Article(id=1279793084569464916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13206/j.gjgS25071201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752249600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783056048767, onlineDateStr=2026-07-03, pubDate=1779379200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783056048767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783056048767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783056048767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279793083097269247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, year='2026', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='88', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779379200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783056048416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783056895775, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279796637363048955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279796637367243260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279793084863066198, articleId=1279793084569464916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=EN, title=Mechanical Response Mechanism of Steel-Concrete Composite Continuous Beams Under Fire, columnId=1279793084791763029, journalTitle=Steel Construction, columnName=Fire Performance and Fire Protection of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper employed the ABAQUS finite element (FE) software to conduct a three-dimensional shell-solid FE analysis on the fire resistance of steel-concrete composite continuous beams. Based on validation of the FE model, the effects of load ratio, load position ratio, shear connection ratio, and fire protection layer thickness of steel beams on the fire resistance of continuous beams were subsequently investigated. Additionally, the relations between the variation of internal forces and the deformation stages of composite continuous beams under fire were elucidated. It further revealed the mechanical response mechanisms, including the interface slip behavior, the formation of plastic hinges, and the failure modes. Based on these findings, a differentiated fire protection design strategy of “reinforcing the side spans while simplifying the mid-span” was proposed. The analysis results revealed that: 1) The mid-span of the three-span continuous beam underwent four deformation stages: elastic, elastoplastic, plastic, and catenary action. The catenary effect reduced the required thickness of the fire protection layer. As the restraint stiffness decreased, particularly in the edge span of the continuous beam, the failure mode of the beam shifted from overall lateral instability to failure due to insufficient bearing capacity. In such cases, the fire resistance was equivalent to that of a simply-supported beam due to the absence of the catenary effect. 2) Due to the thermal expansion of the composite beam being constrained by the intermediate supports, a large negative bending moment was generated. Consequently, the plastic hinge at the supports formed earlier than that at the mid-span. Additionally, the positive bending moment at the mid-span of the composite continuous beam decreased or even reversed to negative in the early stages of the fire. Throughout the fire exposure, the continuous beam underwent a significant redistribution of internal forces. 3) The fire resistance of the composite continuous beam was almost unaffected by the shear connection degree η. However, when the steel beam had no fire protection, the end slip decreased significantly with increases in η. As the thickness of the fire protection layer increased, the influence of η on the beam-end displacement weakened, and the end slip was markedly reduced. 4) For composite beams with a load ratio of 0.4, a differentiated fire protection strategy was adopted, which was characterized as “reinforcing the side spans while simplifying the mid-span”. Specifically, the fire protection thickness for the side spans was determined in accordance with the calculation method for simply-supported beams stipulated in the GB 51249—2017 Code for Fire Safety of Steel Structures in Buildings. For the mid-span, fire protection could be omitted entirely, or a minimal layer could be applied to mitigate early-stage deflection during a fire.

, authors=Wenjun Wang1, Faxing Ding1, 2, Binhui Jiang1, Xia Yan1, Fei Lyu1, Liping Wang1, authorsList=Wenjun Wang, Faxing Ding, Binhui Jiang, Xia Yan, Fei Lyu, Liping Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Faxing Ding, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279793092563808378, articleId=1279793084569464916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=CN, title=火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁力学响应机理, columnId=1279793084942757975, journalTitle=钢结构(中英文), columnName=钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

应用ABAQUS有限元软件对钢-混凝土组合连续梁的抗火性能进行了三维壳-实体有限元分析,在试验验证的基础上探讨荷载比、荷载位置比、剪力连接度和钢梁防火保护层厚度等参数对连续梁抗火性能的影响,阐明火灾下组合连续梁内力变化规律与其变形阶段之间的联系,揭示火灾下组合连续梁的界面滑移规律、塑性铰形成规律和破坏模式等力学响应机理,提出“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计建议。分析结果表明:1)三跨连续梁的中跨,其变形经历弹性、弹塑性、塑性及悬链线效应四个阶段,悬链线效应使得其所需的防火保护层厚度减少;随着约束刚度的减小(如连续梁的边跨),梁的失效模式由整体侧向失稳转为承载力不足而失效,此时因无悬链线效应,其抗火性能相当于简支梁。2)组合梁升温膨胀受到多余支座的约束,产生较大的负弯矩,其支座处塑性铰形成的时间早于跨中。此外,组合连续梁跨中截面正弯矩值在受火初期减小甚至可能转变为负弯矩。受火过程中,连续梁产生了剧烈的内力重分布。3)组合连续梁的耐火极限几乎不受剪力连接度η的影响,钢梁无防火保护层时,连续梁梁端滑移值随着η的增加而显著减小;随着防火保护层厚度的增加,剪力连接度η对梁端滑移的影响减弱,且梁端滑移值显著减小。4)针对工程中常见荷载比0.4的组合梁,可采用“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计,即边跨防火保护层厚度按GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》中简支梁计算,中跨可不进行防火保护或为减小受火初期的挠度略微进行防火保护。

