Article(id=1321946002932748904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1321945912352559151, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250527, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1753891200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793106087667, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1768838400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793106087667, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793106087667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793106087667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321945912352559151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='350', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767715200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-07', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793106066072, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793106066072, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=171, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321946003331207785, articleId=1321946002932748904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Engineering Directional Carriers Separation in La3+-Doped Ag10Si4O13 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Stability, columnId=1263922769897599102, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

A series of La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 nano-photocatalysts were synthesized via the sol-gel method. The regulation mechanism of La3+ doping on the composition, crystal structure, microscopic morphology, and photoelectric properties of the photocatalyst was systematically investigated by characterization techniques including XRD, XPS, TEM, and paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (EPR), combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Using tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as the target pollutant, the influence pattern and promotion mechanism of La3+ doping on the photocatalytic degradation performance of TCH were investigated. The results show that La3+ substitutes Ag+ into the Ag10Si4O13 lattice to trigger lattice distortion (the maximum cell volume change rate is 1.06%), enhance the ferroelectric built-in electric field, and induce the generation of a small amount of Ag monomers on the Ag10Si4O13 surface to form an Ag/Ag10Si4O13 Schottky junction. The synergistic effect of these two factors simultaneously controls the carrier transport path from the crystal interior to the surface, driving h+ to accumulate on the Ag10Si4O13 surface and e- to enrich on the metallic Ag, thereby effectively improving carrier separation efficiency and achieving significant enhancements in degradation rate and photoreduction resistance. The injection of La-5d state electrons into the conduction band forms a donor level, reducing the material's band gap from 1.82 eV to 1.72 eV, lowering the work function by 0.17 eV, significantly broadening the photoresponse range to 683 nm, and increasing carrier density. The 1% (in mass) La3+-doped sample achieved a TCH degradation rate of 90% (k = 0.031 04 min-1), representing a 15% improvement in efficiency and a 20% increase in rate compared to the undoped system. Furthermore, the activity retention rate remained above 90% after five cycles, and the material composition tended to stabilize. Free radical trapping experiments indicated that h+ is the primary active species in the photocatalytic reaction, with •O2- and •OH playing synergistic roles.

Methods

The photocatalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. 0.9 g of citric acid was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, after which 9.5 mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate was added dropwise and stirred for 1 h, followed by the dropwise addition of 3 mL of distilled water and continued stirring for another hour; the mixture was then sealed and aged for one week to obtain a colorless and transparent silicic acid sol. Subsequently, 6.39 mL of a 0.38 g/mL AgNO3 solution and a specified amount of lanthanum (III) nitrate hexahydrate were added to this silicic acid sol, stirred for 1 h, and aged for 24 h to yield the precursor sol. The precursor sol was dried, ground, and heat-treated in a muffle furnace at 400 ℃ for 5 h to produce La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13. By varying the amount of lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate added to achieve La3+ doping levels of x%(in mass fraction) (x = 0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00) relative to the mass of Ag10Si4O13, a series of La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 photocatalysts were prepared, labeled as ASO (for x = 0) and x L-ASO (where x represents the specific doping level).

The crystal structures of the photocatalysts were analyzed by a D8/axs type ray diffractometer (XRD), and the lattice parameters of the samples were determined by Rietveld refinement using GSAS software. The surface composition and electronic states of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using AXISSUPRA model. A JEM-2010 transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the microscopic morphology of the samples, and the elemental distributions were analyzed by an accompanying energy spectrometer (EDS). The JW-BK100 A Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Analyzer was used to test the specific surface area and the maximum pore size of the photocatalysts.The light absorption properties of the samples were tested using a UV-Vis DRS (model U-3900H). The fluorescence intensity of the photocatalysts was tested by Fluorescence Spectrometer (PL) (model F-97). An electrochemical impedance test and Mott-Schottky curve test were performed using a CHI660D electrochemical workstation. An electron EPR (model EPR) 200M was used to detect active substances.

