硅酸盐学报

百年服役后的混凝土宏观和微观性能

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韩建国 ¹ , 廉慧珍 ¹ , 郭保林 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(1): 16-26

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (1) : 16 -26

百年服役后的混凝土宏观和微观性能

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韩建国¹, 廉慧珍¹, 郭保林²

作者信息

^1．清华大学土木工程系，北京 100084

^2．山东省交通科学研究院，济南 250100

作者简介:

韩建国（1974—），男，博士，教授级高级工程师。

Macro- and Micro-Properties of Concrete for Century-Long Service

Jianguo HAN¹, Huizhen LIAN¹, Baolin GUO²

Affiliations

^1.Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

^2.Transportation Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China

HAN Jianguo (1974-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: hanjg@tsinghua.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240421

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摘要

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硅酸盐水泥长龄期服役能力研究，对于水泥矿物组成控制、混凝土配合比设计、建筑结构运维均具有重要的指导价值。对1916年建造于南京的国内首批钢筋混凝土建筑“和记洋行”的钢筋混凝土梁进行钻芯取样。对提取的混凝土芯样进行力学性能、抗渗透性能、微观形貌、化学组成、矿物组成、热稳定性能等测试，并进行了混凝土配合比的反解析，旨在探究由硅酸盐水泥制备的混凝土经历百年服役后，其宏观和微观性能现状以及混凝土性能的演变规律。结果表明：虽然和记洋行建造时所用混凝土的水灰比较大，但经历百年的服役历程后，混凝土的力学性能和抗渗透性能良好。混凝土水化产物中，除含有常规的C-S-H凝胶、CH晶体、AFt晶体、AFm晶体之外，还含有大量的碳酸钙晶体（包括方解石、文石、球霰石3种类型），说明混凝土在服役历程中逐渐被碳化。经历百年服役历程后，混凝土中依然含有未水化的Belite熟料矿物（水化度为69.4%），为混凝土强度的持续提升提供了物质基础，也说明由硅酸盐水泥制备的混凝土具有超百年的服役能力。

关键词

硅酸盐水泥 / 混凝土 / 百年服役 / 力学性能 / 抗渗透性能 / 微观性能

Abstract

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Introduction

A long-term service capacity of Portland cement is important for cement mineral composition manipulating, concrete mix proportion design, and building maintenance. In 2017, beam cores were sampled on the Hugee building as one of the first reinforced concrete structures in China built in 1916. Macro- and micro-properties of concrete core samples were tested, i.e., mechanical properties, anti-permeability properties, microscopic morphology, chemical composition, mineral composition and thermal stability properties. Meanwhile, concrete mix proportion parameters were disclosed by a reverse analyze method. In this paper, the macro- and micro-properties of concrete after a century of service and the evolution law of concrete properties were investigated. The results show that although the water-cement ratio of the concrete used in the construction of the Hugee building is relatively large, the mechanical properties and anti-permeability properties of the concrete are satisfying after a century of service. In addition to conventional C-S-H gel, CH crystals, AFt crystals, and AFm crystals, the concrete hydration products also contain a large amount of calcium carbonate crystals (i.e., calcite, aragonite and vaterite), indicating that the concrete is gradually carbonized during its service. The results of SEM and quantitative XRD analysis show that after a century of service, the concrete still contains unhydrated Belite clinker minerals (hydration degree of 69.4%), which provides a material basis for the continuous improvement of concrete strength, showing that concrete prepared with Portland cement has a service capacity of more than 100 years.

Methods

Chemical composition, mineral composition, microscopic morphology, mechanical properties, anti-penetration ability of century-long service Hugee building concrete were systematically measured. Especially, the mix proportion of Hugee concrete was analyzed by a reverse analysis method in the absence of historical records of the material and mix proportion for the Hugee concrete.

Core specimen obtained from Hugee building was first dismembered to obtain its coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement paste (i.e., unhydrated clinker mineral and hydration products). The particle size distribution of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were analyzed via sieving. The chemical composition, mineral composition and microscopic morphology of cement paste were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, the hydration degree of the Portland cement clinker minerals in the Hugee concrete was also quantitively calculated based on the analysis by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) and thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA).

Results and discussion

The results of reverse concrete mix proportion analysis show that the water to cement ratio (W/C) of the Hugee concrete is 0.69, and the bulk volume ration of cement:sand:aggregate is 1.0∶2.1∶4.0, which is well in line with the concrete preparation guidelines in 1920s. Although a high W/C value in the Hugee concrete restricts its strength and density according to the Abrams W/C-strength law, after a century of service, the compressive strength of the Hugee concrete is 23.4 MPa and the passed charge of the Hugee concrete is 936 Coulomb, which is satisfactory for a centenarian concrete.

The results by SEM and QXRD show that after century-long service, the Hugee concrete is severely carbonated. The carbonation products are calcite, aragonite and vaterite, resulting from the carbonation of CH crystal, C-S-H gel and Aft crystal from cement hydration products. The hazard of the carbonation is the consumption of cement hydration product, and the benefit of the carbonation is the densification effect of concrete, preventing the penetration of harmful liquid into concrete. The guiding value of the carbonation measurement is that the W/C ratio can be lowered by chemical admixture to optimize the pore structure in concrete and enhance its anti-penetrating ability, which is important for guaranteeing concrete durability. Also, after century-long service, cement clinker minerals like alite, celite and ferrite are completely hydrated. However, partial of cement clinker mineral like belite still exists, which guarantees the continuous strength growth and micro-crack healing ability of concrete. Based on the results by TG-DTA, the hydration degree of belite calculated is 69.4% after a century-long service. The results of cement clinker hydration degree analysis show that high Belite cement is of unique value for guaranteeing concrete long-life service.

Conclusions

The reverse concrete mix proportion analysis method promoted could well reveal concrete mix proportion starting from scratch, which is important for understanding concrete mechanical, anti-penetration and micro-properties. The century-long service Hugee concrete is of well mechanical strength and anti-penetration ability, resulting from well preparation and casting at its birth age. After century-long service, the hydration products in the Hugee concrete include CH crystal, C-S-H gel, AFt crystal, AFm crystal, gypsum crystal and types of calcium carbonate crystals. The calcium carbonate crystals are resulted from the carbonation of Portland cement hydration products. After century-long service, there is still 30.6% of belite mineral to be un-hydrated, which is a material basis for the continuous improvement of concrete strength, manifesting that concrete prepared with Portland cement has a service capacity of more than 100 years.

Key words

Portland cement / concrete / century-long service / mechanical properties / anti-penetration properties / microscopic properties

引用本文

韩建国, 廉慧珍, 郭保林. 百年服役后的混凝土宏观和微观性能. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (1) : 16 -26 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240421

Jianguo HAN, Huizhen LIAN, Baolin GUO. Macro- and Micro-Properties of Concrete for Century-Long Service[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (1) : 16 -26 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240421

基金

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国家自然科学基金(51678343)
清华大学国强研究院项目(2022GQC0007)

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2025年第53卷第1期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240421

接收时间：2024-06-22
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-01-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2024-06-22
修回日期：2024-07-18

基金

国家自然科学基金(51678343)

清华大学国强研究院项目(2022GQC0007)

作者信息

^1．清华大学土木工程系，北京 100084

^2．山东省交通科学研究院，济南 250100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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