Article(id=1320090286496273014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240393, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1719244800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792663650392, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792663650392, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792663650392, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792663650392, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320090269345755891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737302400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792663646303, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792663867433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320091196899307738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320091196899307739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320090286869566071, articleId=1320090286496273014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Effect of Layout of n-Shaped Bar on Flexural Properties of 3D Printed Concrete, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Compared with the conventional moulded concrete process, the layer-by-layer stacking process produces a large number of interlayer interfaces in 3D printed concrete (i.e., 3DPC), leading to a low flexural and tensile strength of 3DPC and a poor structural integrity of 3D printed concrete structure, which restricts the development and large-scale application of concrete 3D printing technology. Reinforcement is considered as one of the most effective measures to improve the flexural and tensile properties of 3D printed structures and enhance the structural integrity. Various reinforcement techniques for 3DPC, such as fiber reinforcement and transverse reinforcement, are developed, but all of them fail to effectively reinforce the interlayers. A longitudinal reinforcing approach involving short-cut straight and n-shaped bars was firstly proposed in 2018, and some work showed that longitudinal reinforcing method of n-shaped bar could enhance the mechanical properties of 3DPC.

In this paper, the influences of the penetration degree of the n-shaped bars and the overlapping conditions on the flexural properties of 3DPC were investigated, and the damage process of 3DPC was analyzed via crack displacement and section morphology. The different reinforcing methods were compared.

Methods

Portland cement P·I 42.5 according to Chinese standard and natural river sand with a fineness modulus of 3.4 as a fine aggregate were used. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with an apparent viscosity of 198 Pa·s was selected as a viscosity enhancing agent and a bauxite-based powdered accelerator with a fineness (80 μm square-hole sieve residue) of 9% was used to adjust the thixotropy and buildability of 3DPC. A polycarboxylic acid-based high-performance superplasticizer with a solid content of 39% was used to adjust the flowability of the printed materials. In this work, a ratio of the layer number penetrated by n-shaped bar (LP) to the total layer number (LP) was defined as a penetration degree (P) including overlapped penetration degree Povr and nonoverlapped penetration degree Pnon. Eight types of n-shaped bar layouts that meet the constraint requirements of the formula were investigated.

To ensure the accuracy of the n-shaped bar overlapping and positioning, a manual reinforcing method was used to accurately locate and reinforce the n-shaped bars. This process was repeated for ten layers of concrete, resulting in the completion of 3DPC specimens reinforced by n-shaped bars. For the unreinforced specimens, the preparation was completed via directly printing ten layers in a row.

After printing, the specimens with the sizes of 40 mm×200 mm×180 mm were placed in an indoor environment for 24 h and then transferred to a standard curing room for 28 d. In the curing period, the specimens underwent a three-point bending test using a CMT-300 universal pressure testing machine. The span between the specimen supports was 160 mm, and the loading was controlled using mid-span displacement mode at a loading speed of 0.01 mm/min. The flexural strength of each group with three specimens was obtained via calculating the average value.

Results and discussion

When Pnon=0.1, the addition of n-shaped bars fails to strengthen the 3DPC, and reduces the flexural strength of 3DPC. When Pnon=1.0, the maximum flexural strength reaches 5.88 MPa, which is only slightly greater than that of the unreinforced 3DPC. Under the condition of nonoverlapped, the n-shaped bar is not effectively connected at the interface, and the n-bar has little enhanced effect.

Povr=0, Compared to the unreinforced 3DPC as Povr=0, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC increases when Povr=0.2, with an increase of 100%. As the penetration degree increases, the flexural strength increases by 128% when Povr=0.3 and by 152% when Povr=0.9. The flexural strength is highly improved by an overlapped n-shaped bar. The damage mode of overlapped n-shaped bar is mainly a ductile failure with obvious strain hardening characteristics.

The influence weights of ft0, P and ρ of flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC are 0.896 2, 0.836 0 and 0.766 3, respectively. Based on the analysis of these influence weights, the advantages and disadvantages of the two reinforcement methods, i.e., the rivet method and chopped bar method, are evaluated. To ensure a fair comparison, each parameter is normalized to the same order of magnitude and unit, and transformed into equivalent flexural strength. The chopped bar and n-shaped bar (overlapped) methods both have the similar reinforcing effects, with equivalent flexural strengths of 27.74 MPa and 26.25 MPa, respectively, based on the proposed equivalent flexural strength formula.

Conclusions

The interface defects at the shoulder and bottom of the n-shaped bar were increased when the n-shaped bar was nonoverlapped, having little effect on the flexural strength. All the reinforced 3DPC exhibited a brittle damage. When the n-bar was overlapped, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC increased with the penetration degree, but there was a saturation value for the reinforcement of flexural strength by penetration degree, and there was a most economical penetration degree in the actual project. The damage mode of 3DPC reinforced by n-shaped bar under overlapped condition was a ductile failure with strain hardening characteristics. Based on the gray entropy system theory, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC (ft) of the influence weight was obtained in a decreasing order, i.e., matrix flexural strength (ft0)>penetration degree (P)>reinforcing ratio (ρ). To improve the flexural strength of current longitudinal reinforcement methods, the chopped bar and overlapped n-shaped bar were proven to be more effective rather than the rivet and nonoverlapped n-shaped bar techniques. It was essential to carefully choose an appropriate reinforcing method corresponding to the specific requirements of the printing project.