Weigh 0.1 g of photocatalyst in 100 mL of TCH solution (pH 6) with a concentration of 10 mg/L, dark adsorption for 30 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium and then turn on the 300 W xenon lamp for the photocatalytic reaction, and sample every 10 min, centrifuged to take the supernatant in the cuvette, and calculated the degradation rate by using UV-Vis DRS to test the concentration of TCH. The test samples were recovered and the above steps were repeated for five cycles of testing. Simulations were carried out using Materials Studio 2020 software developed by Accelrys, based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method in the DFT framework to describe the interactions between the ionic potentials and the valence electrons, and the exchange-correlation energies between electrons were described by the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized function. Geometry optimization and energy calculations were performed for all cell models using the GGA+U method without considering spin-polarization effects, with UAg-p = 6 eV, UO-p = 4 eV, and USi-p = 4 eV. The valence electron groupings used to construct the pseudopotentials are Ag 4d105s1, O 2s22p4, Si 3s23P2, and La 5p66s25d1. The plane-wave truncation energy (Ecut) is set to 480 eV and a 2 × 2 × 2 K-point grid is used to sum the Brillouin zone.

Results and discussion

The XRD diffraction patterns show that the characteristic diffraction peaks of Ag10Si4O13 appeared in all the samples, and the doping of La3+ did not change the crystal structure type of ASO. The XPS test results showed that there is metallic Ag in the 1.0 L-ASO, and the La element stably exists in the ASO cell as La3+. The TEM photographs show that La3+occupies some Ag+ sites in the ASO lattice through substitutional doping, and the corresponding metallic Ag are polarised on the surface of the material, forming a metal-semiconductor contact interface with the L-ASO and constituting a Schottky junction. La3+doping showed an inverted 'V'-shaped dependence on the degradation rate of TCH, in which the 1.0 L-ASO sample showed the best degradation performance, and the degradation rate of TCH by the 1.0 L-ASO sample remained more than 90% of the initial efficiency after five cycles of testing. DFT calculation analysis of ASO before and after doping revealed that: After La3+ doping, the band gap is reduced; the work function decreases from 4.22 eV to 4.05 eV and the Fermi level shifts towards the conduction band, significantly enhancing the strength of the ferroelectric built-in electric field.

Conclusions

La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 nano-photocatalytic materials were successfully prepared by sol-gel method. The optimal doping site of La3+ was determined by combining with DFT calculations. It was confirmed that La3+ substitutional doping triggered lattice distortion, with a unit cell volume distortion up to 1.06%. La3+ doping significantly enhanced the intensity of ferroelectric built-in electric field and induced the in-situ generation of metallic Ag on the surface, forming an Ag/Ag10Si4O13 Schottky heterojunctions. The injection of La 5d state electrons into the conduction band forms new electronic states near the conduction band minimum, which reduces the band gap and effectively broadens the photoresponse range to 683 nm. The synergistic effect between the optimized ferroelectric built-in electric field within the crystal and the surface Schottky junction simultaneously controls the carrier transport path from the crystal interior to the surface. This drives the accumulation of h⁺ on the Ag10Si4O13 (ASO) surface and the enrichment of e- on the metallic Ag, significantly inhibiting carrier recombination, enhancing separation efficiency, and ultimately achieving a significant improvement in the degradation rate and the photoreduction resistance. h+ plays a dominant role in the degradation process, and La3+ doping can significantly enhance the h+ yield. When the doping amount is 1% (in mass fraction), the degradation rate of TCH reaches 90%, which represents a 15% improvement compared to the undoped system. Furthermore, after five cycles, the degradation rate remained above 90% of its initial value, demonstrating excellent service stability. This work reveals a dual-effect mechanism where the triple synergistic effects of rare-earth doping-induced band narrowing, enhanced polarization electric field, and surface Schottky junction improve both photocatalytic efficiency and photostability. It provides a new strategy for developing highly efficient and stable silver-based photocatalysts.

