硅酸盐学报

养护制度对3D打印砂浆性能影响及冻融损伤寿命预测

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翟文辉 ¹ , 马亚鹏 ¹ , 张东生 ¹^,² , 朱涛 ¹ , 毛明杰 ¹ , 杨秋宁 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 低碳水泥与固废资源化利用专题—研究论文 2026,54(5): 1611-1624

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硅酸盐学报 |低碳水泥与固废资源化利用专题—研究论文 2026 , 54 (5) : 1611 -1624

养护制度对3D打印砂浆性能影响及冻融损伤寿命预测

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翟文辉¹, 马亚鹏¹, 张东生¹^,², 朱涛¹, 毛明杰¹, 杨秋宁¹

作者信息

^1．宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院，银川 750021

^2．Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Bruges, Bruges 8200, Belgium

通讯作者:

杨秋宁（1972—），女，博士，教授。

作者简介:

翟文辉（2001—），男，硕士研究生。

Evolution Mechanism of 3D-Printed Solid Waste-Cement Mortar under Multi-Curing Regimes

Wenhui ZHAI¹, Yapeng MA¹, Dongsheng ZHANG¹^,², Tao ZHU¹, Mingjie MAO¹, Qiuning YANG¹

Affiliations

^1.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

^2.KU Leuven, Department of Civil Engineering, Campus Bruges, Bruges 8200, Belgium

Corresponding Author:

YANG Qiuning (1972-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: yangqn@nxu.edu.cn

ZHAI Wenhui (2001-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: 1569726892@qq.com

出版时间: 2025-09-08 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250478

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摘要

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鉴于适合3D打印水泥基材料的养护制度尚未明晰，制约其在不同环境下的应用，本工作系统评价了自然养护（NC）、标准养护（SC）、60 ℃高温养护（T₆₀）、饱和Ca（OH）₂溶液养护（SCH）及SAP内养护（SAP）5种制度对3D打印固废-水泥基砂浆（3DFGCM）性能的调控作用。通过综合力学各向异性、冻融损伤演化与孔隙结构分析，揭示养护制度对于3DFGCM性能的作用机理。结果表明，3D打印工艺导致定向孔隙与层间弱界面会诱发应力集中，使28 d抗压强度呈现浇注试块（Cast）>X>Z>Y，并显著增加了材料的各向异性；此外，养护制度对各向异性系数影响显著，其调控效果表现为SAP<SC<SCH<T₆₀<NC；抗冻性能方面，SAP组相对动弹性模量保留率达到61.5%，相较于NC组提高了29.6%，展现出最优的冻融损伤抑制效果。基于Weibull分布模型构建损伤演化方程，预测3D-SAP在西北寒区服役寿命达15.9年，通过BP神经网络建立孔隙结构对极限冻融次数与西北寒区服役寿命的预测模型。为3D打印建材养护方式设计与抗冻性优化提供参考。

关键词

3D打印 / 养护方式 / 孔隙结构 / 冻融损伤寿命预测 / 反向传播神经网络

Abstract

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Introduction

The appropriate curing methods for 3D-printed cement-based materials have not yet been clearly defined, thus restricting their durability in cold regions. This study was to investigate the effects of natural curing (NC), standard curing (SC), high-temperature curing (T₆₀), saturated Ca(OH)₂ solution curing (SCH), and internal curing withabsorbent polymer (SAP) on the performance of solid waste-based 3D printed mortar (3DFGCM). The objective was to establish quantitative relationships among curing methods, mechanical anisotropy, frost resistance, and pore structure, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for improving the service life of 3D printed structures in cold regions.

Methods

The fly ash-slag-cement based mortar (FA : GGBS : OPC=1 : 2 : 7) was prepared at a sand-to-binder ratio of 1 : 1 and a water-to-binder ratio of 0.3. After vibration casting and 3D printing of the slurry, the specimens were naturally cured for 1 day and then divided into five groups for further curing. The 28-d compressive strength and anisotropy were tested in the X, Y, and Z directions. After 28-d curing under respective conditions, the specimens were immersed in water at 15-20 ℃ for 2 d before undergoing freeze-thaw cycles. The mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and strength loss rate were measured. The pore structure was analyzed before and after freeze-thaw cycles to determine parameters such as air content, chord length distribution, and spacing factor. Finally, a damage evolution model based on the Weibull distribution was established to predict service life, and a neural network was used to map the relationship between pore parameters and damage.