, authors=Zhendi WANG, Xinze LI, Ling WANG, authorsList=Zhendi WANG, Xinze LI, Ling WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

WANG Zhendi (1984-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

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挤出式混凝土3D打印技术被认为是最可能实现大型建筑建造的主流工艺,缺少有效的配筋方法是该技术实用化的主要障碍之一。n型筋垂直贯入3D打印混凝土(3DPC)已被证明是行之有效的纵向配筋方法。为评价n型光圆钢筋布局方式对3DPC抗弯性能的影响,定义了钢筋不搭接贯穿度Pnon和搭接贯穿度Povr,制备了Pnon和Povr不同的8种试件,通过三点弯曲加载试验研究了贯穿度对配筋3DPC抗弯强度、荷载位移曲线以及断面形貌的影响。结果表明:不搭接的配筋方式对抗弯强度没有增强效果且破坏模式均为脆性破坏;当n型筋搭接布置时,3DPC的抗弯强度随贯穿度增加而增大,但钢筋的贯穿度对抗弯强度的提升存在一个饱和值。搭接n型筋增强3DPC的破坏模式为韧性破坏,并出现了明显的应变硬化特性。通过讨论得到了配筋率、钢筋贯穿度、3DPC基体抗弯强度对配筋3DPC抗弯强度的影响权重,还对比分析了n型筋(不搭接和搭接)、铆钉与短切直筋等4种纵向配筋方法对3DPC抗弯强度的提升效果,相关结果对配筋参数和方法的选择具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。

, authors=王振地, 李昕泽, 王玲, authorsList=王振地, 李昕泽, 王玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王振地(1984—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。

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n型筋布置方式对3D打印混凝土抗弯性能的影响
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王振地 , 李昕泽 , 王玲
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(1): 27-36
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (1) : 27 -36
n型筋布置方式对3D打印混凝土抗弯性能的影响
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王振地 , 李昕泽, 王玲
作者信息
  • 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司,绿色建筑材料国家重点实验室,北京 100024
作者简介:

王振地(1984—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。

Effect of Layout of n-Shaped Bar on Flexural Properties of 3D Printed Concrete
Zhendi WANG , Xinze LI, Ling WANG
Affiliations
  • China Building Materials Academy, State Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials, Beijing 100024
  • WANG Zhendi (1984-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240393
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挤出式混凝土3D打印技术被认为是最可能实现大型建筑建造的主流工艺,缺少有效的配筋方法是该技术实用化的主要障碍之一。n型筋垂直贯入3D打印混凝土(3DPC)已被证明是行之有效的纵向配筋方法。为评价n型光圆钢筋布局方式对3DPC抗弯性能的影响,定义了钢筋不搭接贯穿度Pnon和搭接贯穿度Povr,制备了Pnon和Povr不同的8种试件,通过三点弯曲加载试验研究了贯穿度对配筋3DPC抗弯强度、荷载位移曲线以及断面形貌的影响。结果表明:不搭接的配筋方式对抗弯强度没有增强效果且破坏模式均为脆性破坏;当n型筋搭接布置时,3DPC的抗弯强度随贯穿度增加而增大,但钢筋的贯穿度对抗弯强度的提升存在一个饱和值。搭接n型筋增强3DPC的破坏模式为韧性破坏,并出现了明显的应变硬化特性。通过讨论得到了配筋率、钢筋贯穿度、3DPC基体抗弯强度对配筋3DPC抗弯强度的影响权重,还对比分析了n型筋(不搭接和搭接)、铆钉与短切直筋等4种纵向配筋方法对3DPC抗弯强度的提升效果,相关结果对配筋参数和方法的选择具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。

n型筋  /  3D打印混凝土  /  贯穿度  /  抗弯性能
Introduction

Compared with the conventional moulded concrete process, the layer-by-layer stacking process produces a large number of interlayer interfaces in 3D printed concrete (i.e., 3DPC), leading to a low flexural and tensile strength of 3DPC and a poor structural integrity of 3D printed concrete structure, which restricts the development and large-scale application of concrete 3D printing technology. Reinforcement is considered as one of the most effective measures to improve the flexural and tensile properties of 3D printed structures and enhance the structural integrity. Various reinforcement techniques for 3DPC, such as fiber reinforcement and transverse reinforcement, are developed, but all of them fail to effectively reinforce the interlayers. A longitudinal reinforcing approach involving short-cut straight and n-shaped bars was firstly proposed in 2018, and some work showed that longitudinal reinforcing method of n-shaped bar could enhance the mechanical properties of 3DPC.

