Article(id=1319970573371953358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230712, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=1697472000000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792635108559, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792635108559, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792635108559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792635108559, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319987712212452222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2024', volume='52', issue='2', pageStart='371', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1708358400000', pubDateStr='2024-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792639194777, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792641910689, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319999103631737580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319999103631737581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=671, endPage=680, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319970573569085647, articleId=1319970573371953358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Preparation and Performance of Melamine Carbon Aerogels/Eutectic Glauber Salt Composite Phase Change Materials, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Hydrated salt phase change energy storage materials enable sustainable storage and release of thermal energy through the phase transition of crystalline water. This low-cost, environmentally friendly material has a high heat storage density. However, the significant heat loss and liquid phase leakage after multiple cycles become persistent challenges, restricting the large-scale application of the original hydrated salt phase change material. Consequently, the preparation of shape-stabilized composite phase change materials by infiltrating hydrated salt phase change materials into porous support structures is one of the investigated methods to address the encapsulation challenges of hydrated salt phase change materials. In this paper, carbon aerogels with a high adsorption capacity were prepared with melamine foam as a precursor. The carbon aerogels were used to encapsulate hydrated salt phase change materials.

Methods

Carbon aerogel was prepared via multistage temperature carbonization with melamine foam as a precursor. A composite eutectic salt material (EHS) of Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O with 0.2% glucose carbon nanoparticles was added as the phase change matrix. Shape-stabilized melamine carbon aerogel/eutectic salt composite phase change materials were prepared via vacuum melt impregnation.

The apparent morphology of the prepared aerogels was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of the aerogels was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and the interactions between the MF and the eutectic hydrate salts in the composite phase change materials were investigated by the Fourier infrared spectrometry (IR). The thermal conductivities of the samples at room temperature were determined by the Hot Disk thermal constant analysis. Also, the latent heat of the phase change material was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the thermal stabilities of the samples were assessed by the simultaneous thermal analysis.

Results and discussion

Melamine foam before carbonization has large pore and smooth surface. The size of pore decreases with increasing carbonization temperature. Meanwhile, the elemental of carbon aerogels mainly includes C, N and O. The surface functional group disappears as the carbonization temperature rises. The XRD patterns and IR spectra of the carbon aerogel reveal the presence of numerous defects in conjunction with the carbon material, indicating a high degree of graphitization. Moreover, the graphitization degree shows a gradual increase with increasing carbonization temperature. The specific surface areas of carbon aerogels MF, MF6, MF7 and MF8 measured by BET method are 1.4, 107.9, 485.1 m2·g-1 and 313.4 m2·g-1, respectively. The DFT analysis of the pore size distribution shows that carbon aerogel MF has a number of pore sizes larger than 50 nm, and the volume of carbon aerogel MF7 decreases significantly. Also, a large number of micropores and a part of the mesoporous structure appear. The destruction of melamine formaldehyde structure at high temperatures leads to the reduction of the original micropores and the generation of new pores, which is consistent with the SEM results.

The loadings of carbon aerogels MF and MF7 reach 116 and 122 times after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles, and the loss of carbon aerogel MF7 is less, indicating its better cycling stability and high potential for application. The initial eutectic salts lose completely at 75 ℃. The eutectic salts after encapsulation by carbon aerogels has a better thermal stability. All of them lose water completely at 145 ℃. The thermal conductivities of composite phase change materials PCM6, PCM7 and PCM8 prepared are 1.11, 1.24 W·m-1·K-1 and 1.37 W·m-1·K-1, respectively. The phase transition latent heat value of PCM is the maximum, but after multiple solid-liquid cycles, its enthalpy of melting is decreased by 15.0% and crystallization enthalpy is decreased by 16.3%, leading to a poor cycling stability. Also, the enthalpy of melting of PCM7 is 278.3 J·g-1 and the enthalpy of crystallization is 227.0 J·g-1, which are only decreased by 4.5% and 2.6% after solid-liquid cycling, resepctively. PCM7 has a superior cycling stability.

Conclusions

Carbon aerogel of a three-dimensional network structure with high loading, high elasticity and good ductility was prepared via multistage carbonization with melamine foam as a precursor, and carbon aerogel eutectic salt composite phase change materials were prepared.

The carbonization of carbon aerogel MF at different temperatures had an effect on the surface elements, functional groups, morphology, and the degree of graphitization of the pore structure. The carbon aerogel prepared at 700 ℃ had an advantage over the encapsulated eutectic salt phase change materials.

Carbon aerogel MF had a high loading for EHS, but its leakage prevention, thermal conductivity and cycling stability were poor. Carbon aerogel MF7 had a better pore structure and a needle fiber surface, making it maintain 122 times of its own mass adsorption after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles.