Results and discussion

This study systematically investigates the effect of curing method (i.e., NC, SC, T₆₀, SCH, and SAP) on the performance of 3D printed fly ash-slag-cement-based mortar (3DFGCM). The comprehensive analysis of mechanical anisotropy, frost resistance, and pore structure, combined with freeze-thaw models and service life prediction models indicates that the 28-d compressive strength and isotropy coefficient of 3D printed specimens are lower than those of cast specimens. Among the curing methods, 3D-SC demonstrates the most significant enhancement in the 28-d compressive strength, while the SAP increases the 28-d compressive strength to 36.8 MPa, which is increased by 41.17%, compared to the NC group, with the lowest anisotropy coefficient (i.e., 0.187). The frost resistance of 3D printed specimens varies significantly. The 3D-NC and 3D-T₆₀ groups both fail after 125 freeze-thaw cycles, the 3D-SAP group exhibits the optimum frost resistance, retaining 61.5% of its dynamic elastic modulus and showing a mass loss of 4.57% after 150 freeze-thaw cycles. Its closed micropores and humidity balance mechanism effectively mitigate frost heave damage. In terms of the pore structure, 3D printed specimens exhibit distinct elliptical pores. The 3D-SCH group shows a limited improvement in cavity and interlayer cold joint defects, with large pores accounting for 75% more than those in the 3D-SAP group. The incorporation of SAP improves process-induced defects and significantly inhibits pore coarsening. With the relative dynamic elastic modulus as an index, the Weibull damage and service life prediction models are applied to assess freeze-thaw damage and service life of 3DFGCM, with R² of > 0.98. The 3D-SAP group performs optimally, with a predicted service life of 15.9 years. Furthermore, based on BP neural networks, the effective correlations are established between pore structure parameters and the Weibull-predicted damage and service life, with R² of > 0.97.

Conclusions

In terms of mechanical anisotropy, the strength of 3D-printed specimens followed a decreasing order of Cast>X>Z>Y. The SAP curing resulted in the lowest anisotropy coefficient (i.e., 0.187), with a 41.2% increase in the strength, compared to the NC group. For the frost resistance, after 150 freeze-thaw cycles, the SAP group retained 61.7% of its dynamic elastic modulus and exhibited only 4.57% mass loss. In contrast, the NC and T₆₀ groups failed after 125 cycles due to pore coarsening. In terms of the pore structure, the initial air content of 3D-printed specimens was 1.5 times higher than that of cast specimens. After freeze-thaw cycles, the total chord length of the NC group was increased by 65.3%. The SAP effectively inhibited pore coarsening, with large pores accounting for only 36%, representing a 75% reduction, compared the NC group. Finally, a damage evolution equation was established based on the Weibull distribution model, predicting a service life of 15.9 years for 3D-SAP in cold northwestern regions. The BP neural networks were employed to predict damage and lifespan based on microscopic pore structure. This study could provide a reference for the design of methods and frost resistance optimization in 3D-printed construction materials.

Key words

3D printing / curing regimes / pore structure / freeze-thaw damage life prediction / back propagation neural network

引用本文

翟文辉, 马亚鹏, 张东生, 朱涛, 毛明杰, 杨秋宁. 养护制度对3D打印砂浆性能影响及冻融损伤寿命预测. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (5) : 1611 -1624 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250478

Wenhui ZHAI, Yapeng MA, Dongsheng ZHANG, Tao ZHU, Mingjie MAO, Qiuning YANG. Evolution Mechanism of 3D-Printed Solid Waste-Cement Mortar under Multi-Curing Regimes[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (5) : 1611 -1624 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250478

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52468068)
宁夏自然科学基金重点项目(2024AAC02014)

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2026年第54卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250478

接收时间：2025-06-17
首发时间：2026-09-20
出版时间：2025-09-08

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-06-17
修回日期：2025-08-21

基金

国家自然科学基金(52468068)

宁夏自然科学基金重点项目(2024AAC02014)

作者信息

^1．宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院，银川 750021

^2．Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Bruges, Bruges 8200, Belgium

通讯作者:

杨秋宁（1972—），女，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250478

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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