, authors=王文君1, 丁发兴1, 2, 蒋彬辉1, 严夏1, 吕飞1, 王莉萍1, authorsList=王文君, 丁发兴, 蒋彬辉, 严夏, 吕飞, 王莉萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁发兴, authorNote=

王文君,博士,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

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丁发兴,博士,教授,
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王文君,博士,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

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王文君,博士,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

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label=Fig.16, caption=Schematic diagram of displacement distribution and plastic hinge formation in a three-span continuous beam under local fire conditions, figureFileSmall=rgZId/r9NS0mSQNRQIDPHQ==, figureFileBig=piiN2LtaW+pk7c2CXAl49w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793101199880393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=CN, label=图16, caption=局部火灾工况下三跨连续梁位移分布及塑性铰形成示意 m, figureFileSmall=rgZId/r9NS0mSQNRQIDPHQ==, figureFileBig=piiN2LtaW+pk7c2CXAl49w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793101275377866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Influence of local fire conditions on the fire resistance of composite continuous beams, figureFileSmall=EcBu8ELcr/J0n2guFPqGgQ==, figureFileBig=H9ZPqOCjdEzekZD9ZvMKzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793101342486731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=CN, label=图17, caption=局部火灾工况对组合连续梁抗火性能的影响, figureFileSmall=EcBu8ELcr/J0n2guFPqGgQ==, figureFileBig=H9ZPqOCjdEzekZD9ZvMKzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793101409595596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Properties of specimens

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试验来源试件编号屈服强度fy/MPa混凝土立方体抗压强度fcu/MPa钢筋保护层厚度c/mm荷载Fb/kN
钢梁钢筋
张岗等[2]S23744457525100
S33724457525100
), ArticleFig(id=1279793101480898765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验试件属性

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试验来源试件编号屈服强度fy/MPa混凝土立方体抗压强度fcu/MPa钢筋保护层厚度c/mm荷载Fb/kN
钢梁钢筋
张岗等[2]S23744457525100
S33724457525100
), ArticleFig(id=1279793101543813326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific parameters of composite continuous beam models

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编号μηθb/mm边界条件跨数火灾工况耐火极限/min
CB-10.2102两跨20
CB-20.3102两跨18
CB-30.4102两跨16
CB-40.2102两跨55
CB-50.2102两跨96
CB-60.41102两跨61
CB-70.41302两跨111
CB-80.20.502两跨20
CB-90.20.5102两跨61
CB-100.20.5302两跨111
CB-110.2103边跨20
CB-120.4103中跨120
CB-130.4103边跨和中跨16
CB-140.4103三跨15
CB-150.21202两跨107
), ArticleFig(id=1279793101627699407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793084569464916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

组合连续梁模型具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号μηθb/mm边界条件跨数火灾工况耐火极限/min
CB-10.2102两跨20
CB-20.3102两跨18
CB-30.4102两跨16
CB-40.2102两跨55
CB-50.2102两跨96
CB-60.41102两跨61
CB-70.41302两跨111
CB-80.20.502两跨20
CB-90.20.5102两跨61
CB-100.20.5302两跨111
CB-110.2103边跨20
CB-120.4103中跨120
CB-130.4103边跨和中跨16
CB-140.4103三跨15
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火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁力学响应机理
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王文君 1 , 丁发兴 1, 2 , 蒋彬辉 1 , 严夏 1 , 吕飞 1 , 王莉萍 1
钢结构(中英文) | 钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026,41(5): 24-34
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钢结构(中英文) |钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026 , 41 (5) : 24 -34
火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁力学响应机理
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王文君1, 丁发兴1, 2 , 蒋彬辉1, 严夏1, 吕飞1, 王莉萍1
作者信息
  • 1中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075
  • 2湖南省装配式建筑工程技术研究中心,长沙 410075
通讯作者:
丁发兴,博士,教授,
作者简介:

