Article(id=1321945172884181674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1321944922048016891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250519, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1755446400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793105889768, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793105889768, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793105889768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793105889768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321944922048016891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='351', pageEnd='820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793105829965, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793105829965, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=556, endPage=569, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321945173710459564, articleId=1321945172884181674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Shrinkage and Durability of Alkali-Stimulated Mortar in Modified Superabsorbent Polymer under High Salt and Alkaline Environment, columnId=1321944928226226685, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Concrete Durability: Mechanisms Characterization and Prediction Methods—Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

The utilization of alkali-activated materials represents an effective approach to energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction sector, having a strategic importance for supporting the achievement of "dual-carbon" goals. However, alkali-activated mortar is prone to substantial volume deformation at early stage due to the coupling effect of chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage. In the long term, its insufficient durability adversely affects the service life of repair structures, thereby restricting broader engineering applications. Furthermore, conventional internal curing methods using polyacrylic superabsorbent polymer (SAP) exhibit a poor durability in high-alkali and salt-rich environments. Therefore, this study was to synthesize a modified polyacrylic-based SAP (MSAP) through starch grafting and diatomite incorporation, with optimized design parameters. The influence of MSAP dosage on the rheological properties, strength development, shrinkage behavior, and durability of alkali-activated fly ash-slag mortar was investigated. The findings could provide new methodologies and technical support for controlling shrinkage and enhancing the durability of alkali-activated mortar, thereby facilitating its large-scale green application.

Methods

The MSAP was synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization. The key synthesis parameters (i.e., the acrylic acid-to-starch mass ratio, acrylic acid-to-diatomite mass ratio, amount of initiator ammonium persulfate, and amount of crosslinker N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) were systematically optimized. The water retention and release performance of the MSAP were evaluated by a tea-bag method in different solutions. Multiple batches of mortar samples were casted. Mix proportions with favorable mechanical properties and bond strength were screened, and the optimal internal curing water dosage was determined for the mortar system. Furthermore, the influence of MSAP content (i.e., 0-0.5%) on the properties of alkali-activated mortar was investigated.

The workability (i.e., flowability and setting time) and mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strength) of the mortar were tested in accordance with the JGJ/T 70-2009. The chemical shrinkage was measured by an expansion method based on the standard ASTM C1608-12, while the autogenous volume deformation was determined via a non-contact corrugated tube tester based on the standard ASTM C1698-00. Internal relative humidity development within the mortar for 0-28 d of curing was monitored by HKT-XY humidity sensors. The capillary pressure was recorded by a capillary pressure sensing system. The microstructural and pore structure characteristics were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry.

Results and discussion

The MSAP samples synthesized under different parameters all exhibit a rapid liquid absorption within the first 30 min in deionized water, followed by a gradual decrease in absorption rate until reaching equilibrium after 120 min. Compared to deionized water, the absorption capacity of MSAP in 0.9% NaCl solution is significantly reduced. A commercial SAP shows an absorption ratio of only 23 g in NaCl solution, indicating its inadequacy for high-salinity environments. The modified MSAP developed in this study achieves a markedly improved absorption ratio of up to 110 g/g. In the dry state, MSAP particles display a dense network structure with a low light transmittance. Microstructurally, the particles exhibit irregular morphologies with abundant pores, wrinkles, and fine granular protrusions on the surface.

The MSAP demonstrates significant liquid absorption and release behaviors in the pore solution of alkali-activated mortar, helping to maintain a high flowability (>60 mm) even after 60 min. It delays the hydration reaction rate and inhibits the early formation of gel frameworks, resulting in prolonged setting time across mixes with different MSAP contents. For longer curing periods, however, the hydration degree improves and the microstructure becomes denser. The incorporation of MSAP at appropriate dosages (i.e., <0.3%) does not significantly compromise the compressive strength. Sample SO1 with 0.1% MSAP reaches a 28 d compressive strength of 52.4 MPa, which is slightly higher than that of the reference group.