, authors=Cuixia LI, Man CHENG, Xin ZHANG, Wenhui KONG, Zhucheng LUAN, Qijun LI, Haize JIN, authorsList=Cuixia LI, Man CHENG, Xin ZHANG, Wenhui KONG, Zhucheng LUAN, Qijun LI, Haize JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

LI Cuixia (1972-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

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通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列La3+掺杂Ag10Si4O13纳米光催化剂。采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜、电子顺磁共振波谱等表征方法结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,系统探究了La3+掺杂对光催化剂组成、晶体结构、微观形貌及光电性能的调控机制。以盐酸四环素(TCH)为目标污染物,研究了La3+掺杂对TCH光催化降解性能的影响规律和促进机理。结果表明:La3+取代Ag+进入Ag10Si4O13晶格引发晶格畸变(晶胞体积变化率最大为1.06%),优化铁电内建电场,并在Ag10Si4O13表面诱导生成少量Ag单质形成Ag/Ag10Si4O13肖特基结。二者协同作用从晶体内部到表面同时控制载流子传输路径,驱使h+在Ag10Si4O13表面聚集、e-在单质Ag上富集,有效提高载流子分离效率,实现降解率和抗光还原能力的显著提升。La 5d态电子注入导带形成施主能级,使材料带隙从1.82 eV降至1.72 eV,功函数降低0.17 eV,大幅拓宽光响应范围到683 nm,载流子密度增加。1%(质量分数) La3+掺杂样品对TCH的降解率达到90%(k=0.031 04 min-1),较未掺杂体系效率提升 15%,速率提升20%,且5次循环后活性保持率>90%,材料组成趋于稳定;自由基捕获实验表明h+是光催化反应的主要活性物种,•O2-和•OH起协同作用。

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李翠霞(1972—),女,博士,副教授。

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La3+诱导Ag10Si4O13载流子定向分离增强光催化活性和稳定性
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李翠霞 , 程曼 , 张鑫 , 孔文慧 , 栾竹程 , 李启军 , 金海泽
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(1): 171-183
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (1) : 171 -183
La3+诱导Ag10Si4O13载流子定向分离增强光催化活性和稳定性
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李翠霞 , 程曼, 张鑫, 孔文慧, 栾竹程, 李启军, 金海泽
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院,省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050
作者简介:

李翠霞(1972—),女,博士,副教授。

Engineering Directional Carriers Separation in La3+-Doped Ag10Si4O13 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Stability
Cuixia LI , Man CHENG, Xin ZHANG, Wenhui KONG, Zhucheng LUAN, Qijun LI, Haize JIN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • LI Cuixia (1972-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250527
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通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列La3+掺杂Ag10Si4O13纳米光催化剂。采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜、电子顺磁共振波谱等表征方法结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,系统探究了La3+掺杂对光催化剂组成、晶体结构、微观形貌及光电性能的调控机制。以盐酸四环素(TCH)为目标污染物,研究了La3+掺杂对TCH光催化降解性能的影响规律和促进机理。结果表明:La3+取代Ag+进入Ag10Si4O13晶格引发晶格畸变(晶胞体积变化率最大为1.06%),优化铁电内建电场,并在Ag10Si4O13表面诱导生成少量Ag单质形成Ag/Ag10Si4O13肖特基结。二者协同作用从晶体内部到表面同时控制载流子传输路径,驱使h+在Ag10Si4O13表面聚集、e-在单质Ag上富集,有效提高载流子分离效率,实现降解率和抗光还原能力的显著提升。La 5d态电子注入导带形成施主能级,使材料带隙从1.82 eV降至1.72 eV,功函数降低0.17 eV,大幅拓宽光响应范围到683 nm,载流子密度增加。1%(质量分数) La3+掺杂样品对TCH的降解率达到90%(k=0.031 04 min-1),较未掺杂体系效率提升 15%,速率提升20%,且5次循环后活性保持率>90%,材料组成趋于稳定;自由基捕获实验表明h+是光催化反应的主要活性物种,•O2-和•OH起协同作用。

