mechanical properties and durability. Under the combined influence of wall, one-sided growth, and bleeding effects, these interfaces are typically characterized by high porosity, elevated calcium hydroxide (CH) crystal content, and a high degree of hydration, resulting in intrinsically low hardness and strength. As a result, cracks initiate, propagate, and interconnect within the interfaces under loading, leading to a macroscopic failure. Meanwhile, their loose and porous structure facilitates the ingress of water and harmful ions, reducing durability and accelerating deterioration.

For the pronounced multi-scale nature of cement-based materials, modifying microstructure in nanoscale provides an effective "bottom-up" approach to improving interfacial bond and overall performance. Compared with conventional top-down methods, this strategy exhibits effective modification for different types of interfaces. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, incorporating nanofillers demonstrates a great potential in interfacial modification. This review represents the effects and underlying mechanisms of nanofillers on the interfaces in cement-based materials and their structures, as well as discusses key challenges and future research directions.

Adding nanofillers can significantly enhance the bond performance of various interfaces in cement-based materials and their structures. The experimental studies show that the incorporation of nanofillers can increase the bond strength of cement paste-aggregate and mortar-aggregate interfaces by 65.3% and 42.8%, respectively. Also, nanofillers effectively enhance the bond of new-to-old cement-based materials, increasing interfacial strength by 39.0%. Their beneficial effects are evident in the interfaces between reinforcements and cement-based materials, where the addition of nanofillers improves bond strength and reduces slip behavior. These modifications contribute to a high stress transfer efficiency, as well as better load-bearing capacity and structural stability. The enhancement efficiency is closely related to the geometric dimensionality of nanofillers, generally following an order, i.e., two-dimensional (2D) > one-dimensional (1D) > zero-dimensional (0D).

The improved bond performance derives from the modified interfacial characteristics. Key effects include increased compactness, reduced porosity, refined CH crystal size, and decreased interfacial thickness. For instance, the thickness of the interfacial transition zone can be reduced from approximately 50 µm to 10 μm or less after nanomodification, as reflected by the reduced porosity and altered Ca/Si ratio of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels. Meanwhile, nanofillers also suppress the formation and growth of large CH crystals, replacing them with finer and more uniformly distributed hydration products. Micromechanical characterization techniques such as nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy reveal significant increases in elastic modulus and hardness in the interfacial zone, indicating that new hydration products like superhard C-S-H gels induced by nanomodification are formed.

The mechanisms underlying nanofiller-induced interfacial modification can be categorized into two key aspects, i.e., the enrichment effect and the nano-core effect. The enrichment effect arises from the preferential accumulation of nanofillers in the interfacial region due to the wall effect, capillary-driven migration, and gravity effect. This leads to a higher local concentration of nanofillers, providing abundant nucleation sites for hydration products. The nano-core effect, which builds upon the intrinsic properties of nanofillers, involves several specific mechanisms, i.e., (1) Adsorption effect: Nanofillers adsorb cations such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, promoting the nucleation of C-S-H and leading to the formation of nano-core-shell elements. These structures inhibit the oriented growth of CH crystals and enhance interfacial densification; (2) Filling effect: Nanofillers fill interfacial pores through the formation of nano-core-shell elements, improving packing density and reducing porosity; (3) Short-range and long-range effect: Nanofillers can modify the nanostructure and properties of hydration products in a short range, and refine and optimize the hydration products near nanofillers in a long range; (4) Pozzolanic effect: Reactive nanofillers, such as nano-silica, react with CH to generate additional C-S-H, refining the microstructure and improving bonding; (5) Thermal conductivity effect: High-conductivity nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene) homogenize the temperature distribution during hydration, reducing thermal stress and early-age cracking; (6) Self-curing effect: Hydrophilic nanomaterials, such as nanocellulose, absorb and release water, mitigating early-age shrinkage and enhancing microstructural development; and (7) Pinning and bridging effects: Nanofillers inhibit crack initiation and propagation (pinning effect) and bridge microcracks (bridging effect), thereby improving interfacial toughness and strength.

