硅酸盐学报

数值模拟超高密度热流下红外窗口材料的受热冲击

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杨国健 ¹ , 孙鹏 ¹ , 王跃忠 ¹ , 李莎莎 ¹ , 朱彤 ¹ , 彭志勇 ² , 廉伟艳 ² , 杨国永 ¹ , 杨科 ¹ , 宋惠 ¹ , 刘华松 ² , 江南 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2024,52(3): 862-873

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2024 , 52 (3) : 862 -873

数值模拟超高密度热流下红外窗口材料的受热冲击

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杨国健¹, 孙鹏¹, 王跃忠¹, 李莎莎¹, 朱彤¹, 彭志勇², 廉伟艳², 杨国永¹, 杨科¹, 宋惠¹, 刘华松², 江南¹

作者信息

^1．中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所，中国科学院海洋新材料与应用技术重点实验室，浙江宁波 315201

^2．天津津航技术物理研究所，天津市薄膜光学重点实验室，天津 300192

通讯作者:

王跃忠（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

刘华松（1980—），男，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

杨国健（1998—），男，硕士研究生。

Numerical Study of Thermal Shock on Several Infrared Materials for Window Application Under Superhigh Thermal Flux Condition

Guojian YANG¹, Peng SUN¹, Yuezhong WANG¹, Shasha LI¹, Tong ZHU¹, Zhiyong PENG², Weiyan LIAN², Guoyong YANG¹, Ke YANG¹, Hui SONG¹, Huasong LIU², Nan JIANG¹

Affiliations

^1.Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China

^2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optical Thin Films, Tianjin Jinhang Technical Physics Institute, Tianjin 300192, China

Corresponding Author:

WANG Yuezhong (1984-), male, Ph.D., Professor; E-mail: wangyuezhong@nimte.ac.cn;

LIU Huasong (1980-), male, Ph.D., Professor. liuhuasong@yeah.net

YANG Guojian (1998-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: yangguojian@nimte.ac.cn

出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230641

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摘要

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超高速飞行器光电探测技术对红外窗口材料提出了苛刻要求，通过数值模拟，研究了超高密度热流（3~8 MW/m²、时间5 s）作用下，尺寸为Φ50 mm×2 mm的蓝宝石、硫化锌（ZnS）及金刚石3种红外窗口材料在倾斜角10°~90°极端工况下的表面温度、热应力及其分布，并比较了有、无制冷的影响。系统分析了在面临超高密度热流时，红外窗口材料的使役性能，以及对材料的性能要求，并比较了3种材料的差别。结果表明，与金刚石相比，蓝宝石、ZnS等传统红外材料由于导热性能相对较差，受热冲击时热量在短时间内来不及疏散，导致窗口温度过高或热应力过高而失效。无论有无制冷，从驻点温度方面进行分析，蓝宝石小于ZnS；从热应力来看，蓝宝石大于ZnS。由于它们的热导率低［<30 W/（m·℃）］，并不非常适用于超高热流环境，制冷反而可能带来更高的失效风险。金刚石由于超高的热导率［约为2 000 W/（m·℃）］，窗口温度相对更低、热应力更小且分布更均匀，极大减轻了窗口失效风险，且制冷条件下其优势十分明显，能够满足8 MW/m²超高密度热流极端工况要求。相关研究可为新一代超高速飞行器红外窗口的设计、选材及应用提供了参考。

关键词

数值仿真 / 红外窗口材料 / 超高速飞行器 / 热流 / 金刚石

Abstract

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Introduction

The development of infrared imaging detection technology for new generation of ultra-high-speed vehicles has put forward harsh requirements for infrared windows. For ultra-low altitude (e.g., sea level) to perform ultra-high-speed flight mission, the surface of its infrared window is usually accompanied by ultra-high density heat flow. In the high-speed flight environment, the force and thermal environment introduced by the aerodynamic effect on the surface of infrared window materials is complicated, and the related engineering experiment testing costs are extremely high. Finite element simulation can predict the phenomena of window warming and thermal stress failure caused by aerodynamic effect to a certain extent, which can provide important information in engineering or applications. In this paper, two conventional commonly used infrared window materials (i.e., hexagonal single-crystal sapphire and cubic ZnS) with a low thermal conductivity were selected to compare with cubic diamond infrared window materials with a high thermal conductivity. The numerical simulations of the window temperatures, thermal stresses and their distributions were carried out under the action of ultra-high-density heat flow, and the results were compared with and without the cooling medium. This work could provide a theoretical reference for the design, selection and application of infrared windows of the new-generation ultra-high-speed vehicles.

