Article(id=1279793120258789473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13206/j.gjgS25103001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761753600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783056057275, onlineDateStr=2026-07-03, pubDate=1779379200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783056057275, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783056057275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783056057275, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279793083097269247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, year='2026', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='88', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779379200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783056048416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783056895775, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279796637363048955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279796637367243260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=35, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279793120493670498, articleId=1279793120258789473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=EN, title=Finite Element Analysis on the Fire Resistance of Space Frames with Steel Columns and Composite Floor Systems, columnId=1279793084791763029, journalTitle=Steel Construction, columnName=Fire Performance and Fire Protection of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In existing fire tests on space frames, significant deformations were observed in the components, yet the overall structure did not collapse. Therefore, studying the fire resistance of space frames while taking into account the overall performance of the structure is of paramount importance for ensuring the safety of the entire structure and reducing building fire protection costs. In existing finite element (FE) studies on space frames, beam elements were typically used to model steel columns and beams, which made it difficult to simulate the local buckling behavior of constrained beams and columns. For concrete slabs, shell elements were adopted, but they struggled to capture the expansive deformation induced by the non-uniform temperature field along the thickness direction. In contrast, the aforementioned issues were effectively addressed by employing shell elements for steel beams and solid elements for concrete slabs. Furthermore, in existing FE studies on individual components, when the thermal-mechanical-time constitutive relation was applied to concrete and the thermal-mechanical constitutive relation was used for steel, the FE calculation results for deformation and failure modes agreed more closely with the test results. Therefore, this study adopted an FE model combining shell-solid elements, along with the thermal-mechanical-time constitutive relation for concrete and the thermal-mechanical constitutive relation for steel, to simulate the fire test of the space frame with steel columns and composite floor systems. The FE calculation results for the temperature and deformation of beams, slabs, and columns were in good agreement with the test results. Moreover, the stress contour plot of the concrete slab accurately reflected the test phenomenon where the top surface of the reinforced concrete slab cracked while the bottom remained relatively intact when the slab underwent large deformation under fire. The well-established FE model can provide a solid foundation for subsequent fire resistance analysis of composite space frames and the development of fire resistance design methods.

, authors=Wenjun Wang1, Faxing Ding2, Binhui Jiang2, Zhiwu Yu2, Jing Liu1, authorsList=Wenjun Wang, Faxing Ding, Binhui Jiang, Zhiwu Yu, Jing Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Faxing Ding, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279793124784443519, articleId=1279793120258789473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=CN, title=钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架抗火性能有限元分析, columnId=1279793084942757975, journalTitle=钢结构(中英文), columnName=钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

已有空间框架火灾试验中,构件产生了较大的变形但整体结构仍未倒塌。因此,研究考虑结构整体性能的空间框架的抗火性能,对保证整体结构的安全和节约建筑防火成本具有重要意义。已有关于空间框架的有限元研究中,钢柱与钢梁采用梁单元,难以模拟受约束梁柱的局部屈曲行为,混凝土楼板采用壳单元,难以模拟其厚度方向温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形。而采用壳单元模拟钢梁,实体单元模拟混凝土板时,能较好地解决上述问题。此外,已有关于单个构件的有限元研究中,混凝土采用热-力-时本构,钢材采用热-力本构模型,有限元计算变形与破坏形态与试验吻合更好。因此,采用壳-实体单元与混凝土热-力-时本构与钢材热-力本构模型相结合的有限元模型,对钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架结构体系的火灾试验进行了模拟,有限元计算的梁、板、柱温度和变形与试验结果吻合良好,且混凝土板应力云图能较好地反映火灾下钢筋混凝土板发生大变形时,板顶开裂而板底较为完好的试验现象。所建立的合理有限元模型可为后续开展组合空间框架结构的抗火分析及提出抗火设计方法奠定基础。

, authors=王文君1, 丁发兴2, 蒋彬辉2, 余志武2, 刘劲1, authorsList=王文君, 丁发兴, 蒋彬辉, 余志武, 刘劲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁发兴, authorNote=

