硅酸盐学报

面向航天领域极端环境应用的金刚石材料及其器件

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王伟华 ¹ , 贾怡 ¹ , 李振 ¹ , 杨宇 ³ , 张尧 ¹ , 代兵 ² , 韩杰才 ² , 朱嘉琦 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2024,52(5): 1778-1788

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2024 , 52 (5) : 1778 -1788

面向航天领域极端环境应用的金刚石材料及其器件

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王伟华¹, 贾怡¹, 李振¹, 杨宇³, 张尧¹, 代兵², 韩杰才², 朱嘉琦²

作者信息

^1．中国航天科技创新研究院，北京 100176

^2．哈尔滨工业大学特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室，哈尔滨 150001

^3．北京控制工程研究所，北京 100190

通讯作者:

代兵（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

王伟华（1992—），男，博士，工程师。

作者简介:

王伟华（1992—），男，博士，工程师。

Diamond Materials and Devices for Extreme Environment Applications in Aerospace

Weihua WANG¹, Yi JIA¹, Zhen LI¹, Yu YANG³, Yao ZHANG¹, Bing DAI², Jiecai HAN², Jiaqi ZHU²

Affiliations

^1.China Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute, Beijing 100176, China

^2.National Key Laboratory of Special Environment of Composite Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

^3.Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding Author:

DAI Bing (1984-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: daib@hit.edu.cn;

WANG Weihua (1992-), male, Ph.D., Engineer. weihuawang2011@163.com

WANG Weihua (1992-), male, Ph.D., Engineer. E-mail: weihuawang2011@163.com

出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230688

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摘要

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随着世界主要国家航天工程从近地轨道向深空环境推进，航天器要实现在极端环境下可靠工作面临许多新问题。从太空辐照环境恶化到可持续能源问题掣肘，从高集成、高热流器件散热困难到航天器健康监测传感器向高灵敏方向发展，上述问题都亟需发展新一代航天器技术。金刚石独特的晶体结构使其具有“硬、高、透、宽、快”5大特性，决定了其在极端环境下表现出耐高温、耐高压、抗辐照等性能。本文主要总结了金刚石在深空探测、便携电源、智能热控、量子传感和光学窗口等航天领域的应用现状，并展望了发展前景。

关键词

金刚石 / 航天领域 / 极端环境 / 深空探测 / 量子传感

Abstract

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As the world major national space projects advance from near-Earth orbit to the deep space, spacecraft have some challenges to operate reliably in extreme environments. It is thus necessary for the development of spacecraft to solve the problems (i.e., From the deterioration of the space irradiated environment to the constraints of energy problems far from the sun, from the difficulties of high heat flow and heat dissipation of highly integrated devices to the development trend of highly sensitive sensors for spacecraft health monitoring). Diamond has five characteristics like "hard, high, transparent, wide and fast" due to its unique crystal structure, determining its high temperature resistance, high frequency resistance, high pressure resistance and irradiation resistance in extreme environments.