The chemical shrinkage of alkali-activated mortar shows a multi-stage evolution, i.e., initial expansion, accelerated shrinkage, release-compensation, and steady phases. A greater MSAP content suppresses an early-age chemical shrinkage. However, at excessive dosages (e.g., 0.5%), notable negative volumetric effects emerge at later stages, with compensation rates varying widely from -77.4% to 73.6%.

A non-linear positive correlation occurs between MSAP content and autogenous shrinkage compensation, exhibiting a threshold effect. At 0.2% MSAP, the development of capillary pressure is significantly delayed, the autogenous shrinkage compensation rate reaches 52.2%-63.1%. Beyond 0.3% MSAP, the sensitivity of compensation efficiency to further dosage increases diminished, stabilizing within 65%-85%.

The physical filling effect and hydration promotion by MSAP increase a fluid flow resistance, thereby reducing the relative permeability coefficient and slowing moisture diffusion. At 0.2% MSAP, the relative permeability coefficient decreases to 4.29×10-12 m/s, which is approximately 40.0% lower than that of the control group. Similarly, the chloride diffusion coefficient of sample S02 decreases to 6.0×10-12 m2/s. Conversely, a greater MSAP content leads to interconnected pore networks and localized macro-cracks and voids, adversely affecting the durability of the mortar.

Conclusions

The optimal preparation parameters for starch-grafted/diatomite-modified polyacrylic acid MSAP involved the mass ratio of acrylic acid to starch of 6, the mass ratio of acrylic acid to diatomite of 10, the amount of initiator APS of 0.15%, and the amount of crosslinking agent MBA of 0.05%. An appropriate dosage of SAP particles effectively promoted the hydration process of alkali-activated gel products through the slow release of internally stored water, thereby improving the pore structure and enhancing both mechanical properties and durability. Meanwhile, MSAP could supply the consumption of free water in the system via releasing absorbed moisture, thus mitigating the development of capillary pressure within the alkali-activated mortar and reducing its autogenous shrinkage.

, authors=Keyu CHEN, Jin XIA, authorsList=Keyu CHEN, Jin XIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin XIA, authorNote=

CHEN Keyu (1997-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
XIA Jin (1982-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:
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碱激发砂浆收缩控制与耐久性协同调控策略成为其工程应用的核心瓶颈,而既有的内养护控制机制使用的聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂(SAP)在高碱和含盐环境中面临耐久性差的问题。基于此,通过优化设计参数制备淀粉接枝/硅藻土改性聚丙烯酸(MSAP),继而探究不同MSAP掺量对碱激发粉煤灰-矿渣砂浆流变特性、强度收缩及耐久性能的调控规律。结果表明:MSAP在去离子水中的吸液倍率可达472 g/g,且其在盐溶液中的吸液倍率最高可达商用SAP的5倍;MSAP早期抑制了凝胶骨架的生成,使得砂浆的凝结时间明显延长。而在长周期内砂浆的水化程度得到提高,促使砂浆相对渗透系数与氯离子扩散系数分别降至4.29×10-12 m/s与6.0×10-12 m2/s。MSAP会在碱激发砂浆中表现出显著的吸液-释液行为,其掺量与碱激发砂浆化学收缩行为的关联性呈现显著的龄期依赖性。而砂浆体系中的自收缩补偿效能存在阈值效应,当MSAP掺量为0.2%时,自收缩补偿率提升至52.2%~63.1%。

, authors=陈柯宇, 夏晋, authorsList=陈柯宇, 夏晋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=夏晋, authorNote=

陈柯宇(1997—),男,博士研究生。

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夏晋(1982—),男,博士,教授。
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高盐、碱性环境下改性高吸水性树脂内养护碱激发砂浆收缩与耐久性能
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陈柯宇 , 夏晋
硅酸盐学报 | 混凝土耐久性机理表征与预测方法专题—研究论文 2026,54(2): 556-569
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硅酸盐学报 |混凝土耐久性机理表征与预测方法专题—研究论文 2026 , 54 (2) : 556 -569
高盐、碱性环境下改性高吸水性树脂内养护碱激发砂浆收缩与耐久性能
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陈柯宇 , 夏晋
作者信息
  • 浙江大学建筑工程学院,杭州 310058
通讯作者:
夏晋(1982—),男,博士,教授。
作者简介:

