硅酸盐学报

镍粉水泥基复合材料压阻特性

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李逸飞 ¹ , 石新波 ² , 徐凡 ² , 温泉 ² , 肖会刚 ¹ , 冯硕 ³

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(5): 1247-1257

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (5) : 1247 -1257

镍粉水泥基复合材料压阻特性

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李逸飞¹, 石新波², 徐凡², 温泉², 肖会刚¹, 冯硕³

作者信息

^1．哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院，哈尔滨 150006

^2．黑龙江省建工集团有限责任公司，哈尔滨 150000

^3．山东大学土建与水利学院，济南 250061

通讯作者:

肖会刚（1977—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

李逸飞（1995—），男，博士研究生。

Pressure Sensitive Characteristics of Nickel Powder Cement-Based Composites

Yifei LI¹, Xinbo SHI², Fan XU², Quan WEN², Huigang XIAO¹, Shuo FENG³

Affiliations

^1.School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150060, China

^2.Heilongjiang Provincial Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Harbin 150000, China

^3.School of Civil Engineering and Water Conservancy, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

Corresponding Author:

XIAO Huigang (1977-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: Xiaohg@hit.edu.cn

LI Yifei (1995-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: liyifeic81@163.com

出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240749

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摘要

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随着智能建筑材料的发展，镍粉-水泥基复合材料因其独特的电导和压电性能而备受关注，但目前对其导电机理及在复杂应力状态下的电性能变化规律尚不完全明晰。本工作探究了镍粉-水泥基复合材料的电导特性、导电机理及其压电耦合效应的本构模型。通过调整镍粉添加比例（0%，5%，10%，15%，17%，20%，23%，体积分数），制备了一系列镍粉-水泥复合浆料，并在200 Gs的磁场环境中完成成型处理，经过电阻测试表明该复合材料电阻在顺磁感线方向和逆磁感线方向有明显差异，且渗滤阈值约为15%。随后对体积掺量15%的镍粉-水泥复合材料元件进行单轴受压试验和四点受弯试验。结果表明：在承受压力的初始阶段，材料电阻近乎直线下降，直至应变临近最大压缩应变时电阻迅速上升，此下降过程中的电阻变化率可高达约70%；在受弯曲载荷作用时，随着荷载升高，样品电阻表现出细微波动，整体呈下降趋势并逐渐放缓，在接近失效时电阻急剧增加；电阻降至最低值时，样品电阻减少的幅度仅有1%。基于试验观察，深入分析了镍粉水泥基复合材料电阻变化的内在机制，并建立了电阻随应变变化的数学表达式。

关键词

镍粉 / 水泥 / 导电机理 / 力电本构模型

Abstract

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Introduction

Abnormal strain and structural cracks are common precursors to engineering accidents in concrete structures. However, traditional strain and crack detection methods exhibit a lag, and discovering structural abnormalities in a timely manner incurs high labor costs. Consequently, strain self-sensing cement-based materials have garnered widespread attention from researchers due to their intelligent and automated characteristics. Nevertheless, current cement-based strain self-sensing materials lack exploration in conduction mechanisms, often failing to establish a good correlation between changes in electrical resistance and system strain. Therefore, in this paper, nickel powder, which exhibits excellent durability and conductivity, is selected as the conductive component for the preparation of cement-based strain self-sensing materials. The study explores its conduction mechanism and various electromechanical constitutive models under different states, providing an important reference for correlating the electromechanical relationship of strain self-sensing materials.

Methods

The cement used is Swan Brand P·O 42.5 ordinary Portland cement, and the water reducer is polycarboxylate superplasticizer with a water reduction rate of 18%-29%. The nickel powder adopts micrometer-grade high-purity ultrafine conductive nickel powder, with a Ni purity of 99.999% and a loose bulk density of 1.40-1.68 g/cm³. The execution standard is GB/T 7160—2008.

