Article(id=1320107583487193552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107562284986563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250505, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1751904000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792667774315, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792667774315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792667774315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792667774315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320107562284986563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='2577', pageEnd='2948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792667769261, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720485859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328671789957452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107562284986563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328671789957453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107562284986563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2819, endPage=2830, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320107583675937233, articleId=1320107583487193552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Influences of Slag Powder and Quicklime on Properties of Cement Prepared from Sulphosilicate Clinker, columnId=1263922769897599102, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction Sulphosilicate clinker is considered as a low-carbon cementitious material due to its high sulfur/silicon contents, low sintering temperature and low carbon emissions. Despite its promising performance and environmental advantages, the feasibility and mechanism of incorporating supplementary cementitious materials such as slag powder into sulphosilicate cement remain unclear. This study was to investigate the effects of slag powder and quicklime into sulphosilicate cement on its hydration behavior and mechanical performance.
Methods The sulphosilicate clinker primarily comprised Belite (C2S), Yeelimite (C4A3$) and Ternesite (C5S2$), with minor amounts of calcium sulfate and ferrite phases. Four types of cement were prepared, i.e., the reference (i.e., sample A-1), 30% slag powder (i.e., sample A-2), 30% slag powder with 1.5% quicklime (i.e., sample A-3) and 30% slag powder with 3% quicklime (i.e., sample A-4). The cement paste was analyzed for pH value, setting time, strength and hydration production at different ages of 3, 7 d and 28 d. The hydration products, microstructure evolution and thermodynamic behavior were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and isothermal calorimetry, respectively.
Result and discussion The results indicate that the addition of 30% slag powder (sample A-2) extends the initial setting time by 12 min and improves workability (9.5% increase in flow), but significantly reduces early compressive strength due to the dilution effect thus diminishing active mineral content and delaying hydration product formation. The sample A-2 exhibits a 40% and 38% reduction in compressive strength at 3 d and 28 d, respectively, compared to the reference. The incorporation of quicklime significantly changes pH value in early hydration stages and promotes a pozzolanic reactivity of the slag. Compared to the sample A-2, the sample A-3 achieves a 35% increase in 28 d compressive strength (i.e., 46.3 MPa) meets the 42.5-grade requirement. However, the sample A-4 exhibits less compact microstructure and diminishes strength development, compared to the sample A-3, indicating that excessive quicklime can hinder mineral reactivity and hydration kinetics.
The analysis of isothermal calorimetry shows distinct hydration profiles among the cement systems. The samples A-1 and A-2 display two distinct peaks (initial wetting and C4A3$ hydration), while the samples A-3 and A-4 show only one sharp early peak due to the exothermic quicklime hydration, with later stages subdued due to an inhibited mineral reactivity. The XRD patterns reveal that the ettringite content in the sample A-3 increases from 32% at 3 d to 51% at 28 d, which is substantially higher than that of the sample A-2 (i.e., from 26% to 42%). In contrast, the sample A-4 plateaues 33% ettringite at 28 d. The TG-DTG analysis and bound water quantification reinforce these findings, showing that the sample A-3 has the maximum cumulative increase in hydration products over time among the blended systems. The SEM images confirm that the early formation of ettringite is suppressed, and the resulting ettringite transforms from dense columnar crystals in the sample A-1 to finer needle-like structures in the sample A-2, indicating a weaker skeletal framework and less compact microstructure. The sample A-3 develops a denser network of interlocked hydration products, while the sample A-4 shows persistent voids and unreacted particles, illustrating a delicate balance required for optimal alkaline activation.
Conclusions This study demonstrated that the combination of slag powder and quicklime content could synergistically improve the mechanical performance and sustainability of sulphosilicate cement. At a 30% replacement level, slag powder significantly extended the initial setting time. However, the dilution effect led to a reduction in active mineral content, causing the amount of ettringite at 3 d and 28 d to decrease by 23% and 17%, respectively. This corresponded to a decline in compressive strength by 40% at 3 d and 38% at 28 d. The microstructural analysis revealed that the addition of slag powder could cause the morphology of ettringite to transform from columnar to needle-like/rod-like (with an aspect ratio > 10), and a higher residue of unhydrated slag particles led to a more porous microstructure. An appropriate amount of quicklime enhanced the alkalinity and properties of sulphosilicate cement. At a dosage of 1.5%, quicklime promoted slag hydration and increased the strength of the samples. The ettringite content in these samples was increased by 6% at 3 d and 10% at 28 d, while the chemically bound water content was increased by 6.1% and 4.5%, respectively. Consequently, the 28-d compressive strength was increased by 35%. In addition, distinct etching marks appeared on the slag surfaces along with the formation of a small amount of needle-like ettringite in 7 d samples with 1.5% quicklime, enhancing the density of the composite system. Conversely, a 3% quicklime dosage significantly inhibited the hydration of C4A3$ and C5S2$. The resulting excessive Ca(OH)2 delayed the second hydration heat release peak to 40 h and reduced the total cumulative heat to 116.76 J/g.
The combined use of slag powder and quicklime profoundly could affect sulphosilicate cement performance. Incorporating 1.5% quicklime, 30% slag powder and an appropriate amount of anhydrite into the sulphosilicate clinker could allow for the preparation of cement that meeted the 42.5 strength grade. However, when slag was used alone, its activity was difficult to be activated due to the insufficient alkalinity of the cement liquid phase. Thus, it was not recommended as a standalone mineral admixture for this type of cement. Quicklime could significantly improve alkalinity, the performance of the cement was highly sensitive to its dosage. The optimal quicklime content could be determined based on the specific mineral composition of the clinker or the final cement blend.
, authors=Jiayuan YE, Yanze WU, Lixue CAO, Xuehong REN, Dong DONG, Shaoliang CHEN, Wensheng ZHANG, authorsList=Jiayuan YE, Yanze WU, Lixue CAO, Xuehong REN, Dong DONG, Shaoliang CHEN, Wensheng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=
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硫硅酸盐熟料具有烧成温度低、碳排放量少等特点，但其水化碱度较低，故与矿渣粉等常见混合材的适用性有待探索。本工作通过水泥的强度、流动度和凝结时间等宏观性能测试，并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、综合热分析（TG-DTG）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等方法，研究了矿渣粉和生石灰对这种熟料制备水泥的性能影响及作用机制。结果表明：矿渣粉可延长初凝时间至32 min；生石灰提高了浆体的孔溶液早期碱度，并促进了矿渣粉与熟料间的协同水化，优化了水化产物的空间分布，形成致密微观结构，使28 d抗压强度提升了35%，达到46.3 MPa。硫硅酸盐熟料中掺入1.5%的生石灰和30%的矿渣粉及适量的硬石膏，可制备强度符合42.5等级的水泥。矿渣粉不宜单独作为这种水泥的混合材使用，而生石灰对这种水泥的性能影响非常敏感，需要根据熟料或水泥的组成，确定其最佳掺量。
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