王文君,博士,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

Mechanical Response Mechanism of Steel-Concrete Composite Continuous Beams Under Fire
Wenjun Wang1, Faxing Ding1, 2 , Binhui Jiang1, Xia Yan1, Fei Lyu1, Liping Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
  • 2Engineering Technology Research Center for Prefabricated Construction Industrialization of Hunan Province, Changsha 410075, China
出版时间: 2026-05-22 doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25071201
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应用ABAQUS有限元软件对钢-混凝土组合连续梁的抗火性能进行了三维壳-实体有限元分析,在试验验证的基础上探讨荷载比、荷载位置比、剪力连接度和钢梁防火保护层厚度等参数对连续梁抗火性能的影响,阐明火灾下组合连续梁内力变化规律与其变形阶段之间的联系,揭示火灾下组合连续梁的界面滑移规律、塑性铰形成规律和破坏模式等力学响应机理,提出“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计建议。分析结果表明:1)三跨连续梁的中跨,其变形经历弹性、弹塑性、塑性及悬链线效应四个阶段,悬链线效应使得其所需的防火保护层厚度减少;随着约束刚度的减小(如连续梁的边跨),梁的失效模式由整体侧向失稳转为承载力不足而失效,此时因无悬链线效应,其抗火性能相当于简支梁。2)组合梁升温膨胀受到多余支座的约束,产生较大的负弯矩,其支座处塑性铰形成的时间早于跨中。此外,组合连续梁跨中截面正弯矩值在受火初期减小甚至可能转变为负弯矩。受火过程中,连续梁产生了剧烈的内力重分布。3)组合连续梁的耐火极限几乎不受剪力连接度η的影响,钢梁无防火保护层时,连续梁梁端滑移值随着η的增加而显著减小;随着防火保护层厚度的增加,剪力连接度η对梁端滑移的影响减弱,且梁端滑移值显著减小。4)针对工程中常见荷载比0.4的组合梁,可采用“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计,即边跨防火保护层厚度按GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》中简支梁计算,中跨可不进行防火保护或为减小受火初期的挠度略微进行防火保护。

钢-混凝土组合连续梁  /  耐火极限  /  力学响应机理  /  内力重分布  /  剪力连接度

This paper employed the ABAQUS finite element (FE) software to conduct a three-dimensional shell-solid FE analysis on the fire resistance of steel-concrete composite continuous beams. Based on validation of the FE model, the effects of load ratio, load position ratio, shear connection ratio, and fire protection layer thickness of steel beams on the fire resistance of continuous beams were subsequently investigated. Additionally, the relations between the variation of internal forces and the deformation stages of composite continuous beams under fire were elucidated. It further revealed the mechanical response mechanisms, including the interface slip behavior, the formation of plastic hinges, and the failure modes. Based on these findings, a differentiated fire protection design strategy of “reinforcing the side spans while simplifying the mid-span” was proposed. The analysis results revealed that: 1) The mid-span of the three-span continuous beam underwent four deformation stages: elastic, elastoplastic, plastic, and catenary action. The catenary effect reduced the required thickness of the fire protection layer. As the restraint stiffness decreased, particularly in the edge span of the continuous beam, the failure mode of the beam shifted from overall lateral instability to failure due to insufficient bearing capacity. In such cases, the fire resistance was equivalent to that of a simply-supported beam due to the absence of the catenary effect. 2) Due to the thermal expansion of the composite beam being constrained by the intermediate supports, a large negative bending moment was generated. Consequently, the plastic hinge at the supports formed earlier than that at the mid-span. Additionally, the positive bending moment at the mid-span of the composite continuous beam decreased or even reversed to negative in the early stages of the fire. Throughout the fire exposure, the continuous beam underwent a significant redistribution of internal forces. 3) The fire resistance of the composite continuous beam was almost unaffected by the shear connection degree η. However, when the steel beam had no fire protection, the end slip decreased significantly with increases in η. As the thickness of the fire protection layer increased, the influence of η on the beam-end displacement weakened, and the end slip was markedly reduced. 4) For composite beams with a load ratio of 0.4, a differentiated fire protection strategy was adopted, which was characterized as “reinforcing the side spans while simplifying the mid-span”. Specifically, the fire protection thickness for the side spans was determined in accordance with the calculation method for simply-supported beams stipulated in the GB 51249—2017 Code for Fire Safety of Steel Structures in Buildings. For the mid-span, fire protection could be omitted entirely, or a minimal layer could be applied to mitigate early-stage deflection during a fire.