Mix cement, nickel powder, water, and admixtures, then stir and disperse them before pouring the mixture into molds. Place the molds into a magnetic field coil and let them sit for a day before demolding and curing. During preparation, mix rapidly for 5 min to form Mixture 1. Then add nickel powder (with volume fractions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 17%, 20%, and 23%) to the cement and mix rapidly until the color of the mixture is uniform and no longer changes. This indicates that the nickel powder is fully dispersed and evenly distributed, forming Mixture 2. Pour Mixture 1 into Mixture 2 and mix rapidly for another 5 min. In this step, the water reducer increases fluidity while allowing re-dispersion of agglomerated cement and nickel powder particles, forming a nickel powder cement slurry called Mixture 3. Place Mixture 3 in a vacuum drying oven, adjust the temperature to 20 degrees Celsius, and vacuum for 15 min to eliminate bubbles and fully compact the mixture. Pour the defoamed Mixture 3 into molds with dimensions of 20 mm×20 mm×40 mm and 20 mm×20 mm×80 mm, and seal with plastic wrap to reduce water loss. Prepare two sets of test pieces for each volume fraction, allowing them to form under magnetic field strengths of 0 Gs (blank control) and 200 Gs for about 24 h. Then let them sit at room temperature for 2 d before demolding. Cure them in a 60 ℃ steaming box for 3 d, then cure under standard conditions for 4 d. Finally, dry them in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃ for about 24 h until the weight no longer decreases.

Result and discussion

With the increase of the volume fraction of nickel powder, the resistivity changes can be roughly divided into three stages, namely, the stage of slow resistivity decrease, the stage of rapid resistivity decrease, and the stage of resistivity decrease again but at a slow rate. The rapid resistivity decrease stage of nickel powder cement-based materials conforms to the percolation theory, and the percolation threshold is between 15% and 17%. In this paper, the percolation threshold is taken as 15%. Near the percolation threshold, the conduction mechanism accords with the tunneling effect theory. For specimens formed under the action of a 200 Gs magnetic field, their resistivity in the direction along the magnetic field will decrease, while their resistivity in the direction against the magnetic field will increase. The measured maximum ratio between resistivity in the direction against the magnetic field and resistivity in the direction along the magnetic field is close to 4. Based on the tunneling effect and percolation theory, this paper derives an equation representing the change of resistance with strain, namely, the electromechanical constitutive model, and expresses this relationship as a polynomial function of strain. The parameters of the polynomial are determined using piezoresistive experiments. A four-point bending test is used to obtain piezoresistive curves of specimens with a 15% doping level formed under no magnetic field and under a 200 Gs magnetic field when subjected to pure bending loads. Based on the bending resistance variation of specimens with and without a magnetic field, this paper proposes an electromechanical constitutive equation representing the bending resistance variation rate and strain value. Subsequently, a supplementary equation for resistance variation after cracking of pure bending specimens is proposed, forming the basic theory for monitoring strain and cracks in bending members.

Conclusions

The specific conclusions are as follows: The optimal mixing ratio for nickel powder cement is approximately 15%. Around this ratio, the conductive behavior of the material conforms to the tunneling effect theory. Through magnetic field treatment, the resistivity of the material decreases in the direction of the magnetic field and increases in the perpendicular direction. When this material is compressed, its resistance first decreases and then increases. During the elastic stage, the relationship between resistance and strain is nearly linear, with a maximum decrease rate exceeding 60%. The material treated with a magnetic field exhibits a smoother performance under compression. When the material is bent, its resistance also decreases initially and then increases, but the decrease rate is very small, only about 1%. The material treated with a magnetic field demonstrates a more stable resistance change when bent. Based on these experimental results, we have derived the electromechanical constitutive relationship of the material under uniaxial compression and pure bending loads.

Key words

nickel powder / cement / magnetic field / electromechanical constitutive model

引用本文

李逸飞, 石新波, 徐凡, 温泉, 肖会刚, 冯硕. 镍粉水泥基复合材料压阻特性. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1247 -1257 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240749

Yifei LI, Xinbo SHI, Fan XU, Quan WEN, Huigang XIAO, Shuo FENG. Pressure Sensitive Characteristics of Nickel Powder Cement-Based Composites[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1247 -1257 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240749

基金

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国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U24A20165)

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2025年第53卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240749

接收时间：2024-11-24
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-05-20

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收稿日期：2024-11-24
修回日期：2024-12-19

基金

国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U24A20165)

作者信息

^1．哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院，哈尔滨 150006

^2．黑龙江省建工集团有限责任公司，哈尔滨 150000

^3．山东大学土建与水利学院，济南 250061

通讯作者:

肖会刚（1977—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240749

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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