Article(id=1319726228387508858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726164160139662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240782, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792576852174, onlineDateStr=2026-10-21, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792576852174, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792576852174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792576852174, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319726164160139662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2078', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752940800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792576836862, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792577335628, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319728256174117458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726164160139662, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319728256174117459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319726164160139662, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2053, endPage=2065, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319726228593029755, articleId=1319726228387508858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries, columnId=1263922772401635899, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are a potential candidate for next generation of large-scale energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, their practical application is seriously hindered by the "shuttle effect" of sodium polysulfides, sluggish conversion kinetics, sodium dendrite growth, and electrolyte instability. In view of the problems above, extensive strategies are proposed to enhance the battery performance, such as cathode material engineering, anode interface modification, and electrolyte optimization. The modification of the RT Na-S batteries electrolyte has attracted recent attention. However, there is a lack of summary regarding the optimization mechanisms and design principles of different electrolytes. This review represented the research progress and optimization mechanism of electrolyte designs (i.e., the selection of solvent molecules, sodium salts, and functional additives) as well as the development of high-concentration/locally high-concentration electrolytes and flame-retardant electrolytes based on the working principle and challenges of RT Na-S batteries. In addition, some future research directions for electrolyte regulation toward practical RT Na-S batteries were also summarized.

Summary and prospects

In summary, the rational design and optimization of electrolytes is an effective approach to enhancing the performance of RT Na-S batteries. This review outlines the working principles and major challenges faced by RT Na-S batteries and systematically discusses the research advancements in carbonate-based, ether-based electrolytes, and electrolyte additives for RT Na-S batteries. In RT Na-S batteries, carbonate, and ether-based electrolytes exhibit different properties. The solubility of NaPSs is lower in carbonate-based electrolytes, but they can undergo side reactions with the carbonate solvent, thus leading to the loss of active sulfur and consumption of the electrolyte. The design of carbonate electrolytes focuses on avoiding side reactions between the carbonate solvent and NaPSs, such as selecting appropriate solvents or additives to induce the formation of a stable CEI layer, preventing direct contact between the carbonate solvent and NaPSs. In contrast, NaPSs are more stable in ether-based electrolytes, but their high solubility in ether electrolytes results in severe shuttle effects and corrosion of the sodium metal anode. The design of ether-based electrolytes emphasizes the suppression of NaPSs shuttle effect and the interface modification of the sodium metal anode. This can be achieved via selecting specific solvents and additives that form coordination bonds with NaPSs and a stable SEI to inhibit NaPSs shuttle and stabilize the sodium metal anode. Some strategies involving high-concentration or localized high-concentration electrolytes have some positive effects in the design of both carbonate and ether-based electrolytes. In addition, the introduction of flame-retardant solvents into the electrolyte can also enhance the safety of the battery to some extent.

Despite significant research progress on RT Na-S battery electrolytes, there are still some scientific problems to be addressed to promote the commercial application of RT Na-S batteries. Future research should be as follows:

1) Theoretical calculations can be employed to reveal the dissolution and diffusion mechanisms of NaPSs in electrolytes, as well as the general interactions between solvent molecules, additives, and NaPSs. This can then enable the efficient screening of suitable solvents and additives for sodium-sulfur battery electrolytes through machine learning.

2) The sodium metal used in the anode of sodium-sulfur batteries is excessive, which increases manufacturing costs and reduces energy density. Developing sodium-sulfur batteries with Na2S as a cathode and a current collector as an anode (i.e., anode-free sodium-sulfur batteries) represents a promising avenue for future development, as it can maximize the energy density of sodium-sulfur batteries. However, the sodium in anode-free sodium-sulfur batteries is limited as it is sourced from Na2S. It is thus necessary to develop electrolytes with a high coulombic efficiency to minimize sodium loss and enhance the cycling stability of the battery.

3) Although the operating temperature of sodium-sulfur batteries reduces from high temperatures (~350 ℃) to room temperature, a future research should focus on the development of low-melting-point solvents or ionic liquids for the design of low-temperature electrolytes, to accommodate more extreme operating environments. It is of great significance to promote the practical application of sodium-sulfur batteries.