steel-concrete composite continuous beam  /  fire resistance limit  /  mechanical response mechanism  /  redistribution of internal forces  /  shear connection degree
王文君, 丁发兴, 蒋彬辉, 严夏, 吕飞, 王莉萍. 火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁力学响应机理. 钢结构(中英文), 2026 , 41 (5) : 24 -34 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25071201
Wenjun Wang, Faxing Ding, Binhui Jiang, Xia Yan, Fei Lyu, Liping Wang. Mechanical Response Mechanism of Steel-Concrete Composite Continuous Beams Under Fire[J]. Steel Construction, 2026 , 41 (5) : 24 -34 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25071201
钢-混凝土组合梁具有刚度大,截面高度小,施工方便等优点,在建筑与桥梁结构中得到普遍运用,并朝着大跨度方向发展。由于混凝土板的吸热作用,组合梁的抗火性能优于钢梁,但仍在较短的受火时间内产生大变形。已有的组合简支梁的火灾试验结果表明1,组合简支梁由于抗弯承载力不足产生较大的挠度而失效,且失效时钢梁未发生局部屈曲。与组合简支梁相比,受火的组合连续梁的变形受到更多支座的约束,其变形与失效模式将发生改变。已有试验结果表明1-3,受火过程中,连续梁的变形小于简支梁,钢梁腹板与下翼缘发生局部屈曲,连续梁由于抗剪承载力不足或因支座处与跨中处相继形成塑性铰后使得连续梁成为机构而失效。
有限元方面,学者们采用ABAQUS或ANSYS有限元软件对钢-混凝土连续箱梁4-5、双肋工字梁6、纵向加劲肋增强组合梁7以及预应力组合连续梁8的抗火性能进行了相关研究,分析了各参数对其抗火性能及破坏模式的影响,阐述了高温下连续梁的变形三阶段过程,提出了相应构造措施来提升组合连续梁的耐火韧性。结果表明:双肋工字钢连续梁边跨受火时,表现为整体垮塌破坏,中跨受火时,表现为挠曲破坏;预应力组合连续梁的跨高比大于10时,可忽略预应力对组合梁抗火性能的影响;负弯矩区配置纵向加劲肋的组合梁的下翼缘与腹板未发生局部屈曲,抗火性能得到显著提升;连续梁的抗火性能随着荷载比与跨高比的减小而增加。
由上述研究结果可知,受火过程中连续梁内(应)力重分布规律与变形阶段之间的联系、栓钉工作规律、剪力连接度对连续梁抗火性能的影响等力学响应机理仍需深入研究。为此,本文的主要工作如下:
1)基于合理的材料热工参数和热-力本构关系,应用ABAQUS有限元软件建立火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁温度场和热-力场的三维壳-实体有限元模型,用已有文献试验结果的温度及变形验证模型的准确性;
2)阐明火灾下组合连续梁内力变化规律与其变形阶段之间的联系,揭示火灾下组合连续梁的界面滑移规律、栓钉工作规律、塑性铰形成规律和破坏模式等力学响应机理;
3)开展火灾下钢-混凝土组合连续梁的参数分析,探讨荷载比、边界条件、剪力连接度、局部火灾工况以及钢梁防火保护层厚度等参数对钢-混凝土组合连续梁抗火性能与力学响应机理的影响。