Deep space exploration plays a role in space environment sensing and pulsar-based navigation by detecting X-ray, ultraviolet and particles from solar radiation. Diamond detectors are fabricated based on photovoltaic effect and/or interaction between particle and diamond. Electrode structure, device structure, and diamond quality have an impact on the detector performance. The detector arrays with large area and excellent performance with the heteroepitaxial diamond size of 1.0-3.5 inches are developed. In addition, a portable power supply based on isotope batteries is also an effective option to solve the problem of insufficient solar radiation during deep space exploration. A radio-voltaic effect isotope battery mainly utilizes the photovoltaic effect generated by the high-energy particle radiation released during isotope decay inside the semiconductor energy transfer junction to generate output current. Compared with other wide-bandgap semiconductors including SiC, GaN, AlGaAs and diamond, diamond has a higher electron-hole pair generation efficiency of 44.2%. The existing transducer junction structure focuses on metal/diamond Schottky junction and diamond/other semiconductors P-N junction, on account of the lack of efficient N-doping. A open circuit voltage of 5 V and a rectification ratio of 10⁷ are obtained for diamond/β-Ga₂O₃ hetero-junction battery while a theoretical value of energy conversion efficiency of 26.8% is predicted for diamond P-N junction. As the thermal environment inside and outside the spacecraft changes, thermal management and control are crucial for the spacecraft in-orbit work. Diamond as a semiconductor with a high thermal conductivity can enhance the heat conduction as a heat spread or heat radiation as a near-field thermal radiation device. Space active phased array antenna typically features a high performance and a high heat flux due to the high device integration of transmit/receive (T/R) module. The T/R module generates a significant amount of heat in a very small space, leading to a challenge for the thermal management and dissipation from the "hotspot" of devices. When diamond is applied in four launched satellites, the temperature gradients of the T/R modules less than 2.2 ℃ is recorded from the flight data, further verifing the rationality and effectiveness of using high-thermal-conductivity diamonds in the thermal design and implementation of active phased array antenna. Near-field thermal radiation device can be used as the heat dissipation surface of a satellite or other spacecraft. As an intelligent thermal control method, the emissivity can be adjusted upon the application of the electric field in the P-N junction and MIS junction. This technology is in the theoretical research stage, but this device based on diamond heterojunction has prospects. In the bargain, in addition to solar irradiation and cosmic rays, spacecraft operating in the space environment also faces many threats such as space debris and high/low temperature alternating environment, leading to the failure of spacecraft structure and bring great hidden dangers to space flight. It is thus important to monitor spacecraft temperature, pressure/strain, acceleration and other parameters in real time. The basic principle of diamond quantum sensing is to use the NV-spin energy level to be sensitive to physical signals such as electromagnetic field, strain, temperature, etc., via measuring the change in the intensity of the output fluorescence signal caused by the NV^- change in the external field. Comparing the sensitivity of diamond quantum sensors and other types of sensors in detecting magnetic fields indicates that the sensitivity of diamond quantum sensors is still relatively high. Space optical sensors are known as the "eyes" of spacecraft, providing the positioning information for space missions such as deep space exploration and remote sensing mapping. Diamond has a high transmittance in the deep ultraviolet band, which can well meet the application requirements of the sensor optical system window, and has intense anti-irradiation characteristics and good stability in extreme space environments. With the development of large-scale curved diamond preparation technology, diamond could be used as an excellent optical alternative material in the future.

Summary and prospects

In this review, the application of diamond materials in deep space exploration (detectors), portable power supplies (isotope batteries), spacecraft thermal control (heat conduction and near-field thermal radiation devices), spacecraft health monitoring (quantum sensors), and optical windows (optical sensor windows were proposed). To represent the application advantages of diamond in the extreme field of aerospace, it is necessary to continue efforts in at least the following aspects. First, 2-inch large-area array polycrystalline diamond arrays are reported to have a good ultraviolet detection performance, and it is possible to effectively synthesize large-area heteroepitaxial single crystal diamond for diamond detectors with better electrical properties. Second, diamond isotope cells and near-field thermal radiation devices both are based on the construction of diamond semiconductor heterojunctions, but the effective diamond N-type doping technology has not yet been broken through. It is thus necessary to further develop the effective diamond doping technology based on new principles. Finally, diamond quantum sensing technology has the advantages of multi-parameter sensing, but how to distinguish the output signal under different field signal excitations and reduce the interference in the face of multi-source targets needs to be further investigated.

Key words

diamond / aerospace / extreme environment / deep space exploration / quantum sensing

引用本文

王伟华, 贾怡, 李振, 杨宇, 张尧, 代兵, 韩杰才, 朱嘉琦. 面向航天领域极端环境应用的金刚石材料及其器件. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (5) : 1778 -1788 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230688

Weihua WANG, Yi JIA, Zhen LI, Yu YANG, Yao ZHANG, Bing DAI, Jiecai HAN, Jiaqi ZHU. Diamond Materials and Devices for Extreme Environment Applications in Aerospace[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (5) : 1778 -1788 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230688

基金

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国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0709700; 2016YFE0201600)
广东省重点研发计划(2020B010169002)
国家自然科学基金(52072087)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(YQ2020E008)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(HIT.OCEF.2022048)

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2024年第52卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230688

接收时间：2023-09-05
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2024-05-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2023-09-05
修回日期：2023-10-26

基金

国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0709700; 2016YFE0201600)

广东省重点研发计划(2020B010169002)

国家自然科学基金(52072087)

黑龙江省自然科学基金(YQ2020E008)

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(HIT.OCEF.2022048)

作者信息

^1．中国航天科技创新研究院，北京 100176

^2．哈尔滨工业大学特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室，哈尔滨 150001

^3．北京控制工程研究所，北京 100190

通讯作者:

代兵（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

王伟华（1992—），男，博士，工程师。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230688

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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