Article(id=1319974035857986330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319996403645005850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230717, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694707200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-15, revisedDate=1697299200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792635934080, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792635934080, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792635934080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792635934080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319996403645005850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2024', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='1789', pageEnd='2174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792641266976, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792641754475, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319998448422732741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319996403645005850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319998448426927046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319996403645005850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2094, endPage=2106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319974037607011099, articleId=1319974035857986330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Influence of Impurities in Ordinary Sintered Magnesia Aggregates on Thermal Shock Resistance and High Temperature Fracture Behavior of MgO-C Refractory, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

MgO-C refractories are extensively utilized as lining materials for smelting equipment (i.e., converters, ladles, and electric arc furnaces) due to their excellent resistance to slag erosion and thermal shock. Nevertheless, under high scrap ratio smelting conditions, MgO-C refractories are subjected to mechanical stress due to the introduction of scrap steel and thermal stress caused by frequent fluctuations in service temperatures, resulting in a substantial reduction in their operational lifespan. It is thus crucial to further enhance the mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories. In recent years, effective approaches on the composition and structural design of materials are explored, which include the construction of nanostructure matrices, light-weighting and strengthening of magnesia-based aggregates, the introduction of novel additives, and the optimization of secondary carbon in binders. Among them, calcium magnesium aluminate (CMA) aggregates as a novel porous aggregate have attracted much attention. At elevated temperatures, it induces a partial liquid phase within the material matrix, effectively mitigating internal thermal stresses, repairing micro-cracks resulting from thermal shock, and facilitating the formation and growth of spinel whiskers. Consequently, a substantial enhancement in both toughness and thermal shock resistance of the material is achieved. In fact, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates contain certain impurity phases, such as merwinite (with a melting point of 1 550 ℃) and andradite (with a melting point of 1 170 ℃). When conventional fused magnesia aggregates partially are substituted with ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates in the preparation of MgO-C refractories, localized liquid phases can be generated within the matrix at high temperatures, which may serve a similar function to CMA aggregates. Compared to CMA aggregates, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates are more affordable, resulting in a substantial reduction in production expenses and facilitating the efficient utilization of low-grade magnesia. In this paper, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates were selected to partially substitute conventional fused magnesia aggregates in the preparation of MgO-C materials. The microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, and high-temperature fracture behavior of MgO-C refractories containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates were investigated.

Methods

MgO-C refractories were prepared via substituting 10% of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates (w(MgO)=93.33%, w(SiO2)=1.72%, w(CaO)=3.12%, and w(CaO)/w(SiO2)=1.81, w is mass fraction) for conventional fused magnesia aggregates (w(MgO)=97.35%, w(SiO2)=0.5%, w(CaO)=1.12%, and w(CaO)/w(SiO2)=2.24) with a flake graphite as carbon source, metallic silicon powder and boron carbide as antioxidants, and thermosetting phenolic resin as a binder. After thoroughly blending the aforementioned materials, bar-shaped specimens with the sizes of 140 mm×25 mm×25 mm and standard brick specimens with the sizes of 230 mm×110 mm×70 mm were shaped at 150 MPa and then cured at 200 ℃ for 24 h. The cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) of the bar-shaped specimens, treated at different temperatures (i.e., 200, 1 000, 1 400 ℃ and 1 600 ℃) in a coke bed was measured by a model XD-117A three-point bending test machine. The microstructure and elemental composition of the specimens were determined by a model Nova Nano 400 field emission scanning electron microscope, combined with a model IE 350 PentaFET X-3 energy dispersive spectrometer. The bar-shaped specimens (140 mm×25 mm×25 mm) coked at 1 400 ℃ were selected for thermal shock test by an oil quenching method. Namely, these specimens were initially heated in a coke bed at 900 ℃ for 30 min, followed by quenching in an oil bath. After undergoing three thermal shock cycles, the residual strength index (CMOR after thermal shocks/CMOR before thermal shocks) of specimens was calculated. Subsequently, the bar-shaped specimens after thermal shock test were further heated in the coke bed at 1 600 ℃ for 3 h, and then the recovery strength index (the change of CMOR after reheating to 1 600 ℃/CMOR after thermal shocks) of MgO-C specimens was calculated. In addition, the standard brick specimens were processed into the wedge splitting specimens (100 mm×100 mm×70 mm), and heated in the coke bed at 1 000 ℃. Subsequently, high-temperature wedge splitting tests were conducted at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃ for 30 min, respectively. The specimens were surrounded in alumina crucibles filled with coke in a high-temperature furnace to establish a reducing atmosphere. Fracture parameters such as the nominal notch tensile strength (σNT), specific fracture energy (Gf), characteristic length (lch) and thermal shock resistance (Rst), were calculated to further quantitatively characterize the thermal shock resistance of specimens.