由于混凝土的热工性能受其配合比、含水率与温度等因素的影响,本文混凝土导热系数采用Lie9建议公式,混凝土比热容在Eurocode 410建议公式上放大1.3倍11,混凝土的密度取2500 kg/m3。钢材的导热系数与比热容分别采用Lie12与李引擎等13建议公式,钢材的密度取7850 kg/m3。组合梁受火面和背火面的综合辐射系数为0.7 W/(m2·K)14,钢梁与混凝土翼板采用面面接触,接触热阻为100 W/(m2·K))15-16。文献[17]中,组合连续梁火灾试验采用碳氢火灾升温曲线,Eurocode 114建议当使用碳氢火灾升温曲线时,受火面的对流换热系数取50 W/(m2·K)。考虑到试验升温曲线的温度高于ISO 834曲线但低于碳氢升温曲线,因此对流换热系数取30 W/(m2·K),背火面的对流换热系数取4 W/(m2·K)14。闭合箱梁内部考虑空腔辐射,综合辐射系数取0.25 W/(m2·K),如图1所示。混凝土采用八结点传热分析单元(DC3D8),钢筋与栓钉采用两结点传热连接单元(DC1D2),钢梁采用四结点传热壳单元(DS4),采用结构化网格划分方式。
热-力场模型部件的结点编号与温度场模型一致,温度场计算结果作为预定义场导入热-力场模型中。
高温下混凝土总应变(εc,total)为应力作用产生的应变(εc,σ)、瞬态热应变(εc,tr)、高温徐变(εc,cr)和自由膨胀应变(εc,th)之和,其中应力产生的应变采用Ding和Yu等提出的单轴拉压本构关系18,高温徐变、瞬态热应变和自由膨胀应变采用过镇海等19提出的公式,混凝土的泊松比取值为0.2。高温下钢材总应变为自由膨胀应变(εs,th)、高温蠕变(εs,cr)和应力应变(εs,σ)三部分之和。火灾下钢-混凝土组合简支梁有限元模型中,钢材考虑高温蠕变时,有限元计算变形结果与试验相比偏大,而将钢材高温蠕变隐含考虑在应力引起的应变中时,有限元计算变形反而与试验值吻合良好20,因此本文未额外考虑高温蠕变。钢筋高温塑性本构模型采用欧洲规范217推荐公式,膨胀应变采用过镇海等19提出的表达式,钢材的泊松比取值为0.3。上述本构模型的适用性在组合简支梁、约束梁与钢筋混凝土板中已得到验证21-25
丁发兴提出由损伤比强度理论确定膨胀角φ、压子午线与拉子午线强度比值K及以及二轴等压与单轴受压强度比值fcc/fc等参数26-27,三轴强度参数取值如下:φ取40°,K取2/3,流动偏角取0.1,fcc/fc为1.277,黏性系数取0.005。
连续梁模型中,两个边支座约束X轴和Y轴的平动,中间支座约束X轴、Y轴和Z轴方向的平动,如图2所示,图中Fb为梁顶施加的集中荷载。混凝土与钢柱、钢梁与混凝土板之间都采用面面接触,加载板与混凝土上表面采用绑定约束,钢筋与栓钉内置于混凝土中。混凝土、钢柱与加载板采用实体单元(C3D8R),钢梁采用壳单元(S4R),钢筋采用桁架单元(T3D2),栓钉采用梁单元(B31)。
本文采用张岗等2进行的两跨组合连续梁火灾试验对有限元模型进行验证。钢梁的横截面尺寸、钢梁与混凝土板之间的连接方式、温度测点的位置及试验梁的详细构造见图3,试件材料参数取值详见表1。S2的上下翼缘及腹板、S3的上翼缘及腹板厚度均为6 mm,S3的下翼缘钢板厚度为10 mm。此外,S2与S3的钢梁腹板配置间距475 mm的横向加劲肋。
组合连续梁的单跨跨度为2850 mm,梁总长为6100 mm,混凝土板宽度和高度分别为700和100 mm。连续梁在受火跨施加单个荷载,荷载加到目标值时持续一段时间后开始升温,通过布置的热电耦采集炉内空气和构件温度分布,通过布置的位移计来测量组合梁的挠度值。组合梁的立面、试验现场、受火区域和加载位置如图4所示。
组合连续梁各温度测点处有限元计算温度与试验温度对比如图5所示,图中各测点的位置见图3。由于模型采用的表面热交换系数与实际工况存在差异,以及混凝土的导热系数与比热容受含水率、骨料体积分数与孔隙率等多因素影响,不同试件之间混凝土的导热系数与比热容有一定的离散性。因此,整体上有限元计算温度与试验实测温度有一定的温差,但总体而言,吻合良好。
组合连续梁有限元计算位移值与试验值对比如图6所示。试验中,组合连续梁中间支座附近的板顶混凝土出现较多的裂缝,受火跨组合梁的转动受到的约束减弱,而有限元模型中没有考虑裂缝的影响,因此有限元计算的S2与S3受火跨的位移值小于试验值,有限元计算的非受火跨在受火10 min后位移恢复值小于试验值。总体而言,有限元计算位移值与试验结果吻合良好。
S2的有限元计算变形云图与试验对比如图7所示。可见,受火过程中,连续梁S2的钢梁腹板及下翼缘发生局部屈曲,有限元计算变形与试验变形吻合良好。综上所述,本文建立的有限元模型是合理的。