硅酸银  /  光催化  /  离子掺杂  /  密度泛函理论  /  盐酸四环素
Introduction

A series of La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 nano-photocatalysts were synthesized via the sol-gel method. The regulation mechanism of La3+ doping on the composition, crystal structure, microscopic morphology, and photoelectric properties of the photocatalyst was systematically investigated by characterization techniques including XRD, XPS, TEM, and paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (EPR), combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Using tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as the target pollutant, the influence pattern and promotion mechanism of La3+ doping on the photocatalytic degradation performance of TCH were investigated. The results show that La3+ substitutes Ag+ into the Ag10Si4O13 lattice to trigger lattice distortion (the maximum cell volume change rate is 1.06%), enhance the ferroelectric built-in electric field, and induce the generation of a small amount of Ag monomers on the Ag10Si4O13 surface to form an Ag/Ag10Si4O13 Schottky junction. The synergistic effect of these two factors simultaneously controls the carrier transport path from the crystal interior to the surface, driving h+ to accumulate on the Ag10Si4O13 surface and e- to enrich on the metallic Ag, thereby effectively improving carrier separation efficiency and achieving significant enhancements in degradation rate and photoreduction resistance. The injection of La-5d state electrons into the conduction band forms a donor level, reducing the material's band gap from 1.82 eV to 1.72 eV, lowering the work function by 0.17 eV, significantly broadening the photoresponse range to 683 nm, and increasing carrier density. The 1% (in mass) La3+-doped sample achieved a TCH degradation rate of 90% (k = 0.031 04 min-1), representing a 15% improvement in efficiency and a 20% increase in rate compared to the undoped system. Furthermore, the activity retention rate remained above 90% after five cycles, and the material composition tended to stabilize. Free radical trapping experiments indicated that h+ is the primary active species in the photocatalytic reaction, with •O2- and •OH playing synergistic roles.

Methods

The photocatalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. 0.9 g of citric acid was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, after which 9.5 mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate was added dropwise and stirred for 1 h, followed by the dropwise addition of 3 mL of distilled water and continued stirring for another hour; the mixture was then sealed and aged for one week to obtain a colorless and transparent silicic acid sol. Subsequently, 6.39 mL of a 0.38 g/mL AgNO3 solution and a specified amount of lanthanum (III) nitrate hexahydrate were added to this silicic acid sol, stirred for 1 h, and aged for 24 h to yield the precursor sol. The precursor sol was dried, ground, and heat-treated in a muffle furnace at 400 ℃ for 5 h to produce La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13. By varying the amount of lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate added to achieve La3+ doping levels of x%(in mass fraction) (x = 0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00) relative to the mass of Ag10Si4O13, a series of La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 photocatalysts were prepared, labeled as ASO (for x = 0) and x L-ASO (where x represents the specific doping level).

The crystal structures of the photocatalysts were analyzed by a D8/axs type ray diffractometer (XRD), and the lattice parameters of the samples were determined by Rietveld refinement using GSAS software. The surface composition and electronic states of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using AXISSUPRA model. A JEM-2010 transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the microscopic morphology of the samples, and the elemental distributions were analyzed by an accompanying energy spectrometer (EDS). The JW-BK100 A Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Analyzer was used to test the specific surface area and the maximum pore size of the photocatalysts.The light absorption properties of the samples were tested using a UV-Vis DRS (model U-3900H). The fluorescence intensity of the photocatalysts was tested by Fluorescence Spectrometer (PL) (model F-97). An electrochemical impedance test and Mott-Schottky curve test were performed using a CHI660D electrochemical workstation. An electron EPR (model EPR) 200M was used to detect active substances.

Weigh 0.1 g of photocatalyst in 100 mL of TCH solution (pH 6) with a concentration of 10 mg/L, dark adsorption for 30 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium and then turn on the 300 W xenon lamp for the photocatalytic reaction, and sample every 10 min, centrifuged to take the supernatant in the cuvette, and calculated the degradation rate by using UV-Vis DRS to test the concentration of TCH. The test samples were recovered and the above steps were repeated for five cycles of testing. Simulations were carried out using Materials Studio 2020 software developed by Accelrys, based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method in the DFT framework to describe the interactions between the ionic potentials and the valence electrons, and the exchange-correlation energies between electrons were described by the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized function. Geometry optimization and energy calculations were performed for all cell models using the GGA+U method without considering spin-polarization effects, with UAg-p = 6 eV, UO-p = 4 eV, and USi-p = 4 eV. The valence electron groupings used to construct the pseudopotentials are Ag 4d105s1, O 2s22p4, Si 3s23P2, and La 5p66s25d1. The plane-wave truncation energy (Ecut) is set to 480 eV and a 2 × 2 × 2 K-point grid is used to sum the Brillouin zone.

