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This paper introduces the stability problem of axially compressed members using Euler's formula, noting that it is applicable only within the elastic range and mentioning Engesser's tangent modulus theory for non-elastic cases. The derivation process of Euler's formula is also presented. It is pointed out that Euler's formula is based on the small-deflection theory, and a calculation method for the stability bearing capacity of axially compressed members is further developed based on the large-deflection theory. Analysis shows that the Euler critical force obtained using the small-deflection theory is appropriate as the stability capacity.

, authors=Lijun Wang, authorsList=Lijun Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279793165842498134, articleId=1279793164802310732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=CN, title=杆件稳定:轴压杆稳定, columnId=1279793165150437967, journalTitle=钢结构(中英文), columnName=钢结构稳定设计, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由欧拉公式引出轴压杆稳定问题,指出欧拉公式只适用于弹性范围,并提及应用于非弹性范围的恩格塞尔切线模量理论。同时介绍了欧拉公式的推导过程,指出欧拉公式基于小挠度理论,引出基于大挠度理论的轴压杆稳定承载力计算方法。通过分析可知,采用小挠度理论得到的欧拉临界力作为稳定承载力是合适的。

, authors=王立军, authorsList=王立军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

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王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

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王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

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杆件稳定:轴压杆稳定
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王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

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王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

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王立军
作者信息
  • 1华诚博远工程技术集团有限公司,北京 100043
作者简介:

王立军,教授级高级工程师,主要从事超高层结构和复杂大跨钢结构、工程抗震等方面的研究。 Email:

Member Stability: Stability of Axially Compressed Members
Lijun Wang
Affiliations
  • 1Huachengboyuan Engineering Technology Group,Beijing 100043,China
出版时间: 2026-05-22 doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS26050735
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由欧拉公式引出轴压杆稳定问题,指出欧拉公式只适用于弹性范围,并提及应用于非弹性范围的恩格塞尔切线模量理论。同时介绍了欧拉公式的推导过程,指出欧拉公式基于小挠度理论,引出基于大挠度理论的轴压杆稳定承载力计算方法。通过分析可知,采用小挠度理论得到的欧拉临界力作为稳定承载力是合适的。

欧拉公式  /  切线模量理论  /  大挠度理论

This paper introduces the stability problem of axially compressed members using Euler's formula, noting that it is applicable only within the elastic range and mentioning Engesser's tangent modulus theory for non-elastic cases. The derivation process of Euler's formula is also presented. It is pointed out that Euler's formula is based on the small-deflection theory, and a calculation method for the stability bearing capacity of axially compressed members is further developed based on the large-deflection theory. Analysis shows that the Euler critical force obtained using the small-deflection theory is appropriate as the stability capacity.