In this paper, the influences of the penetration degree of the n-shaped bars and the overlapping conditions on the flexural properties of 3DPC were investigated, and the damage process of 3DPC was analyzed via crack displacement and section morphology. The different reinforcing methods were compared.

Methods

Portland cement P·I 42.5 according to Chinese standard and natural river sand with a fineness modulus of 3.4 as a fine aggregate were used. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with an apparent viscosity of 198 Pa·s was selected as a viscosity enhancing agent and a bauxite-based powdered accelerator with a fineness (80 μm square-hole sieve residue) of 9% was used to adjust the thixotropy and buildability of 3DPC. A polycarboxylic acid-based high-performance superplasticizer with a solid content of 39% was used to adjust the flowability of the printed materials. In this work, a ratio of the layer number penetrated by n-shaped bar (LP) to the total layer number (LP) was defined as a penetration degree (P) including overlapped penetration degree Povr and nonoverlapped penetration degree Pnon. Eight types of n-shaped bar layouts that meet the constraint requirements of the formula were investigated.

To ensure the accuracy of the n-shaped bar overlapping and positioning, a manual reinforcing method was used to accurately locate and reinforce the n-shaped bars. This process was repeated for ten layers of concrete, resulting in the completion of 3DPC specimens reinforced by n-shaped bars. For the unreinforced specimens, the preparation was completed via directly printing ten layers in a row.

After printing, the specimens with the sizes of 40 mm×200 mm×180 mm were placed in an indoor environment for 24 h and then transferred to a standard curing room for 28 d. In the curing period, the specimens underwent a three-point bending test using a CMT-300 universal pressure testing machine. The span between the specimen supports was 160 mm, and the loading was controlled using mid-span displacement mode at a loading speed of 0.01 mm/min. The flexural strength of each group with three specimens was obtained via calculating the average value.

Results and discussion

When Pnon=0.1, the addition of n-shaped bars fails to strengthen the 3DPC, and reduces the flexural strength of 3DPC. When Pnon=1.0, the maximum flexural strength reaches 5.88 MPa, which is only slightly greater than that of the unreinforced 3DPC. Under the condition of nonoverlapped, the n-shaped bar is not effectively connected at the interface, and the n-bar has little enhanced effect.

Povr=0, Compared to the unreinforced 3DPC as Povr=0, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC increases when Povr=0.2, with an increase of 100%. As the penetration degree increases, the flexural strength increases by 128% when Povr=0.3 and by 152% when Povr=0.9. The flexural strength is highly improved by an overlapped n-shaped bar. The damage mode of overlapped n-shaped bar is mainly a ductile failure with obvious strain hardening characteristics.

The influence weights of ft0, P and ρ of flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC are 0.896 2, 0.836 0 and 0.766 3, respectively. Based on the analysis of these influence weights, the advantages and disadvantages of the two reinforcement methods, i.e., the rivet method and chopped bar method, are evaluated. To ensure a fair comparison, each parameter is normalized to the same order of magnitude and unit, and transformed into equivalent flexural strength. The chopped bar and n-shaped bar (overlapped) methods both have the similar reinforcing effects, with equivalent flexural strengths of 27.74 MPa and 26.25 MPa, respectively, based on the proposed equivalent flexural strength formula.

Conclusions

The interface defects at the shoulder and bottom of the n-shaped bar were increased when the n-shaped bar was nonoverlapped, having little effect on the flexural strength. All the reinforced 3DPC exhibited a brittle damage. When the n-bar was overlapped, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC increased with the penetration degree, but there was a saturation value for the reinforcement of flexural strength by penetration degree, and there was a most economical penetration degree in the actual project. The damage mode of 3DPC reinforced by n-shaped bar under overlapped condition was a ductile failure with strain hardening characteristics. Based on the gray entropy system theory, the flexural strength of reinforced 3DPC (ft) of the influence weight was obtained in a decreasing order, i.e., matrix flexural strength (ft0)>penetration degree (P)>reinforcing ratio (ρ). To improve the flexural strength of current longitudinal reinforcement methods, the chopped bar and overlapped n-shaped bar were proven to be more effective rather than the rivet and nonoverlapped n-shaped bar techniques. It was essential to carefully choose an appropriate reinforcing method corresponding to the specific requirements of the printing project.

n-shaped bar  /  3D printed concrete  /  penetration degree  /  flexural property
王振地, 李昕泽, 王玲. n型筋布置方式对3D打印混凝土抗弯性能的影响. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (1) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240393
Zhendi WANG, Xinze LI, Ling WANG. Effect of Layout of n-Shaped Bar on Flexural Properties of 3D Printed Concrete[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (1) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240393
  • 吴中伟青年科技奖项目(ZA-100)
  • 中国建材集团原创技术策源地项目(2021YCJS01-2-1)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240393
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2024-06-25
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吴中伟青年科技奖项目(ZA-100)
中国建材集团原创技术策源地项目(2021YCJS01-2-1)
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    中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司,绿色建筑材料国家重点实验室,北京 100024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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