Results and discussion

Ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates remain intact in MgO-C refractories coked at 1 000 ℃. However, the impurities within some ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates dissolve and diffuse into the surrounding matrix as the temperature increases to 1 400 ℃, disintegrating the aggregates into a porous structure. In addition, Mg2SiO4 particles and whiskers, as well as SiC whiskers also appear in the matrix due to the introduction of silica powder. The dissolution and diffusion of impurities increase as the temperature further increases to 1 600 ℃, generating Mg2SiO4 particles and SiC whiskers in the matrix. These structural changes in MgO-C refractories at high temperatures enhance the strength, even the high-temperature flexural strength, and improve the thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories.

The results of high-temperature wedge splitting test show that MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit an equivalent peak load to those of the control specimens, while their fracture displacements significantly enlarge. As evident from various fracture parameters, MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit higher Gf, lch, and Rst at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃, indicating that the introduction of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates effectively reduces the material brittleness due to improving the thermal shock resistance of specimen Also, the specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit a higher proportion of cracks along the aggregate-matrix interface in the crack propagation path. The enhancement of fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories with ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates addition can be attributed to the stress relief provided by the porous structure of ordinary sintered magnesia, the promotion of sintering at 1 400 ℃ by the formation of liquid phases, and the formation of whiskers in the matrix.

Conclusions

The addition of ordinary sintered magnesia effectively enhanced the thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories due to the porous structure of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregate and its ability to form a liquid phase at high temperatures, thereby reducing the overall thermal expansion rate of the specimens. MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibited higher Gf, lch, and Rst at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃ due to the higher porosity of the ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates, effectively mitigating the stress concentration. At 1 400 ℃, the impurities in the ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates dissolved and diffused into the matrix to form a liquid phase network that was conducive to absorbing stress at crack tips. The formation of this liquid phase promoted the whiskers formation and slowed down the crack propagation.

, authors=Chao WANG, Yawei LI, Xiaofeng XU, Qilong CHEN, Guanzheng WANG, authorsList=Chao WANG, Yawei LI, Xiaofeng XU, Qilong CHEN, Guanzheng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yawei LI, Xiaofeng XU, authorNote=

WANG Chao (1998-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Yawei (1966-), male, Ph.D., Professor; E-mail: ;
XU Xiaofeng (1992-), male, Ph.D.
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镁碳砖是炼钢过程中重要的耐火材料之一。为进一步提高其抗热震性,本文利用普通烧结镁砂存在少量低熔点相特性,在镁碳材料制备过程中部分替代电熔镁砂骨料,使之在服役条件下(1 000~1 700 ℃)材料基体内产生局部液相,缓解材料中应力集中的问题。结果表明:经1 000 ℃热处理后镁碳材料内普通镁砂骨料保持完整;温度升至1 400 ℃,部分普通镁砂骨料中的杂质溶出并向周围基质中扩散,骨料瓦解呈多孔结构。此外,基质内因单质硅的引入,除形成大量的晶须状和颗粒状Mg2SiO4相外,还出现了SiC晶须;1 600 ℃热处理时,杂质溶出扩散加剧,基质中存在颗粒状Mg2SiO4相和SiC晶须。上述材料在高温下的结构变化,提高了材料的强度,甚至高温抗折强度,改善了材料的抗热震性能。高温劈裂实验表明,烧结镁砂的孔隙结构缓解了应力集中,而1 400 ℃条件下液相的形成促进了烧结和基质中晶须的形成,增加裂纹沿骨料-基质界面扩展的比例,最终导致材料的断裂能和抗热震因子增加。

, authors=汪超, 李亚伟, 徐小峰, 陈启龙, 王官正, authorsList=汪超, 李亚伟, 徐小峰, 陈启龙, 王官正, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李亚伟, 徐小峰, authorNote=

汪超(1998—),男,硕士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李亚伟(1966—),男,博士,教授。
徐小峰(1992—),男,博士。
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普通烧结镁砂骨料中杂质相对镁碳耐火材料抗热震性和高温断裂行为的影响
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汪超 , 李亚伟 , 徐小峰 , 陈启龙 , 王官正
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2024,52(6): 2094-2106
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2024 , 52 (6) : 2094 -2106
普通烧结镁砂骨料中杂质相对镁碳耐火材料抗热震性和高温断裂行为的影响
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汪超(1998—),男,硕士研究生。

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汪超 , 李亚伟 , 徐小峰 , 陈启龙, 王官正
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学,省部共建耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,高温材料与炉衬技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,武汉 430081
通讯作者:
李亚伟(1966—),男,博士,教授。
徐小峰(1992—),男,博士。
作者简介:

汪超(1998—),男,硕士研究生。

Influence of Impurities in Ordinary Sintered Magnesia Aggregates on Thermal Shock Resistance and High Temperature Fracture Behavior of MgO-C Refractory
Chao WANG , Yawei LI , Xiaofeng XU , Qilong CHEN, Guanzheng WANG
Affiliations
  • Wuhan University of Science and Technology, The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, National-provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of High Temperature Materials and Lining Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LI Yawei (1966-), male, Ph.D., Professor; E-mail: ;
    XU Xiaofeng (1992-), male, Ph.D.