Summary and prospects

Despite significant achievements, several challenges remain in understanding and optimizing nanofiller-modified interfaces. First, the existing characterization techniques are limited in their ability to capture the dynamic evolution of interfacial structures at high spatial and temporal resolution. Most methods provide only static, two-dimensional information, making it difficult to fully understand multi-scale and multi-physics processes. Second, the inherent heterogeneity and discontinuity of interfaces complicate quantitative modeling. The existing models often describe average behavior, but fail to capture local weak zones or nanoscale force transfer mechanisms. Third, the introduction of multifunctional nanofillers increases the complexity of multi-field coupling (i.e., mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical), posing challenges for unified theoretical frameworks. Finally, the large-scale engineering application of nanomodified interfaces is hindered by some issues such as nanofiller dispersion, cost, and performance stability under complex service conditions.

Future research should focus on several key directions. Advanced characterization techniques with a high spatiotemporal resolution, such as synchrotron radiation-based imaging and X-ray computed tomography, should be developed to enable real-time tracking of interfacial evolution. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning can facilitate high-throughput data analysis and predictive modeling, enabling a quantitative design of interfacial properties. Multi-scale theoretical frameworks that link material composition, microstructure, and macroscopic performance are needed to achieve accurate prediction and optimization. Also, efforts should be made to translate laboratory findings into practical engineering applications, particularly in emerging areas such as 3D-printed concrete, recycled concrete, concrete repair, and self-healing cement-based materials.

In summary, nanomodification is demonstrated to effectively tailor interfaces in cement-based materials and their structures, while the enrichment effect and nano-core effect is proposed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. These advances provide a foundation for mitigating the inherent weakness of interfaces. Despite these advances, some challenges remain in terms of characterization, quantitative modeling, and large-scale application. Nevertheless, continued progress in nanotechnology, multi-scale analysis, and intelligent design is expected to enable the rational design and engineering of high-performance, durable, and multifunctional cement-based materials and their structures.

Key words

nanofillers / cement-based materials and their structures / interfacial properties / interfacial characteristics / modification mechanisms

引用本文

王欣悦, 马新凯, 张立卿, 丁思齐, 李洪艳, 冉千平, 韩宝国. 纳米填料改性水泥基材料及其结构物内部界面研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (8) : 2781 -2794 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250585

Xinyue WANG, Xinkai MA, Liqing ZHANG, Siqi DING, Hongyan LI, Qianping RAN, Baoguo HAN. Research Progress on Interfaces inside Nanofiller-Modified Cement-Based Materials and Their Structures[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (8) : 2781 -2794 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250585

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52308236; 52578268; 52368031; 52508311; 52308243)
全国建材行业重大科技攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(2023JBGS10-02)
天津市自然科学基金(22JCYBJC01180)
中央高校基本科研业务费(DUT24GJ202)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2024M750410)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目区域联合基金(2023A1515110437)

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排序方式：

2026年第54卷第8期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250585

接收时间：2025-07-31
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-05-11

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-07-31
修回日期：2025-09-25

基金

国家自然科学基金(52308236; 52578268; 52368031; 52508311; 52308243)

全国建材行业重大科技攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(2023JBGS10-02)

天津市自然科学基金(22JCYBJC01180)

中央高校基本科研业务费(DUT24GJ202)

中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2024M750410)

广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目区域联合基金(2023A1515110437)

作者信息

^1．天津大学建筑工程学院，中国天津 300072

^2．天津大学滨海土木工程结构与安全教育部重点实验室，中国天津 300072

^3．华东交通大学土木建筑学院，中国南昌 330013

^4．香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系，中国香港 999077

^5．重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室，东南大学材料科学与工程学院，中国南京 211189

^6．大连理工大学建设工程学院，中国辽宁大连 116024

通讯作者:

张立卿（1987—），女，博士，副教授；

韩宝国（1976—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250585

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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