陈柯宇(1997—),男,博士研究生。

Shrinkage and Durability of Alkali-Stimulated Mortar in Modified Superabsorbent Polymer under High Salt and Alkaline Environment
Keyu CHEN , Jin XIA
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XIA Jin (1982-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

    CHEN Keyu (1997-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250519
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碱激发砂浆收缩控制与耐久性协同调控策略成为其工程应用的核心瓶颈,而既有的内养护控制机制使用的聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂(SAP)在高碱和含盐环境中面临耐久性差的问题。基于此,通过优化设计参数制备淀粉接枝/硅藻土改性聚丙烯酸(MSAP),继而探究不同MSAP掺量对碱激发粉煤灰-矿渣砂浆流变特性、强度收缩及耐久性能的调控规律。结果表明:MSAP在去离子水中的吸液倍率可达472 g/g,且其在盐溶液中的吸液倍率最高可达商用SAP的5倍;MSAP早期抑制了凝胶骨架的生成,使得砂浆的凝结时间明显延长。而在长周期内砂浆的水化程度得到提高,促使砂浆相对渗透系数与氯离子扩散系数分别降至4.29×10-12 m/s与6.0×10-12 m2/s。MSAP会在碱激发砂浆中表现出显著的吸液-释液行为,其掺量与碱激发砂浆化学收缩行为的关联性呈现显著的龄期依赖性。而砂浆体系中的自收缩补偿效能存在阈值效应,当MSAP掺量为0.2%时,自收缩补偿率提升至52.2%~63.1%。

碱激发砂浆  /  内养护  /  高吸水性树脂  /  收缩  /  耐久性
Introduction

The utilization of alkali-activated materials represents an effective approach to energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction sector, having a strategic importance for supporting the achievement of "dual-carbon" goals. However, alkali-activated mortar is prone to substantial volume deformation at early stage due to the coupling effect of chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage. In the long term, its insufficient durability adversely affects the service life of repair structures, thereby restricting broader engineering applications. Furthermore, conventional internal curing methods using polyacrylic superabsorbent polymer (SAP) exhibit a poor durability in high-alkali and salt-rich environments. Therefore, this study was to synthesize a modified polyacrylic-based SAP (MSAP) through starch grafting and diatomite incorporation, with optimized design parameters. The influence of MSAP dosage on the rheological properties, strength development, shrinkage behavior, and durability of alkali-activated fly ash-slag mortar was investigated. The findings could provide new methodologies and technical support for controlling shrinkage and enhancing the durability of alkali-activated mortar, thereby facilitating its large-scale green application.

Methods

The MSAP was synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization. The key synthesis parameters (i.e., the acrylic acid-to-starch mass ratio, acrylic acid-to-diatomite mass ratio, amount of initiator ammonium persulfate, and amount of crosslinker N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) were systematically optimized. The water retention and release performance of the MSAP were evaluated by a tea-bag method in different solutions. Multiple batches of mortar samples were casted. Mix proportions with favorable mechanical properties and bond strength were screened, and the optimal internal curing water dosage was determined for the mortar system. Furthermore, the influence of MSAP content (i.e., 0-0.5%) on the properties of alkali-activated mortar was investigated.

The workability (i.e., flowability and setting time) and mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strength) of the mortar were tested in accordance with the JGJ/T 70-2009. The chemical shrinkage was measured by an expansion method based on the standard ASTM C1608-12, while the autogenous volume deformation was determined via a non-contact corrugated tube tester based on the standard ASTM C1698-00. Internal relative humidity development within the mortar for 0-28 d of curing was monitored by HKT-XY humidity sensors. The capillary pressure was recorded by a capillary pressure sensing system. The microstructural and pore structure characteristics were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry.