    WANG Chao (1998-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230717
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镁碳砖是炼钢过程中重要的耐火材料之一。为进一步提高其抗热震性,本文利用普通烧结镁砂存在少量低熔点相特性,在镁碳材料制备过程中部分替代电熔镁砂骨料,使之在服役条件下(1 000~1 700 ℃)材料基体内产生局部液相,缓解材料中应力集中的问题。结果表明:经1 000 ℃热处理后镁碳材料内普通镁砂骨料保持完整;温度升至1 400 ℃,部分普通镁砂骨料中的杂质溶出并向周围基质中扩散,骨料瓦解呈多孔结构。此外,基质内因单质硅的引入,除形成大量的晶须状和颗粒状Mg2SiO4相外,还出现了SiC晶须;1 600 ℃热处理时,杂质溶出扩散加剧,基质中存在颗粒状Mg2SiO4相和SiC晶须。上述材料在高温下的结构变化,提高了材料的强度,甚至高温抗折强度,改善了材料的抗热震性能。高温劈裂实验表明,烧结镁砂的孔隙结构缓解了应力集中,而1 400 ℃条件下液相的形成促进了烧结和基质中晶须的形成,增加裂纹沿骨料-基质界面扩展的比例,最终导致材料的断裂能和抗热震因子增加。

镁碳耐火材料  /  普通烧结镁砂  /  显微结构演变  /  抗热震性  /  断裂行为
Introduction

MgO-C refractories are extensively utilized as lining materials for smelting equipment (i.e., converters, ladles, and electric arc furnaces) due to their excellent resistance to slag erosion and thermal shock. Nevertheless, under high scrap ratio smelting conditions, MgO-C refractories are subjected to mechanical stress due to the introduction of scrap steel and thermal stress caused by frequent fluctuations in service temperatures, resulting in a substantial reduction in their operational lifespan. It is thus crucial to further enhance the mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories. In recent years, effective approaches on the composition and structural design of materials are explored, which include the construction of nanostructure matrices, light-weighting and strengthening of magnesia-based aggregates, the introduction of novel additives, and the optimization of secondary carbon in binders. Among them, calcium magnesium aluminate (CMA) aggregates as a novel porous aggregate have attracted much attention. At elevated temperatures, it induces a partial liquid phase within the material matrix, effectively mitigating internal thermal stresses, repairing micro-cracks resulting from thermal shock, and facilitating the formation and growth of spinel whiskers. Consequently, a substantial enhancement in both toughness and thermal shock resistance of the material is achieved. In fact, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates contain certain impurity phases, such as merwinite (with a melting point of 1 550 ℃) and andradite (with a melting point of 1 170 ℃). When conventional fused magnesia aggregates partially are substituted with ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates in the preparation of MgO-C refractories, localized liquid phases can be generated within the matrix at high temperatures, which may serve a similar function to CMA aggregates. Compared to CMA aggregates, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates are more affordable, resulting in a substantial reduction in production expenses and facilitating the efficient utilization of low-grade magnesia. In this paper, ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates were selected to partially substitute conventional fused magnesia aggregates in the preparation of MgO-C materials. The microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, and high-temperature fracture behavior of MgO-C refractories containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates were investigated.