王文君,博士,讲师,主要从事钢-混凝土组合结构研究。

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丁发兴,博士,教授,
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Journal of Central South University of Technology200613(6): 726-732., articleTitle=Behavior of concrete and concrete-filled circular steel tubular stub columns at constant high temperatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1279793137719677166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=1986, pageEnd=2004, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=Yang H, Liu F, Gardner L, journalName=Engineering Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang HLiu FGardner L. Performance of concrete-filled RHS columns exposed to fire on 3 sides[J]. Engineering Structures201356: 1986-2004., articleTitle=Performance of concrete-filled RHS columns exposed to fire on 3 sides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1279793137828729071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=丁发兴, 余志武, journalName=ABAQUS结构非线性分析实例教程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁发兴,余志武. ABAQUS结构非线性分析实例教程[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1279793132866867399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, awardId=51978664; 52008159, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51978664; 52008159), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1279793125010935936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1279793125023518849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, companyId=1279793125010935936, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Application of Ceramsite Concrete Technology,Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1279793125031907458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, companyId=1279793125010935936, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖南城市学院陶粒混凝土技术研发与应用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 益阳 413000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1279793125136765059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1279793125145153668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, companyId=1279793125136765059, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1279793125149347973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, companyId=1279793125136765059, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1279793128823558313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Test of a three-story three-span steel frame, figureFileSmall=6fxPj4ZoVH+jlSiq0SmRZw==, figureFileBig=aHVtDaldIf3cILgZtMRFVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793128882278570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图1, caption=3层3×3跨钢框架试验[4], figureFileSmall=6fxPj4ZoVH+jlSiq0SmRZw==, figureFileBig=aHVtDaldIf3cILgZtMRFVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129054245035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Uniaxial stress-strain curves of concrete, figureFileSmall=mxZ/VJhdE58J3iPJI7s2dw==, figureFileBig=9W3o+FMo2GvC/6eksxu3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129108770988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图2, caption=混凝土单轴受力应力-应变曲线示意, figureFileSmall=mxZ/VJhdE58J3iPJI7s2dw==, figureFileBig=9W3o+FMo2GvC/6eksxu3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129175879853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Finite element model of the space frame, figureFileSmall=i0W2BHlDQrGqlX9mEo14Aw==, figureFileBig=7f148eBeDi67WkDPa2FdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129242988718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图3, caption=空间框架有限元模型, figureFileSmall=i0W2BHlDQrGqlX9mEo14Aw==, figureFileBig=7f148eBeDi67WkDPa2FdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129310097583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of calculated and experimental temperature (T) - fire time (tf) curves for slabs and steel beams, figureFileSmall=lxpKiBjQPpQ0VOvLq3sX5g==, figureFileBig=6lC0GZFeZPS/XRc+lDMM7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129381400752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图4, caption=板与钢梁温度(T)‒受火时间(tf)计算曲线与试验曲线对比

注:温度测点距板底的距离分别为0,30,60,90,120 mm。

, figureFileSmall=lxpKiBjQPpQ0VOvLq3sX5g==, figureFileBig=6lC0GZFeZPS/XRc+lDMM7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129486258353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of calculated and experimental temperature (T) - fire time (tf) curves for steel beams, figureFileSmall=Gr7Hi7wk+vSdG9Q2IxXE4g==, figureFileBig=eF8j1ptOboRLbEQrgxhiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129561755826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图5, caption=钢梁温度(T)‒受火时间(tf)计算曲线与试验4曲线对比

注:温度测点距板顶的距离分别为20,60,80,100,129,370 mm。

, figureFileSmall=Gr7Hi7wk+vSdG9Q2IxXE4g==, figureFileBig=eF8j1ptOboRLbEQrgxhiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129628864691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of calculated and experimental temperature (T) - fire time (tf) curves for steel columns, figureFileSmall=MtfZRXnbYTUKbhbo/mRldg==, figureFileBig=xMwYVBsBBKhUMEnQeZKp6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129691779252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图6, caption=钢柱受火温度(T)‒受火时间(tf)计算曲线与试验4曲线对比

注:对应测点位置参见文献[4-7]。

, figureFileSmall=MtfZRXnbYTUKbhbo/mRldg==, figureFileBig=xMwYVBsBBKhUMEnQeZKp6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129754693813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of calculated and experimental mid-span displacement (δ) - fire time (tf) curves for slabs, figureFileSmall=L5NLN7RgZx0x08BwYWlykA==, figureFileBig=ExKEBB+q29+A7+HjnxAI5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129825996982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图7, caption=板跨中位移(δ)‒受火时间(tf)计算与试验曲线对比, figureFileSmall=L5NLN7RgZx0x08BwYWlykA==, figureFileBig=ExKEBB+q29+A7+HjnxAI5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793129922465975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of calculated and experimental vertical displacement (δ) - fire time (tf) curves for steel beams, figureFileSmall=S99oWDaG9kOxGQ5V0ELNuQ==, figureFileBig=c2n1ITikNiQZrh1haA9mSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279793130002157752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, articleId=1279793120258789473, language=CN, label=图8, caption=梁竖向位移(δ)‒受火时间(tf)计算与试验4曲线对比

