硅酸盐学报

生物质衍生多孔碳基吸波材料的吸波机理

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武志红 ¹ , 李嘉仪 ¹ , 李鹏 ² , 齐珺 ² , 常吉进 ¹ , 牛丹 ¹ , 任安文 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2025,53(1): 161-172

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2025 , 53 (1) : 161 -172

生物质衍生多孔碳基吸波材料的吸波机理

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武志红¹, 李嘉仪¹, 李鹏², 齐珺², 常吉进¹, 牛丹¹, 任安文¹

作者信息

^1．西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055

^2．陕西华秦科技实业股份有限公司，西安 710119

作者简介:

武志红（1974—），男，博士，副教授。

Development on Wave Absorbing Mechanisms of Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon-Based Wave Absorbing Materials

Zhihong WU¹, Jiayi LI¹, Peng LI², Jun QI², Jijin CHANG¹, Dan NIU¹, Anwen REN¹

Affiliations

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiʹan University of Architecture and Technology, Xiʹan 710055, China

^2.Shaanxi Huaqin Technology Industry Co., ltd., Xi'an 710119, China

WU Zhihong (1974-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: zhihong@xauat.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240536

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摘要

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电磁波技术快速发展带来便利，也带来了电磁污染和健康威胁，发展电磁波吸收材料对国家或人民的生存发展至关重要。生物质多孔碳材料由于其超低的密度、大的比表面积、丰富的来源和优异的介电损耗能力，在电磁波吸收方面显示出巨大的潜力。然而，人们通过改变生物质碳基复合材料的结构和成分调控其吸波性能的同时，对于生物质多孔碳材料的吸波机理的关注较为片面，尚未形成较为完整的体系。文章总结了近几年以生物质多孔碳作为吸波材料的吸波机理，包括阻抗匹配、界面极化、多次反射与散射、网络结构的导电性、孔隙尺寸调控吸波性能以及磁性介质/生物质衍生多孔碳材料的吸波机理；提出了在解释吸波性能方面的几个困惑和需要进一步解决的问题；同时还在生物质多孔碳材料吸波机理的基础上提出了改善生物质多孔碳材料电磁吸收性能的有前景的理论方法。该总结为生物质多孔碳吸波材料的研究，在理论方面提供较为完善的参考。

关键词

生物质 / 多孔碳 / 微波吸收材料 / 吸波机理 / 有效吸收带宽 / 反射损耗

Abstract

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The rapid development of electromagnetic wave technology brings a unprecedented convenience, but leads to some related concerns regarding electromagnetic pollution and associated health risks. Consequently, the development of electromagnetic wave absorption materials becomes crucial for ensuring both survival and safety. Biomass porous carbons (BPCs) can be used as highly promising materials for addressing these challenges due to their unique properties, including ultra-low density, large surface area, abundance of precursors, and exceptional dielectric loss capabilities, showcasing immense potential for electromagnetic wave absorption applications. However, manipulating the absorbing properties of biomass carbon-based composite materials through changes in structure and composition is restricted, and the absorption mechanisms of BPCs materials still remain unclear, due to the absence of a comprehensive framework.

In this review, the absorption mechanism of BPCs materials as absorbers is explored, including impedance matching, interface polarization, multiple reflection and scattering, conductivity of network structure, pore size control to optimize absorption performance, and unique absorption mechanism of magnetic media/biomass-derived porous carbon materials. Also, several puzzles and unsolved problems of the absorption performance are emphasized, and a further research is needed to solve these uncertainties and deepen the understanding of the electromagnetic wave absorption capacity of BPCs.

In addition, this review proposes a promising theoretical method to enhance the electromagnetic absorption properties of BPCs materials, providing valuable insights and directions for future research work in this field. Despite the considerable progress made in both experimental and theoretical aspects of BPCs materials, some challenges persist. These include difficulties in synthesizing highly conductive networks, challenges in precisely controlling pore parameters, and issues related to the aggregation and oxidation of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic BPC composites, all of which require further exploration and resolution.

Summary and Prospects

The rapid development of electromagnetic wave technology leads to significant conveniences and also concerns electromagnetic pollution and associated health risks. Consequently, the development of electromagnetic wave absorption materials becomes crucial for ensuring survival and safety. Biomass porous carbons (BPCs) can be used as promising materials in this regard due to their unique properties such as ultra-low density, large surface area, abundance of precursors, and excellent dielectric loss capabilities, highlighting their enormous potential for electromagnetic wave absorption applications. However, despite a significant progress in manipulating the absorbing properties of biomass carbon-based composite materials, there is a fragmented understanding of the absorption mechanisms of BPCs materials, necessitating a more comprehensive framework. This review provides a thorough examination of the absorption mechanisms of BPCs materials, encompassing impedance matching, interface polarization, multiple reflections and scattering, the conductivity of network structures, control of pore size for optimizing absorption performance, and the distinctive absorption mechanisms of magnetic media/biomass-derived porous carbon materials. Furthermore, this review gives several challenges for a further exploration. One significant challenge is related to the contribution of conductive networks to the absorption performance of BPCs materials, with some aspects such as difficulties in preparation and poor stability. The precise control of pore parameters and exploration of suitable specific surface areas for optimal interface polarization effects remain major challenges in material preparation methods. Moreover, the aggregation and oxidation of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic BPC composites affect their absorption performance, necessitating a further research in this area. Although this review is based on theoretical summaries derived from laboratory results and does not delve into the synthesis processes of the materials, it offers a comprehensive elucidation of the absorption mechanisms of BPC-based absorbing materials. This review strives to guide future research and applications via providing insights into cost-effective and high-performance BPC-based absorption materials. Some studies need to contribute to the development of efficient and versatile absorption materials via addressing these challenges and advancing the understanding of BPCs' electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities, ultimately mitigating electromagnetic pollution and ensuring public health and safety.

Key words

biomass / porous carbon / microwave absorbing materials / absorption mechanism / effective absorption bandwidth / reflection loss

引用本文

武志红, 李嘉仪, 李鹏, 齐珺, 常吉进, 牛丹, 任安文. 生物质衍生多孔碳基吸波材料的吸波机理. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (1) : 161 -172 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240536

Zhihong WU, Jiayi LI, Peng LI, Jun QI, Jijin CHANG, Dan NIU, Anwen REN. Development on Wave Absorbing Mechanisms of Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon-Based Wave Absorbing Materials[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (1) : 161 -172 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240536

基金

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国家自然科学基金项目(51974218)
广东省大尺寸陶瓷薄板企业重点实验室开放课题(KFKT2023002)
山西舜王建筑工程有限公司横向项目(20230460)
西安建筑科技大学基础研究基金(JC1406)

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2025年第53卷第1期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240536

接收时间：2024-08-19
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-01-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2024-08-19
修回日期：2024-09-14

基金

国家自然科学基金项目(51974218)

广东省大尺寸陶瓷薄板企业重点实验室开放课题(KFKT2023002)

山西舜王建筑工程有限公司横向项目(20230460)

西安建筑科技大学基础研究基金(JC1406)

作者信息

^1．西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055

^2．陕西华秦科技实业股份有限公司，西安 710119

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240536

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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