Methods

MgO-C refractories were prepared via substituting 10% of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates (w(MgO)=93.33%, w(SiO2)=1.72%, w(CaO)=3.12%, and w(CaO)/w(SiO2)=1.81, w is mass fraction) for conventional fused magnesia aggregates (w(MgO)=97.35%, w(SiO2)=0.5%, w(CaO)=1.12%, and w(CaO)/w(SiO2)=2.24) with a flake graphite as carbon source, metallic silicon powder and boron carbide as antioxidants, and thermosetting phenolic resin as a binder. After thoroughly blending the aforementioned materials, bar-shaped specimens with the sizes of 140 mm×25 mm×25 mm and standard brick specimens with the sizes of 230 mm×110 mm×70 mm were shaped at 150 MPa and then cured at 200 ℃ for 24 h. The cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) of the bar-shaped specimens, treated at different temperatures (i.e., 200, 1 000, 1 400 ℃ and 1 600 ℃) in a coke bed was measured by a model XD-117A three-point bending test machine. The microstructure and elemental composition of the specimens were determined by a model Nova Nano 400 field emission scanning electron microscope, combined with a model IE 350 PentaFET X-3 energy dispersive spectrometer. The bar-shaped specimens (140 mm×25 mm×25 mm) coked at 1 400 ℃ were selected for thermal shock test by an oil quenching method. Namely, these specimens were initially heated in a coke bed at 900 ℃ for 30 min, followed by quenching in an oil bath. After undergoing three thermal shock cycles, the residual strength index (CMOR after thermal shocks/CMOR before thermal shocks) of specimens was calculated. Subsequently, the bar-shaped specimens after thermal shock test were further heated in the coke bed at 1 600 ℃ for 3 h, and then the recovery strength index (the change of CMOR after reheating to 1 600 ℃/CMOR after thermal shocks) of MgO-C specimens was calculated. In addition, the standard brick specimens were processed into the wedge splitting specimens (100 mm×100 mm×70 mm), and heated in the coke bed at 1 000 ℃. Subsequently, high-temperature wedge splitting tests were conducted at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃ for 30 min, respectively. The specimens were surrounded in alumina crucibles filled with coke in a high-temperature furnace to establish a reducing atmosphere. Fracture parameters such as the nominal notch tensile strength (σNT), specific fracture energy (Gf), characteristic length (lch) and thermal shock resistance (Rst), were calculated to further quantitatively characterize the thermal shock resistance of specimens.

Results and discussion

Ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates remain intact in MgO-C refractories coked at 1 000 ℃. However, the impurities within some ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates dissolve and diffuse into the surrounding matrix as the temperature increases to 1 400 ℃, disintegrating the aggregates into a porous structure. In addition, Mg2SiO4 particles and whiskers, as well as SiC whiskers also appear in the matrix due to the introduction of silica powder. The dissolution and diffusion of impurities increase as the temperature further increases to 1 600 ℃, generating Mg2SiO4 particles and SiC whiskers in the matrix. These structural changes in MgO-C refractories at high temperatures enhance the strength, even the high-temperature flexural strength, and improve the thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories.

The results of high-temperature wedge splitting test show that MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit an equivalent peak load to those of the control specimens, while their fracture displacements significantly enlarge. As evident from various fracture parameters, MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit higher Gf, lch, and Rst at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃, indicating that the introduction of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates effectively reduces the material brittleness due to improving the thermal shock resistance of specimen Also, the specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibit a higher proportion of cracks along the aggregate-matrix interface in the crack propagation path. The enhancement of fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories with ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates addition can be attributed to the stress relief provided by the porous structure of ordinary sintered magnesia, the promotion of sintering at 1 400 ℃ by the formation of liquid phases, and the formation of whiskers in the matrix.

Conclusions

The addition of ordinary sintered magnesia effectively enhanced the thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories due to the porous structure of ordinary sintered magnesia aggregate and its ability to form a liquid phase at high temperatures, thereby reducing the overall thermal expansion rate of the specimens. MgO-C specimens containing ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates exhibited higher Gf, lch, and Rst at 1 000 ℃ and 1 400 ℃ due to the higher porosity of the ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates, effectively mitigating the stress concentration. At 1 400 ℃, the impurities in the ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates dissolved and diffused into the matrix to form a liquid phase network that was conducive to absorbing stress at crack tips. The formation of this liquid phase promoted the whiskers formation and slowed down the crack propagation.

magnesia-carbon refractories  /  ordinary sintered magnesia aggregates  /  microstructure  /  thermal shock resistance  /  fracture behavior
汪超, 李亚伟, 徐小峰, 陈启龙, 王官正. 普通烧结镁砂骨料中杂质相对镁碳耐火材料抗热震性和高温断裂行为的影响. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (6) : 2094 -2106 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230717
Chao WANG, Yawei LI, Xiaofeng XU, Qilong CHEN, Guanzheng WANG. Influence of Impurities in Ordinary Sintered Magnesia Aggregates on Thermal Shock Resistance and High Temperature Fracture Behavior of MgO-C Refractory[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (6) : 2094 -2106 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230717
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U1908227)
  • 青海省科技成果转化专项(2023-GX-102)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230717
  • 接收时间:2023-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-15
  • 修回日期:2023-10-15
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U1908227)
青海省科技成果转化专项(2023-GX-102)
作者信息
    武汉科技大学,省部共建耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,高温材料与炉衬技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,武汉 430081

通讯作者:

李亚伟(1966—),男,博士,教授。
徐小峰(1992—),男,博士。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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