The enthalpies of melting and crystallization of PCM7 were 278.3 J·g-1 and 227.0 J·g-1, and the enthalpies were decreased by 4.5% and 2.6%, respectively, after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles. PCM7 had a good cycling stability and a great application potential.

, authors=Zengbao SUN, Xin LIU, Shengnian TIE, Changan WANG, authorsList=Zengbao SUN, Xin LIU, Shengnian TIE, Changan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengnian TIE, authorNote=

SUN Zengbao (1999-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
TIE Shengnian (1965-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:
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为解决水合盐相变储能材料的泄露问题,进一步提高其循环稳定性,本工作选择蜜胺树脂泡沫(MF)为前驱体,经多级碳化制备出具有高比表面积、高负载量碳气凝胶。并以其为支撑材料,以添加0.2%(质量分数)碳颗粒的Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O复合共晶盐(EHS)为相变基质制备出碳气凝胶/共晶盐复合相变材料(PCMx)。相比于纯EHS,封装后的复合相变材料具有更优异的热稳定性。研究发现,经700 ℃碳化制备的碳气凝胶对EHS具有更好的防泄漏性和循环稳定性,经过5 000次固-液循环后其负载量仍达到自身质量的122倍,相变潜热值仍然保持在200 J·g-1以上,解决了芒硝水合盐相变储能材料的泄露问题和潜热多次循环后热损失大的问题,蜜胺碳气凝胶/共晶盐芒硝复合相变材料的研究成果有助于进一步推动水合盐相变材料在储能领域的应用。

, authors=孙增宝, 柳馨, 铁生年, 汪长安, authorsList=孙增宝, 柳馨, 铁生年, 汪长安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=铁生年, authorNote=

孙增宝(1999—),男,硕士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
铁生年(1965—),男,教授,博士生导师。
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蜜胺碳气凝胶/共晶盐芒硝复合相变材料制备及其性能
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孙增宝 , 柳馨 , 铁生年 , 汪长安
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2024,52(2): 671-680
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2024 , 52 (2) : 671 -680
蜜胺碳气凝胶/共晶盐芒硝复合相变材料制备及其性能
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孙增宝 , 柳馨, 铁生年 , 汪长安
作者信息
  • 青海大学,新能源光伏产业研究中心,西宁 810016
通讯作者:
铁生年(1965—),男,教授,博士生导师。
作者简介:

孙增宝(1999—),男,硕士研究生。

Preparation and Performance of Melamine Carbon Aerogels/Eutectic Glauber Salt Composite Phase Change Materials
Zengbao SUN , Xin LIU, Shengnian TIE , Changan WANG
Affiliations
  • New Energy Photovoltaic Industry Research Institute, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TIE Shengnian (1965-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

    SUN Zengbao (1999-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230712
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为解决水合盐相变储能材料的泄露问题,进一步提高其循环稳定性,本工作选择蜜胺树脂泡沫(MF)为前驱体,经多级碳化制备出具有高比表面积、高负载量碳气凝胶。并以其为支撑材料,以添加0.2%(质量分数)碳颗粒的Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O复合共晶盐(EHS)为相变基质制备出碳气凝胶/共晶盐复合相变材料(PCMx)。相比于纯EHS,封装后的复合相变材料具有更优异的热稳定性。研究发现,经700 ℃碳化制备的碳气凝胶对EHS具有更好的防泄漏性和循环稳定性,经过5 000次固-液循环后其负载量仍达到自身质量的122倍,相变潜热值仍然保持在200 J·g-1以上,解决了芒硝水合盐相变储能材料的泄露问题和潜热多次循环后热损失大的问题,蜜胺碳气凝胶/共晶盐芒硝复合相变材料的研究成果有助于进一步推动水合盐相变材料在储能领域的应用。

蜜胺泡沫  /  碳气凝胶  /  共晶盐  /  相变材料
Introduction

Hydrated salt phase change energy storage materials enable sustainable storage and release of thermal energy through the phase transition of crystalline water. This low-cost, environmentally friendly material has a high heat storage density. However, the significant heat loss and liquid phase leakage after multiple cycles become persistent challenges, restricting the large-scale application of the original hydrated salt phase change material. Consequently, the preparation of shape-stabilized composite phase change materials by infiltrating hydrated salt phase change materials into porous support structures is one of the investigated methods to address the encapsulation challenges of hydrated salt phase change materials. In this paper, carbon aerogels with a high adsorption capacity were prepared with melamine foam as a precursor. The carbon aerogels were used to encapsulate hydrated salt phase change materials.