在标准升温曲线ISO 834下,分析荷载比(μ)、边界条件、剪力连接度(η钢梁防火保护层厚度(θb)和局部受火工况对组合连续梁抗火性能的影响。荷载比(μ)为荷载产生的弯矩与常温下塑性弯矩的比值。基本模型参数为:混凝土立方体抗压强度fcu=30 MPa,钢梁屈服强度fy=300 MPa,钢筋与栓钉屈服强度fy=400 MPa。组合连续梁基础模型的尺寸、支撑方式和受火工况如图8所示,防火保护层的热工参数参照GB 50936—2014《钢管混凝土结构技术规范》28的建议取值:导热系数为0.116 W/(m·℃),比热容为1024 J/(kg·℃),密度为500 kg/m3,模型参数的具体取值见表2
高温下,组合连续梁截面内力发生重分布现象,根据受火过程中组合连续梁典型截面弯矩与变形特征,将其高温下的力学响应分为以下三个阶段:弹性、弹塑性以及塑性变形阶段。以CB-1为例阐述高温下组合连续梁力学响应过程,如图9所示,图中Mm为有限元计算跨中截面弯矩值,Ms为有限元计算支座截面弯矩值,MuT,P为高温下正弯矩承载力,MuT,N为高温下负弯矩承载力,为直观对比,图中负弯矩取其绝对值。火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁的正弯矩承载力(MuT,P)与负弯矩承载力采用GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》29建议公式计算。
第一阶段(OA):弹性阶段,A点为支座截面塑性屈服点。只承担集中荷载的组合连续梁跨中截面弯矩为正,支座截面弯矩为负。受火后,组合梁升温膨胀受到多余支座的约束,产生较大的负弯矩,则跨中截面正弯矩值减小,支座处负弯矩增大,受火至A时刻时,支座截面的弯矩达到其高温负抗弯承载力MuT,N,形成第一个塑性铰。此阶段,组合连续梁变形较小,中支座b的反力增加,边支座a的反力减小。
第二阶段(AB):弹塑性阶段,B点为组合连续梁跨中截面弯矩值最小点。随着温度的继续增加(200~420 ℃),组合梁升温膨胀产生的负弯矩仍大于变形产生的正弯矩,则跨中截面正弯矩值继续减小,受火至B时刻时,跨中截面的正弯矩值达到最小值。此阶段,组合梁的变形速率略微增加,中支座b的反力继续增加,边支座a的反力继续减小。
第三阶段(BC):塑性阶段,C点为组合连续梁失效点。B点后,钢梁材料性能劣化较为严重,组合梁抗弯承载力下降迅速,变形速率显著增加,则其跨中截面正弯矩值增加,受火至C时刻时,连续梁跨中截面弯矩达到其高温抗弯承载力MuT,P,形成第二个塑性铰而失效。此阶段中支座b的反力减少,边支座a的反力增加。
图10为连续组合梁CB-1不同位置处栓钉根部受力性能随受火时间的变化曲线。可见,相同位置处的栓钉根部剪力值与应力值随受火时间增加而变化的趋势几乎一致,1/2跨处栓钉的剪力与应力值增加的速率显著高于其他位置处的栓钉。受火过程中,边支座处栓钉剪力与应力值较小,而中支座处栓钉的剪力与应力值随受火时间的增加而显著增加,各位置处的栓钉在受火过程中未屈服。梁端滑移随受火时间的增加而显著增加,且显著大于常温下的滑移值。
算例CB-1、CB-2和CB-3的设计荷载比分别为0.2、0.3和0.4。由图11可见,不同μ下的组合连续梁达到力学响应转折点AB的时间较为接近。由图9图11可看出,当μ从0.2增加到0.4时,组合梁耐火极限从20 min降低到16 min。
边界条件对组合连续梁抗火性能的影响如图12所示,图中负弯矩未取其绝对值。可见,不同边界条件下,都为支座截面先达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第一个塑性铰。BC阶段,由于材料性能退化,连续梁的变形速率显著增加。受火至C时刻时,算例CB-4与CB-5的跨中截面达到塑性抗弯承载力,但由于其轴向膨胀受到约束,产生了悬链线效应,仍能继续承载,即连续梁的变形进入第四阶段:悬链线效应CD阶段。CD阶段,组合梁升温速率减缓,变形速率减小。最终算例CB-4与CB-5由于整体侧向失稳而失效,如图12中钢梁变形所示。相比较于算例CB-1,算例CB-5的耐火极限提升了76 min。由于轴向膨胀受到的约束较强,算例CB-4与CB-5跨中截面的正弯矩在受火初期转变为负弯矩。