4) Solid-state electrolytes can effectively suppress the shuttle effect of NaPSs and the growth of sodium dendrites, while also avoiding the risks associated with electrolyte leakage. Therefore, the development of novel solid-state electrolytes shows a great promise for enabling higher performance and safety sodium-sulfur batteries.

, authors=Lifeng WANG1, Shiqi ZHANG1, Ying WU2, authorsList=Lifeng WANG, Shiqi ZHANG, Ying WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lifeng WANG, Ying WU, authorNote=

WANG Lifeng (1997-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Lifeng (1997-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: ;
WU Ying (1989-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
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室温钠硫(RT Na-S)电池能量密度高、成本低,是下一代大规模储能体系的有力候选者,但多硫化物的穿梭效应、反应动力学缓慢、金属钠枝晶的生长和电解液不稳定等问题严重阻碍了其实际应用。针对以上问题,研究人员提出了正极材料设计、负极界面改性和电解液优化等策略提升电池性能。近年来,关于室温钠硫电池电解液改性的研究众多,但不同改性策略的优化机理和电解液的设计原则有待系统总结。本文基于RT Na-S的工作原理和面临的挑战,从电解液设计角度出发,系统总结了不同电解液设计的研究成果和优化机理,包括溶剂分子、钠盐、功能性添加剂的选择、高浓度/局部高浓度电解液和阻燃电解液的设计等,最后从电解液调控的角度对RT Na-S的发展方向进行了展望。

, authors=王立锋1, 张世奇1, 吴影2, authorsList=王立锋, 张世奇, 吴影, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王立锋, 吴影, authorNote=

王立锋(1997—),男,博士,副教授。

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王立锋(1997—),男,博士,副教授;
吴影(1989—),女,博士,副教授。
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室温钠硫电池电解液研究进展
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王立锋 1 , 张世奇 1 , 吴影 2
硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2025,53(7): 2053-2065
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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2025 , 53 (7) : 2053 -2065
室温钠硫电池电解液研究进展
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王立锋1 , 张世奇1, 吴影2
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学材料与物理学院,江苏 徐州,221116
  • 2.兰州大学材料与能源学院,兰州 730000
通讯作者:
王立锋(1997—),男,博士,副教授;
吴影(1989—),女,博士,副教授。
作者简介:

王立锋(1997—),男,博士,副教授。

Research Progress of Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
Lifeng WANG1 , Shiqi ZHANG1, Ying WU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.School of Materials and Energy, and LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Lifeng (1997-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: ;
    WU Ying (1989-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor.

    WANG Lifeng (1997-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240782
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室温钠硫(RT Na-S)电池能量密度高、成本低,是下一代大规模储能体系的有力候选者,但多硫化物的穿梭效应、反应动力学缓慢、金属钠枝晶的生长和电解液不稳定等问题严重阻碍了其实际应用。针对以上问题,研究人员提出了正极材料设计、负极界面改性和电解液优化等策略提升电池性能。近年来,关于室温钠硫电池电解液改性的研究众多,但不同改性策略的优化机理和电解液的设计原则有待系统总结。本文基于RT Na-S的工作原理和面临的挑战,从电解液设计角度出发,系统总结了不同电解液设计的研究成果和优化机理,包括溶剂分子、钠盐、功能性添加剂的选择、高浓度/局部高浓度电解液和阻燃电解液的设计等,最后从电解液调控的角度对RT Na-S的发展方向进行了展望。

室温钠硫电池  /  电解液  /  添加剂  /  穿梭效应  /  反应动力学

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are a potential candidate for next generation of large-scale energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, their practical application is seriously hindered by the "shuttle effect" of sodium polysulfides, sluggish conversion kinetics, sodium dendrite growth, and electrolyte instability. In view of the problems above, extensive strategies are proposed to enhance the battery performance, such as cathode material engineering, anode interface modification, and electrolyte optimization. The modification of the RT Na-S batteries electrolyte has attracted recent attention. However, there is a lack of summary regarding the optimization mechanisms and design principles of different electrolytes. This review represented the research progress and optimization mechanism of electrolyte designs (i.e., the selection of solvent molecules, sodium salts, and functional additives) as well as the development of high-concentration/locally high-concentration electrolytes and flame-retardant electrolytes based on the working principle and challenges of RT Na-S batteries. In addition, some future research directions for electrolyte regulation toward practical RT Na-S batteries were also summarized.