Methods

Carbon aerogel was prepared via multistage temperature carbonization with melamine foam as a precursor. A composite eutectic salt material (EHS) of Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O with 0.2% glucose carbon nanoparticles was added as the phase change matrix. Shape-stabilized melamine carbon aerogel/eutectic salt composite phase change materials were prepared via vacuum melt impregnation.

The apparent morphology of the prepared aerogels was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of the aerogels was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and the interactions between the MF and the eutectic hydrate salts in the composite phase change materials were investigated by the Fourier infrared spectrometry (IR). The thermal conductivities of the samples at room temperature were determined by the Hot Disk thermal constant analysis. Also, the latent heat of the phase change material was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the thermal stabilities of the samples were assessed by the simultaneous thermal analysis.

Results and discussion

Melamine foam before carbonization has large pore and smooth surface. The size of pore decreases with increasing carbonization temperature. Meanwhile, the elemental of carbon aerogels mainly includes C, N and O. The surface functional group disappears as the carbonization temperature rises. The XRD patterns and IR spectra of the carbon aerogel reveal the presence of numerous defects in conjunction with the carbon material, indicating a high degree of graphitization. Moreover, the graphitization degree shows a gradual increase with increasing carbonization temperature. The specific surface areas of carbon aerogels MF, MF6, MF7 and MF8 measured by BET method are 1.4, 107.9, 485.1 m2·g-1 and 313.4 m2·g-1, respectively. The DFT analysis of the pore size distribution shows that carbon aerogel MF has a number of pore sizes larger than 50 nm, and the volume of carbon aerogel MF7 decreases significantly. Also, a large number of micropores and a part of the mesoporous structure appear. The destruction of melamine formaldehyde structure at high temperatures leads to the reduction of the original micropores and the generation of new pores, which is consistent with the SEM results.

The loadings of carbon aerogels MF and MF7 reach 116 and 122 times after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles, and the loss of carbon aerogel MF7 is less, indicating its better cycling stability and high potential for application. The initial eutectic salts lose completely at 75 ℃. The eutectic salts after encapsulation by carbon aerogels has a better thermal stability. All of them lose water completely at 145 ℃. The thermal conductivities of composite phase change materials PCM6, PCM7 and PCM8 prepared are 1.11, 1.24 W·m-1·K-1 and 1.37 W·m-1·K-1, respectively. The phase transition latent heat value of PCM is the maximum, but after multiple solid-liquid cycles, its enthalpy of melting is decreased by 15.0% and crystallization enthalpy is decreased by 16.3%, leading to a poor cycling stability. Also, the enthalpy of melting of PCM7 is 278.3 J·g-1 and the enthalpy of crystallization is 227.0 J·g-1, which are only decreased by 4.5% and 2.6% after solid-liquid cycling, resepctively. PCM7 has a superior cycling stability.

Conclusions

Carbon aerogel of a three-dimensional network structure with high loading, high elasticity and good ductility was prepared via multistage carbonization with melamine foam as a precursor, and carbon aerogel eutectic salt composite phase change materials were prepared.

The carbonization of carbon aerogel MF at different temperatures had an effect on the surface elements, functional groups, morphology, and the degree of graphitization of the pore structure. The carbon aerogel prepared at 700 ℃ had an advantage over the encapsulated eutectic salt phase change materials.

Carbon aerogel MF had a high loading for EHS, but its leakage prevention, thermal conductivity and cycling stability were poor. Carbon aerogel MF7 had a better pore structure and a needle fiber surface, making it maintain 122 times of its own mass adsorption after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles.

The enthalpies of melting and crystallization of PCM7 were 278.3 J·g-1 and 227.0 J·g-1, and the enthalpies were decreased by 4.5% and 2.6%, respectively, after 5 000 solid-liquid cycles. PCM7 had a good cycling stability and a great application potential.

melamine foam  /  carbon aerogels  /  eutectic salt  /  phase change materials
孙增宝, 柳馨, 铁生年, 汪长安. 蜜胺碳气凝胶/共晶盐芒硝复合相变材料制备及其性能. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (2) : 671 -680 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230712
Zengbao SUN, Xin LIU, Shengnian TIE, Changan WANG. Preparation and Performance of Melamine Carbon Aerogels/Eutectic Glauber Salt Composite Phase Change Materials[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (2) : 671 -680 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230712
  • 青海省自然基金项目(2021-ZJ-906)
  • 材料复合新技术国家重点实验室(武汉理工大学)开放基金项目(2020-KF-1)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230712
  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
  • 修回日期:2023-10-17
基金
青海省自然基金项目(2021-ZJ-906)
材料复合新技术国家重点实验室(武汉理工大学)开放基金项目(2020-KF-1)
作者信息
    青海大学,新能源光伏产业研究中心,西宁 810016

通讯作者:

铁生年(1965—),男,教授,博士生导师。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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