算例CB-6与CB-7的钢梁防火保护层厚度θb分别为10 mm和30 mm,钢梁保护层厚度θb对组合连续梁抗火性能的影响如图13所示。可见,由于防火保护层显著降低了钢梁升温速率,则截面抗弯承载力与跨中截面正弯矩减小的速率减缓。因此,连续梁的支座截面达到塑性抗弯承载力与跨中截面正弯矩达到最小值的时间随着θb的增加而延后,抗火性能得到提升。当θb由0 mm增加到30 mm时,连续梁的第一、二、三阶段的持续时间分别增加了30,27,38 min。当θb为30 mm时,组合连续梁的耐火极限接近2 h。
剪力连接度η对组合连续梁抗火性能的影响如图14所示,剪力连接度η的计算参见GB 50017—2017《钢结构设计标准》30。可见:1)相同钢梁防火保护层厚度θb下,连续梁的竖向位移几乎不随η的改变而变化。2)仅受静力作用时,钢梁水平位移值小于混凝土翼板水平位移值,且梁端滑移值为负。受火后,θb为0 mm的钢梁升温膨胀迅速,钢梁的水平位移值快速增加,梁端滑移值迅速转变为正值且随着受火时间的增加而增加。3)当θb不为0 mm时,钢梁升温膨胀速率减缓,在受火初期,钢梁水平位移值仍小于混凝土翼板水平位移值,梁端滑移值增加。受火分别约为30 min与40 min时,θb为10 mm与30 mm的钢梁水平位移值大于混凝土翼板,梁端滑移方向发生了改变。4)θb为0 mm时,η为1的连续梁的梁端滑移显著小于η为0.5的连续梁,而当θb为10 mm与20 mm时,不同η下的梁端滑移值较为接近。
以钢梁防火保护层厚度θb为0 mm的组合连续梁为例阐述剪力连接度η对其栓钉受力性能的影响,如图15所示。可见:随着剪力连接度η的减小,栓钉根部的剪力与应力值都增加,且支座处栓钉剪力与应力值增加的幅度最为显著;当η为0.5时,连续梁边支座处的栓钉受火约5 min时屈服。
图16为三跨钢-混凝土组合连续梁分别作用于边跨受火(CB-11),中跨受火(CB-12),边跨和中跨共同受火(CB-13)和三跨同时受火(CB-14)共四种典型局部火灾工况示意,组合梁变形与典型截面弯矩随受火时间变化如图17所示。
组合连续梁在集中荷载作用下,三跨梁均出现向下的弯曲变形。单跨受火时,连续梁直接受火跨产生较大的竖向位移,由于支座可以发生转动,则相邻非受火跨的竖向位移减小,但仍为向下的弯曲变形,如图16(a)、(b)所示。
当边跨与中跨共同受火或三跨同时受火时,由于中跨受到的约束强于边跨,则中跨的竖向位移小于边跨,如图16(c)、(d)所示。
组合梁变形与典型截面弯矩随受火时间变化如图17所示,图中Ms,b(c)为有限元计算支座b和支座c处的弯矩值,Mm,ab(bc,cd)为有限元计算ab跨与bc跨和cd跨的跨中弯矩值。
图17(a)可见:受火约6 min后,支座b截面达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第一个塑性铰;受火约20 min后,ab跨的跨中截面达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第二个塑性铰,此时组合梁CB-13的ab跨变成机动体系而破坏。
图17(b)可见:由于CB-12施加的荷载大于CB-11,则CB-12支座截面出现塑性铰的时间早于CB-11,支座b和c同时达到抗弯承载力;受火约17 min后,bc跨的跨中截面达到其抗弯承载力,但由于bc跨的轴向位移受到较强约束,产生了悬链线效应,连续梁在受火的2 h内没有失效。
图17(c)可见:支座b两侧的梁受火,其截面负弯矩增加速率高于支座c,则中支座b截面在受火约4 min时达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第一个塑性铰;受火约12 min时,中支座c截面达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第二个塑性铰;由于支座b处形成塑性铰,边跨转动受到的约束减弱,且组合梁的抗弯刚度迅速退化,则组合梁CB-13的边跨ab在较短的受火时间内达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第三个塑性铰,而此时中跨bc仍能继续承载。
图17(d)可见:组合连续梁在对称荷载与对称受火工况下,支座b与c在受火约4 min时同时达到塑性抗弯承载力,形成第一个塑性铰;受火约15 min时,ab跨与cd跨的跨中截面达到正弯矩抗弯承载力,形成第二个塑性铰,组合梁CB-14的ab跨与bc跨形成机构而破坏,此时中跨bc仍具有承载力。