Euler's formula  /  tangent modulus theory  /  large-deflection theory
王立军. 杆件稳定:轴压杆稳定. 钢结构(中英文), 2026 , 41 (5) : 84 -86 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS26050735
Lijun Wang. Member Stability: Stability of Axially Compressed Members[J]. Steel Construction, 2026 , 41 (5) : 84 -86 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS26050735
开篇语:这是为立志成为钢结构设计专家的专业人员写的系列文章。不同于通常的钢结构研究论文,也不是普通的钢结构设计的经验总结,它以具有基本的钢结构设计理论和独立设计能力的钢结构设计工程师为读者对象,通过对钢结构稳定理论及应用的深入剖析,厘清钢结构稳定理论与设计规范的关系,助力有志从事钢结构设计的从业人员走向专家行列。
本系列的内容也不同于钢结构教材和钢结构设计方面的书籍。它不追求内容的全面,而是把重点放在钢结构设计的提高和创新方面,着重体现钢结构稳定的合理设计方法。
“钢结构稳定设计”包含杆件稳定、板件稳定和结构稳定三部分,本系列文章拟刊登第一部分杆件稳定,分12期刊出,每月一期。文章写作很有特点,每节有一个小标题,可单独成立,解决一个具体问题。这样读者可以把系列内容当成参考书,直接读自己感兴趣的相关内容。
本系列内容是笔者几十年来从事钢结构研究和设计的一些收获和体会,愿与业内同仁探讨,共同提高,也希望得到大家的批评指正。
全国工程勘察设计大师、华诚博远工程技术集团有限公司首席科学家 王立军
2026.5.7 北京
在力学研究的长河中,没有一个领域像轴压杆屈曲问题那样,具有如此复杂而变换的历史。欧拉(Euler)于1759年推导出著名的欧拉公式1。欧拉公式适用于弹性范围,因而能很好解释长柱的稳定问题。对于非弹性范围,比如中长柱,会发生屈服先于屈曲的情况,此时欧拉公式不再适用。
1889年,德国人恩格塞尔(Engesser F)2将欧拉公式扩展到非弹性范围,提出了切线模量理论,之后,又于1895年提出了双模量理论。至此,轴压杆弹性和非弹性屈曲问题从理论上得到解决。
一般来说,对于细长柱、薄板或薄壳类受压构件,会在材料达到屈服强度(严格的说是比例极限)之前,出现弹性失稳。而对于一般情况,如中长柱,轴压下通常屈服先于弹性屈曲发生。
轴压力P作用下(图1)的两端铰接杆,屈曲时处于微弯变形状态,x处外力弯矩为Py,内力弯矩为EIΦ=-EIy'',此处y为杆件在x处的横向变形,Φ为曲率。考虑微小弯曲变形,曲率Φ可近似表示为变形的二次微分,即Φ=-y'',由此得到线性微分方程为:
EIy''+Py=0
式中:E为弹性模量;I为截面惯性矩。
α2=PEI,则:
y''+α2y=0
式(2)的通解为:
y=Asin αx+Bcos αx
式中:AB为系数。
由边界条件y(0)=0y(l)=0,得到B=0,以及:
Asin αl=0
式(4)有2个解:
A=0
sin αl=0
式(5)的解为αl=π2πnπ,代入α2=PEI 得到:
P=n2π2EIl2
式(6)中取n=1得到P的最小值PE,即:
PE=π2EIl2
PE即为欧拉临界力。将B=0,α=πl代入式(3),得到微小弯曲变形曲线为:
y=Asinπxl
由于采用小变形理论,挠度y只有形状没有数值。小挠度理论对欧拉临界力的解释为:当P<PE时,y=0,杆件为直线形式;当P=PE时,杆件发生分叉失稳,挠度为与直线无限接近的正弦曲线。
将式(7)写成临界应力的形式,得到:
σc=π2E(l/r)2
式中:l为杆件几何长度;r为杆件截面回转半径。式(7)的欧拉临界力为理想直杆屈曲承载力。由于初挠度和荷载偏心的存在,使得两端铰接的实际压杆的承载力永远小于式(7)的欧拉临界力PE,而这更加反衬出欧拉的精妙和伟大。
欧拉公式采用小挠度理论计算轴压杆的屈曲承载力,以Φ=-y''为基本假定。实际上,曲率的精确值为Φ=-y''1+y'23/2,由此,得到采用大挠度理论的非线性微分方程3为:
EI-y''1+y'23/2+Py=0
将曲率表示为倾角θ与弧长s的形式,即Φ=-dθ/ds,如图2所示,式(10)可写成:
EIdθds+Py=0
对式(11)弧长求导,并利用dyds=sin θ α2=PEI,得到:
d2θds2+ α2sin θ=0
对式(12)进行求解,可得到大挠度理论屈曲荷载P与端部转角θ0的关系式[式(13a)],以及中点挠度v与端部转角θ0的关系式[式(13b)]:
PPE=4K2π2
vl=pK
式中:pK为与端部转角θ0相关的函数。
由此,知道θ0就可由式(13)得到临界力P和中点挠度v
图3为大挠度理论下轴压杆荷载-挠度曲线,荷载作用点下降距离d为端部转角θ0的函数。由计算可知,由大挠度理论计算公式(13)得到的屈曲荷载高于小挠度理论公式(7)的屈曲荷载,但以中点挠度的迅速增大为代价。当θ0为5°,P超过PE的1‰时,挠度达到杆件长度的3%;θ0达到30°时,P超过PE的3%,挠度达到杆件长度的16%。考虑到即使对于细长杆,此时也进入弹塑性状态,故采用小挠度理论得到的欧拉临界力作为稳定承载力是合适的。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Euler L. Memoires de l’academie de berlin[M]. Berlin: Academie de Berlin, 1759.
2
Engesser F. Knickfragen[J]. Schweizerische Bauzeitung189526: 197-200.
3
陈骥.钢结构稳定理论与设计[M]. 6 版.北京:科学出版社,2014.
2026年第41卷第5期
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doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS26050735
  • 接收时间:2026-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-07-03
  • 出版时间:2026-05-22
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    1华诚博远工程技术集团有限公司,北京 100043
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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