Summary and prospects

In summary, the rational design and optimization of electrolytes is an effective approach to enhancing the performance of RT Na-S batteries. This review outlines the working principles and major challenges faced by RT Na-S batteries and systematically discusses the research advancements in carbonate-based, ether-based electrolytes, and electrolyte additives for RT Na-S batteries. In RT Na-S batteries, carbonate, and ether-based electrolytes exhibit different properties. The solubility of NaPSs is lower in carbonate-based electrolytes, but they can undergo side reactions with the carbonate solvent, thus leading to the loss of active sulfur and consumption of the electrolyte. The design of carbonate electrolytes focuses on avoiding side reactions between the carbonate solvent and NaPSs, such as selecting appropriate solvents or additives to induce the formation of a stable CEI layer, preventing direct contact between the carbonate solvent and NaPSs. In contrast, NaPSs are more stable in ether-based electrolytes, but their high solubility in ether electrolytes results in severe shuttle effects and corrosion of the sodium metal anode. The design of ether-based electrolytes emphasizes the suppression of NaPSs shuttle effect and the interface modification of the sodium metal anode. This can be achieved via selecting specific solvents and additives that form coordination bonds with NaPSs and a stable SEI to inhibit NaPSs shuttle and stabilize the sodium metal anode. Some strategies involving high-concentration or localized high-concentration electrolytes have some positive effects in the design of both carbonate and ether-based electrolytes. In addition, the introduction of flame-retardant solvents into the electrolyte can also enhance the safety of the battery to some extent.

Despite significant research progress on RT Na-S battery electrolytes, there are still some scientific problems to be addressed to promote the commercial application of RT Na-S batteries. Future research should be as follows:

1) Theoretical calculations can be employed to reveal the dissolution and diffusion mechanisms of NaPSs in electrolytes, as well as the general interactions between solvent molecules, additives, and NaPSs. This can then enable the efficient screening of suitable solvents and additives for sodium-sulfur battery electrolytes through machine learning.

2) The sodium metal used in the anode of sodium-sulfur batteries is excessive, which increases manufacturing costs and reduces energy density. Developing sodium-sulfur batteries with Na2S as a cathode and a current collector as an anode (i.e., anode-free sodium-sulfur batteries) represents a promising avenue for future development, as it can maximize the energy density of sodium-sulfur batteries. However, the sodium in anode-free sodium-sulfur batteries is limited as it is sourced from Na2S. It is thus necessary to develop electrolytes with a high coulombic efficiency to minimize sodium loss and enhance the cycling stability of the battery.

3) Although the operating temperature of sodium-sulfur batteries reduces from high temperatures (~350 ℃) to room temperature, a future research should focus on the development of low-melting-point solvents or ionic liquids for the design of low-temperature electrolytes, to accommodate more extreme operating environments. It is of great significance to promote the practical application of sodium-sulfur batteries.

4) Solid-state electrolytes can effectively suppress the shuttle effect of NaPSs and the growth of sodium dendrites, while also avoiding the risks associated with electrolyte leakage. Therefore, the development of novel solid-state electrolytes shows a great promise for enabling higher performance and safety sodium-sulfur batteries.

room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries  /  electrolyte  /  additive  /  shuttle effect  /  reaction kinetics
王立锋, 张世奇, 吴影. 室温钠硫电池电解液研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (7) : 2053 -2065 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240782
Lifeng WANG, Shiqi ZHANG, Ying WU. Research Progress of Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (7) : 2053 -2065 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240782
  • 中国矿业大学人才引进资助项目
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240782
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-21
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
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中国矿业大学人才引进资助项目
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    1.中国矿业大学材料与物理学院,江苏 徐州,221116
    2.兰州大学材料与能源学院,兰州 730000

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王立锋(1997—),男,博士,副教授;
吴影(1989—),女,博士,副教授。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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