Article(id=1319970584256172330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687795200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-27, revisedDate=1690041600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792635111154, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792635111154, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792635111154, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792635111154, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319987712212452222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2024', volume='52', issue='2', pageStart='371', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1708358400000', pubDateStr='2024-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792639194777, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792641910689, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319999103631737580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319999103631737581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1319987712212452222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=603, endPage=613, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319970584482664747, articleId=1319970584256172330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Inhibition Mechanism of Sodium Citrate on Reinforcing Steel in Extracted Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Solution, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) can reduce the carbon emissions from the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by >80%. The utilization of AAFA and the research on the electrochemical behavior of steel in AAFA have thus attracted much attention. Compared with OPC, a higher resistance to chloride-induced corrosion can be achieved in AAFA due to its high alkalinity and zeolite-like adsorption layer. However, the corrosion of steel in AAFA cannot be completely inhibited in harsh environments contaminated with chlorides.

Carboxylate groups-based corrosion inhibitors (such as sodium citrate) improve the pore structure and compressive strength of concrete, and have a high inhibition efficiency for steel. Especially at a high chloride concentration, the pitting potential (Epit) of steel treated with carboxylate groups-based corrosion inhibitors is greater than that treated with amine salt and amino acid. Therefore, sodium citrate can be considered as a promising organic corrosion inhibitor to enhance the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA. However, the inhibition mechanism of sodium citrate for steel in AAFA is still unclear. In this paper, the effect of sodium citrate on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in extracted AAFA solution under chloride attack was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization techniques, and the inhibition mechanism of sodium citrate was revealed.

Methods

In this study, the preparation of AAFA solution was carried out at room temperature ((25±2) ℃). Firstly, a low calcium fly ash was mixed with an alkali-activated solution (80 g/L NaOH solution) at a mass ratio of 1∶1, then the mixture was stirred in a closed vessel for 24 h, and finally it was filtered to remove the residues. The concentration of sodium citrate added into the AAFA solution was 100 mmol/L.

Conventional ribbed carbon steel (HRB400E) with a diameter of 16 mm was used. The electrochemical measurements, namely electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), were performed in a classic three-electrode electrochemical system, i.e., the working electrode (HRB400E steel), the reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode, SCE) and the counter electrode (platinum electrode). The surface morphology and chemical composition of steel passive films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. After chloride attack, the corrosion morphology and corrosion products of steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a model FEI Quanta 3D FEG environmental scanning electron microscope.

Results and discussion

In the absence of protective passive film, the capacitive loop of the non-passivated steel (the Blank specimen) decreases in AAFA solution containing chlorides, thereby gradually reducing the corrosion resistance of steel. However, the capacitive loop and impedance modulus (|Z|) of steel treated with citrate (the Cit specimen) increase. Citrate can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the non-passivated steel in AAFA solution containing chlorides.

Moreover, the EIS results of pre-passivated steel in chlorides-free AAFA solution show that the capacitive loop of steel treated with citrate (the P-Cit specimen) is somehow smaller than that of the blank group (the P-Blank specimen), indicating that citrate is unfavorable to the formation of steel passive films in AAFA solution. However, in the presence of chlorides, an enhanced corrosion resistance can be obtained for the P-Cit specimen, which is the same as that of the non-passivated steel.

According to the results of AFM and XPS measurements, citrate can modify the surface morphology and chemical composition of steel passive film in AAFA solution. There are a large number of fine particles on the steel surface in AAFA solution, and the surface roughness of steel is less and more uniform due to the adsorption effect of citrate, compared with that without citrate. For steel with citrate, the intensities of C—C/C—H and C==O peaks increase and the oxidation of Fe may be suppressed to a great extent. Furthermore, O2-/OH- ratio of steel passive film treated with citrate slightly decreases, and the corresponding content of bound water in steel passive film decreases.

Clearly, citrate ions can combine with iron ions to form an adsorption film on the steel surface, therefore suppressing the formation of passive film to some extent. However, when steel is attacked by chlorides, the adsorption film of citrate can prevent chloride ions from reaching steel surface. In addition, the negatively charged carboxylic acid group is also dominant in the competition with chloride ions, effectively inhibiting the depolarization of chloride ions, and finally improving the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution.

