硅酸盐学报

生物质碳基催化剂催化重整焦油

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白彦渊 ¹ , 王云刚 ¹ , 修浩然 ¹ , 邹立 ¹ , 张兴邦 ¹ , 刘涛 ¹ , 李飞翔 ² , 赵钦新 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2024,52(5): 1643-1655

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2024 , 52 (5) : 1643 -1655

生物质碳基催化剂催化重整焦油

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白彦渊¹, 王云刚¹, 修浩然¹, 邹立¹, 张兴邦¹, 刘涛¹, 李飞翔², 赵钦新¹

作者信息

^1．西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室，西安 710049

^2．湖北特种设备检验检测研究院，武汉 430077

通讯作者:

王云刚（1983—），男，博士，副教授。

作者简介:

白彦渊（1998—），男，博士研究生。

Biomass-Based Carbon Catalyst for Catalytic Reforming of Tar

Yanyuan BAI¹, Yungang WANG¹, Haoran XIU¹, Li ZOU¹, Xingbang ZHANG¹, Tao LIU¹, Feixiang LI², Qinxin ZHAO¹

Affiliations

^1.Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shannxi Xi'an 710049, China

^2.Hubei Special Equipment Inspection and Testing Institute, Hubei Wuhan 430077, China

Corresponding Author:

WANG Yungang (1983-), male, PH.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: ygwang1986@xjtu.edu.cn

BAI Yanyuan (1998-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: byy1998@stu.xjtu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230510

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摘要

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生物质热利用过程中产生的焦油极易造成管路腐蚀堵塞，是当前亟待解决的关键问题。焦油的催化重整制氢是一种有效的生物质高值化利用技术。以常压气化炉运行过程中产生的焦油为研究对象，利用杏壳制备催化剂炭载体，并负载催化金属以制备重整焦油用碳基催化剂；使用制备的碳基催化剂开展焦油水蒸气催化重整实验，并对比了不同负载金属的催化效果。结果表明：当采用单金属催化剂对焦油进行催化重整时，最佳工况为800 ℃、通入水蒸气与焦油质量比为3、焦油与催化剂质量比为2时，氢气产量高达91.52 g H₂（每1 kg焦油），焦油转化率为93.30%。Ni-Co/C复合催化剂表现出比单金属催化剂更强的活性。

关键词

生物质 / 焦油 / 活性炭 / 催化剂 / 氢

Abstract

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Introduction

Biomass as a near-zero emission and novel energy source is regarded as an optimal alternative to fossil fuels. Biomass gasification technology is extensively used due to its superior efficiency in energy utilization, environmental congeniality, and sustainability. However, tar as a predominant by-product of this process presents some formidable challenges, i.e., combustion difficulties, potential clogging of boiler flue gas ducts, damage to gas-operating machinery, and health risks. These issues constitute a significant impediment to the industrial deployment of biomass gasification technology. Addressing the efficient processing of tar is pivotal for the extensive utilization of biomass gasification. The strategy of employing catalysts for the catalytic reforming of tar to produce hydrogen is emerging as an effective solution, characterized by lower requisite temperatures and enhanced conversion rates. Biomass-derived carbon with its cost-effectiveness, high specific surface area, and outstanding thermal stability is projected to have a significant potential in the transformation of biomass tar. Nevertheless, the suboptimal metal loading capability in the catalyst preparation from biomass carbon results in a reduced catalytic activity and an inferior hydrogen selectivity during the reforming process. Furthermore, there is a notable deficiency in research pertaining to the tar produced in actual production processes. Consequently, there is an urgent need for comprehensive investigations into the mechanism of hydrogen generation via catalytic reforming using biomass-based carbon catalysts.

Methods

An apricot shell powder with a granularity of 100-150 mesh was utilized as a feedstock for char production. A biomass char carrier was obtained via carbonizing this material at 350 ℃ for 30 min. Subsequently, the biomass char carrier was impregnated and stirred in a 1 mol/L KOH solution for 3 h, followed by a filtration process, with an impregnation ratio of 1 g of char carrier to 10 mL of KOH solution. The impregnated material was firstly calcined at 300 ℃ for 2 h, and then at 800 ℃ for 1 h 30 min. For post-activation, the biomass char underwent oxidative modification. It was washed to a pH value of 7, impregnated with a 15% hydrogen peroxide solution for 3 h, further washed until the pH value was 7, and then dried the post-filtration. Nickel and cobalt were chosen as metals for loading by impregnation. A 100 mL solution of 1 mol./L Ni(NO₃)₂ and Co(NO₃)₂ was prepared, and a mixture of cobalt nitrate and nickel nitrate was configured in a ratio of 1∶4 to produce a 100 mL mixed solution. This solution was then impregnated with the prepared char carrier in a water bath at 90 ℃ for 4 h and filtered. After drying for 12 h, the material was calcined at 800 ℃ for 4 h.