Materials and method

In this work, numerical simulations (Finite Element Analysis, FEA) of stagnation temperatures and thermal stresses were carried out on some infrared materials (i.e., sapphire, ZnS and diamond) with a size of Φ50 mm×2 mm for window application when facing ultra-high heat flux (3-8 MW/m²) for 5 s at an angle range of 10°-90° with and without constant temperature circulating coolant. The service performance of the infrared materials as well as the property requirements of windows in environments with ultra-high heat flux, were analyzed. A contrast of the infrared materials between sapphire or ZnS and diamond was investigated.

Results and discussion

The results show that the conventional infrared materials cannot survive as a result of high temperature or thermal stress due to the poor thermal and mechanical properties. For sapphire window, the stagnation temperature is 378 ℃, a value that already exceeds its limiting operating temperature for infrared imaging (about 350 ℃) with a small angle (10°) under 3 MW/m² for 5 s, possibly resulting in a failure to image properly. For ZnS window, the temperature reaches 600 ℃, a temperature at which the material oxidizes and fails to image applications. Their stagnation temperatures both continue to increase as the angle and heat flux increase. When the heat flux continues to increase (i.e., 5 MW/m² for 5 s), the stagnation temperatures of sapphire and ZnS reach 500 ℃ and 1 000 ℃ or more, respectively, even with a small angle (10°). At the maximum heat flux (i.e., 8 WM/m²), the stagnation temperatures can even exceed the melting point of the material. Meanwhile, in terms of thermal stress, only sapphire can keep the structure from failing under 3 MW/m² at 10°. With the addition of coolant, conventional infrared materials (i.e., sapphire and ZnS) may fare worse. The stagnation temperature almost does not change, and the thermal stresses rather increases. For diamond as the infrared window, a failure risk sharply decreases due to the ultrahigh thermal conductivity, low thermal stress and more even stress distribution. Although diamond is equally difficult to apply under large angle working conditions (i.e., 45°-90°) without coolant (stagnation temperature reaches 750 ℃, which is above the oxidation temperature of diamond.), the situation improves dramatically with the addition of coolant. Diamond for benefiting from the cooling system can even survive under a high thermal flux of 8 MW/m² at ≤45°. This study can provide a reference for the design, material selection, and application of infrared windows for a new generation of hypersonic aircraft.

Conclusions

Conventional infrared materials such as sapphire and ZnS could hardly achieve the requirements of the working conditions operating at any angles (i.e., 10°-90°) under ultrahigh heat flux (i.e., 3-8 MW/m²) for 5 s due to the failure risk caused by excessively high temperatures or structural failure from high thermal stresses. However, diamond had a better performance. Diamond could only be used as an infrared optical window at a small angle (i.e., 10°) without coolant, but could be used at a heat flux of 3-5 MW/m² and any angle, as well as at 8 MW/m² and 45° and below with coolant. The surface temperature of diamond was higher than the oxidation temperature, and the high stresses with a possibility of destruction under 8 MW/m² at 90° occurred. In addition, diamond showed a lower failure risk and some advantage of its outstanding properties rather than sapphire and ZnS under cooling conditions.

Key words

numerical simulation / infrared window material / hypersonic / heat flux / diamond

引用本文

杨国健, 孙鹏, 王跃忠, 李莎莎, 朱彤, 彭志勇, 廉伟艳, 杨国永, 杨科, 宋惠, 刘华松, 江南. 数值模拟超高密度热流下红外窗口材料的受热冲击. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (3) : 862 -873 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230641

Guojian YANG, Peng SUN, Yuezhong WANG, Shasha LI, Tong ZHU, Zhiyong PENG, Weiyan LIAN, Guoyong YANG, Ke YANG, Hui SONG, Huasong LIU, Nan JIANG. Numerical Study of Thermal Shock on Several Infrared Materials for Window Application Under Superhigh Thermal Flux Condition[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (3) : 862 -873 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230641

基金

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国家自然科学基金(61975150)
宁波市甬江引才青年创新人才计划(2021A-108-G)
宁波市科技攻关重大专项(20211ZDYF020196)
中科院青年基金(JCPYJJ-22030)

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2024年第52卷第3期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230641

接收时间：2023-08-28
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2024-03-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2023-08-28
修回日期：2023-09-25

基金

国家自然科学基金(61975150)

宁波市甬江引才青年创新人才计划(2021A-108-G)

宁波市科技攻关重大专项(20211ZDYF020196)

中科院青年基金(JCPYJJ-22030)

作者信息

^1．中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所，中国科学院海洋新材料与应用技术重点实验室，浙江宁波 315201

^2．天津津航技术物理研究所，天津市薄膜光学重点实验室，天津 300192

通讯作者:

王跃忠（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

刘华松（1980—），男，博士，研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230641

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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