Results and discussion

The XRD diffraction patterns show that the characteristic diffraction peaks of Ag10Si4O13 appeared in all the samples, and the doping of La3+ did not change the crystal structure type of ASO. The XPS test results showed that there is metallic Ag in the 1.0 L-ASO, and the La element stably exists in the ASO cell as La3+. The TEM photographs show that La3+occupies some Ag+ sites in the ASO lattice through substitutional doping, and the corresponding metallic Ag are polarised on the surface of the material, forming a metal-semiconductor contact interface with the L-ASO and constituting a Schottky junction. La3+doping showed an inverted 'V'-shaped dependence on the degradation rate of TCH, in which the 1.0 L-ASO sample showed the best degradation performance, and the degradation rate of TCH by the 1.0 L-ASO sample remained more than 90% of the initial efficiency after five cycles of testing. DFT calculation analysis of ASO before and after doping revealed that: After La3+ doping, the band gap is reduced; the work function decreases from 4.22 eV to 4.05 eV and the Fermi level shifts towards the conduction band, significantly enhancing the strength of the ferroelectric built-in electric field.

Conclusions

La3+-doped Ag10Si4O13 nano-photocatalytic materials were successfully prepared by sol-gel method. The optimal doping site of La3+ was determined by combining with DFT calculations. It was confirmed that La3+ substitutional doping triggered lattice distortion, with a unit cell volume distortion up to 1.06%. La3+ doping significantly enhanced the intensity of ferroelectric built-in electric field and induced the in-situ generation of metallic Ag on the surface, forming an Ag/Ag10Si4O13 Schottky heterojunctions. The injection of La 5d state electrons into the conduction band forms new electronic states near the conduction band minimum, which reduces the band gap and effectively broadens the photoresponse range to 683 nm. The synergistic effect between the optimized ferroelectric built-in electric field within the crystal and the surface Schottky junction simultaneously controls the carrier transport path from the crystal interior to the surface. This drives the accumulation of h⁺ on the Ag10Si4O13 (ASO) surface and the enrichment of e- on the metallic Ag, significantly inhibiting carrier recombination, enhancing separation efficiency, and ultimately achieving a significant improvement in the degradation rate and the photoreduction resistance. h+ plays a dominant role in the degradation process, and La3+ doping can significantly enhance the h+ yield. When the doping amount is 1% (in mass fraction), the degradation rate of TCH reaches 90%, which represents a 15% improvement compared to the undoped system. Furthermore, after five cycles, the degradation rate remained above 90% of its initial value, demonstrating excellent service stability. This work reveals a dual-effect mechanism where the triple synergistic effects of rare-earth doping-induced band narrowing, enhanced polarization electric field, and surface Schottky junction improve both photocatalytic efficiency and photostability. It provides a new strategy for developing highly efficient and stable silver-based photocatalysts.

silver silicate  /  photocatalysis  /  ion doping  /  density functional theory  /  tetracycline hydrochlorid
李翠霞, 程曼, 张鑫, 孔文慧, 栾竹程, 李启军, 金海泽. La3+诱导Ag10Si4O13载流子定向分离增强光催化活性和稳定性. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (1) : 171 -183 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250527
Cuixia LI, Man CHENG, Xin ZHANG, Wenhui KONG, Zhucheng LUAN, Qijun LI, Haize JIN. Engineering Directional Carriers Separation in La3+-Doped Ag10Si4O13 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Stability[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (1) : 171 -183 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250527
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52362011)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250527
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-07-31
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    兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院,省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050
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