Conclusions

Although sodium citrate had a negative effect on the formation of a stable steel passive film, it was suitable for improving the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution. Citrate ions could be adsorbed on the steel surface to form an adsorption film, thereby acting an effective physical barrier. Also, citrate ions played a dominant role in the competitive adsorption with chloride ions on the steel surface. The corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution contaminated with chlorides was improved by the addition of sodium citrate.

, authors=Xiaocheng ZHOU, Man LI, Jinjie SHI, authorsList=Xiaocheng ZHOU, Man LI, Jinjie SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinjie SHI, authorNote=

ZHOU Xiaocheng (1991-), female, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
SHI Jinjie (1983-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:
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碱激发粉煤灰是一种兼具低碳与环保优势的建筑材料,具备应用于海洋等氯盐侵蚀环境的潜力。作为一种典型的羧酸盐阻锈剂,柠檬酸钠可进一步保障碱激发粉煤灰中钢筋的耐蚀性。然而,柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰体系中钢筋的阻锈机制尚未明确。基于此,本研究通过电化学测试、钝化膜表征技术和腐蚀形貌及产物分析方法研究了氯盐侵蚀作用下柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰滤液中钢筋腐蚀行为的影响,并揭示了其阻锈机制。结果表明:虽然柠檬酸钠会一定程度上影响碱激发粉煤灰体系中钢筋钝化膜的稳定性,但其不仅能与氯离子产生竞争吸附效应,还能在钢筋表面形成吸附膜,从而有效提高钢筋的耐氯盐侵蚀能力。

, authors=周霄骋, 李曼, 施锦杰, authorsList=周霄骋, 李曼, 施锦杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=施锦杰, authorNote=

周霄骋(1991—),女,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
施锦杰(1983—),男,博士,副教授。
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柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰滤液中钢筋的阻锈机制
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周霄骋 , 李曼 , 施锦杰
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2024,52(2): 603-613
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2024 , 52 (2) : 603 -613
柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰滤液中钢筋的阻锈机制
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周霄骋 , 李曼, 施锦杰
作者信息
  • 东南大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室,南京 211189
通讯作者:
施锦杰(1983—),男,博士,副教授。
作者简介:

周霄骋(1991—),女,博士研究生。

Inhibition Mechanism of Sodium Citrate on Reinforcing Steel in Extracted Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Solution
Xiaocheng ZHOU , Man LI, Jinjie SHI
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHI Jinjie (1983-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

    ZHOU Xiaocheng (1991-), female, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230442
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碱激发粉煤灰是一种兼具低碳与环保优势的建筑材料,具备应用于海洋等氯盐侵蚀环境的潜力。作为一种典型的羧酸盐阻锈剂,柠檬酸钠可进一步保障碱激发粉煤灰中钢筋的耐蚀性。然而,柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰体系中钢筋的阻锈机制尚未明确。基于此,本研究通过电化学测试、钝化膜表征技术和腐蚀形貌及产物分析方法研究了氯盐侵蚀作用下柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰滤液中钢筋腐蚀行为的影响,并揭示了其阻锈机制。结果表明:虽然柠檬酸钠会一定程度上影响碱激发粉煤灰体系中钢筋钝化膜的稳定性,但其不仅能与氯离子产生竞争吸附效应,还能在钢筋表面形成吸附膜,从而有效提高钢筋的耐氯盐侵蚀能力。

碱激发粉煤灰  /  钢筋  /  柠檬酸钠  /  钝化膜  /  阻锈机制
Introduction

Alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) can reduce the carbon emissions from the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by >80%. The utilization of AAFA and the research on the electrochemical behavior of steel in AAFA have thus attracted much attention. Compared with OPC, a higher resistance to chloride-induced corrosion can be achieved in AAFA due to its high alkalinity and zeolite-like adsorption layer. However, the corrosion of steel in AAFA cannot be completely inhibited in harsh environments contaminated with chlorides.