Results and discussion

The MSAP samples synthesized under different parameters all exhibit a rapid liquid absorption within the first 30 min in deionized water, followed by a gradual decrease in absorption rate until reaching equilibrium after 120 min. Compared to deionized water, the absorption capacity of MSAP in 0.9% NaCl solution is significantly reduced. A commercial SAP shows an absorption ratio of only 23 g in NaCl solution, indicating its inadequacy for high-salinity environments. The modified MSAP developed in this study achieves a markedly improved absorption ratio of up to 110 g/g. In the dry state, MSAP particles display a dense network structure with a low light transmittance. Microstructurally, the particles exhibit irregular morphologies with abundant pores, wrinkles, and fine granular protrusions on the surface.

The MSAP demonstrates significant liquid absorption and release behaviors in the pore solution of alkali-activated mortar, helping to maintain a high flowability (>60 mm) even after 60 min. It delays the hydration reaction rate and inhibits the early formation of gel frameworks, resulting in prolonged setting time across mixes with different MSAP contents. For longer curing periods, however, the hydration degree improves and the microstructure becomes denser. The incorporation of MSAP at appropriate dosages (i.e., <0.3%) does not significantly compromise the compressive strength. Sample SO1 with 0.1% MSAP reaches a 28 d compressive strength of 52.4 MPa, which is slightly higher than that of the reference group.

The chemical shrinkage of alkali-activated mortar shows a multi-stage evolution, i.e., initial expansion, accelerated shrinkage, release-compensation, and steady phases. A greater MSAP content suppresses an early-age chemical shrinkage. However, at excessive dosages (e.g., 0.5%), notable negative volumetric effects emerge at later stages, with compensation rates varying widely from -77.4% to 73.6%.

A non-linear positive correlation occurs between MSAP content and autogenous shrinkage compensation, exhibiting a threshold effect. At 0.2% MSAP, the development of capillary pressure is significantly delayed, the autogenous shrinkage compensation rate reaches 52.2%-63.1%. Beyond 0.3% MSAP, the sensitivity of compensation efficiency to further dosage increases diminished, stabilizing within 65%-85%.

The physical filling effect and hydration promotion by MSAP increase a fluid flow resistance, thereby reducing the relative permeability coefficient and slowing moisture diffusion. At 0.2% MSAP, the relative permeability coefficient decreases to 4.29×10-12 m/s, which is approximately 40.0% lower than that of the control group. Similarly, the chloride diffusion coefficient of sample S02 decreases to 6.0×10-12 m2/s. Conversely, a greater MSAP content leads to interconnected pore networks and localized macro-cracks and voids, adversely affecting the durability of the mortar.

Conclusions

The optimal preparation parameters for starch-grafted/diatomite-modified polyacrylic acid MSAP involved the mass ratio of acrylic acid to starch of 6, the mass ratio of acrylic acid to diatomite of 10, the amount of initiator APS of 0.15%, and the amount of crosslinking agent MBA of 0.05%. An appropriate dosage of SAP particles effectively promoted the hydration process of alkali-activated gel products through the slow release of internally stored water, thereby improving the pore structure and enhancing both mechanical properties and durability. Meanwhile, MSAP could supply the consumption of free water in the system via releasing absorbed moisture, thus mitigating the development of capillary pressure within the alkali-activated mortar and reducing its autogenous shrinkage.

alkali-activated mortar  /  internal curing  /  superabsorbent polymer  /  shrinkage  /  durability
陈柯宇, 夏晋. 高盐、碱性环境下改性高吸水性树脂内养护碱激发砂浆收缩与耐久性能. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (2) : 556 -569 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250519
Keyu CHEN, Jin XIA. Shrinkage and Durability of Alkali-Stimulated Mortar in Modified Superabsorbent Polymer under High Salt and Alkaline Environment[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (2) : 556 -569 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250519
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2606000)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52278278; 52578331)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250519
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-08-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2606000)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52278278; 52578331)
作者信息
    浙江大学建筑工程学院,杭州 310058

通讯作者:

夏晋(1982—),男,博士,教授。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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