不同工况下的组合连续梁的耐火极限见表2。可知:无轴向约束的两跨连续梁与三跨连续梁的边跨,其耐火极限与无防火保护的工字钢-混凝土组合简支梁相近,约为20 min。无轴向约束的连续梁在受火过程中未产生悬链线效应,影响其耐火极限的主要因素为钢梁温度。钢梁无防火保护层时,受火的前15 min内,钢梁的温度就已达600 ℃,因此荷载比与剪力连接度对无轴向约束的连续梁的耐火极限影响较小。
增加防火保护层厚度与约束轴向位移,可显著提升组合连续梁的抗火性能。当无轴向约束的两跨连续梁防火保护层厚度为20,30 mm时,耐火极限约为107,111 min。三跨连续梁的中跨,在升温后期产生了悬链线效应,荷载比为0.4时能满足2 h耐火极限。由此可见,针对工程中常见荷载比为0.4的组合梁,可采用“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计,即边跨因无悬链线效应耐火极限短,防火保护层厚度按GB 51249—201729中简支梁计算,中跨因悬链线效应显著,可不进行防火保护或为减小受火初期的挠度略微进行防火保护。
采用合理的材料热力本构关系,对钢-混凝土组合连续梁的火灾行为进行了数值分析,通过试验验证与对比分析,得到以下结论:
1)三跨连续梁的中跨,其变形经历弹性、弹塑性、塑性及悬链线效应四个阶段,悬链线效应使得其所需的防火保护层厚度减少;随着约束刚度的减小,即当梁的约束刚度降低至三跨连续梁的边跨水平时,梁的失效模式由整体侧向失稳转为承载力不足而失效,此时因无悬链线效应其抗火性能相当于简支梁。
2)由于组合梁升温膨胀受到多余支座的约束,产生较大的负弯矩,其支座处塑性铰形成的时间早于跨中。此外,组合连续梁跨中截面正弯矩值在受火初期减小甚至可能转变为负弯矩。受火过程中,连续梁产生了剧烈的内力重分布。
3)组合连续梁的耐火极限几乎不受剪力连接度η的影响,钢梁无防火保护层时,连续梁梁端滑移值随着η的增加而显著减小。随着防火保护层厚度的增加,剪力连接度η对梁端滑移的影响减弱,且梁端滑移值显著减小。
4)针对工程中常见荷载比0.4的组合梁,可采用“边跨加强、中跨简化”的差异化防火保护层设计,即边跨防火保护层厚度按GB 51249—2017中简支梁计算,中跨可不进行防火保护或为减小受火初期的挠度略微进行防火保护。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978664)
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中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 钢结构设计标准: GB 50017—2017[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2018.
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doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25071201
  • 接收时间:2025-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-03
  • 出版时间:2026-05-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51978664)
作者信息
    1中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075
    2湖南省装配式建筑工程技术研究中心,长沙 410075

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丁发兴,博士,教授,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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