Carboxylate groups-based corrosion inhibitors (such as sodium citrate) improve the pore structure and compressive strength of concrete, and have a high inhibition efficiency for steel. Especially at a high chloride concentration, the pitting potential (Epit) of steel treated with carboxylate groups-based corrosion inhibitors is greater than that treated with amine salt and amino acid. Therefore, sodium citrate can be considered as a promising organic corrosion inhibitor to enhance the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA. However, the inhibition mechanism of sodium citrate for steel in AAFA is still unclear. In this paper, the effect of sodium citrate on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in extracted AAFA solution under chloride attack was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization techniques, and the inhibition mechanism of sodium citrate was revealed.

Methods

In this study, the preparation of AAFA solution was carried out at room temperature ((25±2) ℃). Firstly, a low calcium fly ash was mixed with an alkali-activated solution (80 g/L NaOH solution) at a mass ratio of 1∶1, then the mixture was stirred in a closed vessel for 24 h, and finally it was filtered to remove the residues. The concentration of sodium citrate added into the AAFA solution was 100 mmol/L.

Conventional ribbed carbon steel (HRB400E) with a diameter of 16 mm was used. The electrochemical measurements, namely electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), were performed in a classic three-electrode electrochemical system, i.e., the working electrode (HRB400E steel), the reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode, SCE) and the counter electrode (platinum electrode). The surface morphology and chemical composition of steel passive films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. After chloride attack, the corrosion morphology and corrosion products of steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a model FEI Quanta 3D FEG environmental scanning electron microscope.

Results and discussion

In the absence of protective passive film, the capacitive loop of the non-passivated steel (the Blank specimen) decreases in AAFA solution containing chlorides, thereby gradually reducing the corrosion resistance of steel. However, the capacitive loop and impedance modulus (|Z|) of steel treated with citrate (the Cit specimen) increase. Citrate can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the non-passivated steel in AAFA solution containing chlorides.

Moreover, the EIS results of pre-passivated steel in chlorides-free AAFA solution show that the capacitive loop of steel treated with citrate (the P-Cit specimen) is somehow smaller than that of the blank group (the P-Blank specimen), indicating that citrate is unfavorable to the formation of steel passive films in AAFA solution. However, in the presence of chlorides, an enhanced corrosion resistance can be obtained for the P-Cit specimen, which is the same as that of the non-passivated steel.

According to the results of AFM and XPS measurements, citrate can modify the surface morphology and chemical composition of steel passive film in AAFA solution. There are a large number of fine particles on the steel surface in AAFA solution, and the surface roughness of steel is less and more uniform due to the adsorption effect of citrate, compared with that without citrate. For steel with citrate, the intensities of C—C/C—H and C==O peaks increase and the oxidation of Fe may be suppressed to a great extent. Furthermore, O2-/OH- ratio of steel passive film treated with citrate slightly decreases, and the corresponding content of bound water in steel passive film decreases.

Clearly, citrate ions can combine with iron ions to form an adsorption film on the steel surface, therefore suppressing the formation of passive film to some extent. However, when steel is attacked by chlorides, the adsorption film of citrate can prevent chloride ions from reaching steel surface. In addition, the negatively charged carboxylic acid group is also dominant in the competition with chloride ions, effectively inhibiting the depolarization of chloride ions, and finally improving the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution.

Conclusions

Although sodium citrate had a negative effect on the formation of a stable steel passive film, it was suitable for improving the corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution. Citrate ions could be adsorbed on the steel surface to form an adsorption film, thereby acting an effective physical barrier. Also, citrate ions played a dominant role in the competitive adsorption with chloride ions on the steel surface. The corrosion resistance of steel in AAFA solution contaminated with chlorides was improved by the addition of sodium citrate.

alkali-activated fly ash  /  reinforcing steel  /  sodium citrate  /  passive film  /  inhibition mechanism
周霄骋, 李曼, 施锦杰. 柠檬酸钠对碱激发粉煤灰滤液中钢筋的阻锈机制. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (2) : 603 -613 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230442
Xiaocheng ZHOU, Man LI, Jinjie SHI. Inhibition Mechanism of Sodium Citrate on Reinforcing Steel in Extracted Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Solution[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (2) : 603 -613 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230442
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB3802000; 2021YFB3802005)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230442
  • 接收时间:2023-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27
  • 修回日期:2023-07-23
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFB3802000; 2021YFB3802005)
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    东南大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室,南京 211189

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施锦杰(1983—),男,博士,副教授。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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