For the experiment, a cold trap method was employed to collect tar at the outlet of a straw gasifier under atmospheric pressure. The experiment primarily utilized a vertical tube furnace, enabling the catalytic reforming of tar inside a quartz tube. A catalyst bed was placed inside the tube furnace. A basket containing tar was set in the quartz tube in the heating furnace. In the tube furnace, the tar transformed into a gaseous phase and passed through the catalyst bed, undergoing a reforming reaction with the catalysts on the bed. The reaction products entered two conical flasks containing dichloromethane at the lower part of the tube furnace. These flasks were placed in an ice bath pot to collect the residual tar, and after drying, the gases were collected in gas bags for gas chromatographic analysis. The prepared catalyst was characterized by specific surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Results and discussion

The XRD patterns indicate that during thermal treatment, nickel forms metal-carbon complex compounds with surface carbon, while cobalt results in cobalt oxide formation on the biomass char surface. The SEM images revealed a porous structure on the Ni/C surface, with metal-carbon complexes causing indentations on the char carrier, evidenced by visible surface metal particles. A distinctive feature of Co/C compared to nickel-based catalysts is the presence of etched grooves on the surface. The EDS analysis showed an even distribution of nickel on the Ni/C surface with a localized enrichment, alongside some surface collapse. The nickel loading on the catalyst surface is 12.01%. Cobalt displays a more uniform distribution on Co/C, indicating a fewer cobalt oxide enrichment sites.

The experimental results with and without catalysts for tar catalytic reforming demonstrate that catalyst addition increases a tar reforming efficiency and H₂ and CO contents in syngas. Tar reforming conversion rate increases from 36.12% to 76.67%, and H₂ and CO contents in syngas increase from 22.76% and 28.80% to 25.62% and 32.78%, respectively, while CO₂ content decreases from 27.11% to 17.45%. The results for the temperature impact on tar catalytic reforming reveal that an hydrogen yield initially increases and then decreases having the maximum value at 700 ℃. Tar conversion rate gradually increases from 76.67% to 94.95% with increasing the temperature, finally stabilizing after 800 ℃. An optimal steam/tar ratio (i.e., m_Steam/m_Tar) is 3 based on hydrogen yield, production, and tar conversion rate. Similarly, an optimal tar/catalyst ratio (m_Tar/m_Catalyst) is 2. Comparing single metal catalysts with Ni-Co/C catalyst for tar catalytic reforming, Ni-Co/C composite catalyst has a higher hydrogen yield in the gaseous products (i.e., 72.86%) with reduced production rates of C₂H₄, CO and CO₂.

Conclusions

The preparation of carbon-based metal catalysts consists of two stages, i.e., the preparation of the char carrier and metal loading. The optimal temperature for preparing apricot shell char carrier was 350 ℃. Through KOH activation, its specific surface area increased from 5.502 m²/g to 1 124.16 m²/g, with the formation of abundant mesopores and micropores. Subsequently, H₂O₂ oxidation of the activated char carrier effectively enhanced the oxygen-containing acidic groups on its surface. The char carrier, prepared through carbonization, activation, and oxidative modification, exhibited a well-developed mesoporous and microporous structure suitable for efficient metal loading. On the surface of nickel-based catalysts, complex metal-nickel and carbon compounds formed, whereas cobalt- and iron-based catalysts formed metal oxides. The catalyst surfaces showed a good integration of metal with the carbon carrier, with uniform distribution. The carbon-based catalysts with a large specific surface area and a developed mesoporous structure were suitable for tar catalytic reforming. The results indicated that under nickel-based catalyst conditions, a hydrogen yield of 91.52 g H₂ per 1 kg of tar could be obtained at the optimal parameters for hydrogen production from tar catalytic reforming (i.e., 800 ℃, m_Steam/m_Tar of 3 and m_Tar/m_Catalyst of 2). Cobalt-based catalysts exhibited a stronger catalytic activity and a higher hydrogen selectivity, compared to nickel-based catalysts. However, nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts both demonstrated a lower catalytic activity, compared to the Ni-Co/C composite catalyst.

Key words

biomass / tar / activated carbon / catalysts / hydrogen

引用本文

白彦渊, 王云刚, 修浩然, 邹立, 张兴邦, 刘涛, 李飞翔, 赵钦新. 生物质碳基催化剂催化重整焦油. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (5) : 1643 -1655 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230510

Yanyuan BAI, Yungang WANG, Haoran XIU, Li ZOU, Xingbang ZHANG, Tao LIU, Feixiang LI, Qinxin ZHAO. Biomass-Based Carbon Catalyst for Catalytic Reforming of Tar[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (5) : 1643 -1655 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230510

基金

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陕西省重点研发计划项目(2018ZDXM-SF-SF-033)
王宽诚教育基金会、湖北省市场监管局技术保障专项(Hbscjg-JS2022004)

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2024年第52卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230510

接收时间：2023-07-19
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2024-05-20

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收稿日期：2023-07-19
修回日期：2023-08-31

基金

陕西省重点研发计划项目(2018ZDXM-SF-SF-033)

王宽诚教育基金会、湖北省市场监管局技术保障专项(Hbscjg-JS2022004)

作者信息

^1．西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室，西安 710049

^2．湖北特种设备检验检测研究院，武汉 430077

通讯作者:

王云刚（1983—），男，博士，副教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230510

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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