注:1~12为测点编号4

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注:蓝色箭头所指内容为裂缝走向示意,下同;①~⑩为裂缝出现的顺序号。

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注:①~⑥为裂缝出现的顺序号。

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Material properties of the test frame

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钢柱hs×bf×tw×tf/mm钢梁hs×bf×tw×tf/mmhc/mmfcu/MPafy/MPac/mm
200×200×8×12250×125×6×912033.842615
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试验框架材料属性

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钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架抗火性能有限元分析
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王文君 1 , 丁发兴 2 , 蒋彬辉 2 , 余志武 2 , 刘劲 1
钢结构(中英文) | 钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026,41(5): 35-46
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钢结构(中英文) |钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026 , 41 (5) : 35 -46
钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架抗火性能有限元分析
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王文君1, 丁发兴2 , 蒋彬辉2, 余志武2, 刘劲1
作者信息
  • 1湖南城市学院陶粒混凝土技术研发与应用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 益阳 413000
  • 2中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075
通讯作者:
丁发兴,博士,教授,
作者简介:

王文君,博士,讲师,主要从事钢-混凝土组合结构研究。

Finite Element Analysis on the Fire Resistance of Space Frames with Steel Columns and Composite Floor Systems
Wenjun Wang1, Faxing Ding2 , Binhui Jiang2, Zhiwu Yu2, Jing Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Application of Ceramsite Concrete Technology,Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
出版时间: 2026-05-22 doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25103001
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已有空间框架火灾试验中,构件产生了较大的变形但整体结构仍未倒塌。因此,研究考虑结构整体性能的空间框架的抗火性能,对保证整体结构的安全和节约建筑防火成本具有重要意义。已有关于空间框架的有限元研究中,钢柱与钢梁采用梁单元,难以模拟受约束梁柱的局部屈曲行为,混凝土楼板采用壳单元,难以模拟其厚度方向温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形。而采用壳单元模拟钢梁,实体单元模拟混凝土板时,能较好地解决上述问题。此外,已有关于单个构件的有限元研究中,混凝土采用热-力-时本构,钢材采用热-力本构模型,有限元计算变形与破坏形态与试验吻合更好。因此,采用壳-实体单元与混凝土热-力-时本构与钢材热-力本构模型相结合的有限元模型,对钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架结构体系的火灾试验进行了模拟,有限元计算的梁、板、柱温度和变形与试验结果吻合良好,且混凝土板应力云图能较好地反映火灾下钢筋混凝土板发生大变形时,板顶开裂而板底较为完好的试验现象。所建立的合理有限元模型可为后续开展组合空间框架结构的抗火分析及提出抗火设计方法奠定基础。

钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架  /  有限元分析  /  单元类型  /  材料本构  /  抗火性能

In existing fire tests on space frames, significant deformations were observed in the components, yet the overall structure did not collapse. Therefore, studying the fire resistance of space frames while taking into account the overall performance of the structure is of paramount importance for ensuring the safety of the entire structure and reducing building fire protection costs. In existing finite element (FE) studies on space frames, beam elements were typically used to model steel columns and beams, which made it difficult to simulate the local buckling behavior of constrained beams and columns. For concrete slabs, shell elements were adopted, but they struggled to capture the expansive deformation induced by the non-uniform temperature field along the thickness direction. In contrast, the aforementioned issues were effectively addressed by employing shell elements for steel beams and solid elements for concrete slabs. Furthermore, in existing FE studies on individual components, when the thermal-mechanical-time constitutive relation was applied to concrete and the thermal-mechanical constitutive relation was used for steel, the FE calculation results for deformation and failure modes agreed more closely with the test results. Therefore, this study adopted an FE model combining shell-solid elements, along with the thermal-mechanical-time constitutive relation for concrete and the thermal-mechanical constitutive relation for steel, to simulate the fire test of the space frame with steel columns and composite floor systems. The FE calculation results for the temperature and deformation of beams, slabs, and columns were in good agreement with the test results. Moreover, the stress contour plot of the concrete slab accurately reflected the test phenomenon where the top surface of the reinforced concrete slab cracked while the bottom remained relatively intact when the slab underwent large deformation under fire. The well-established FE model can provide a solid foundation for subsequent fire resistance analysis of composite space frames and the development of fire resistance design methods.

space frame with steel columns and composite floor systems  /  finite element analysis  /  element type  /  material constitutive relation  /  fire resistance
王文君, 丁发兴, 蒋彬辉, 余志武, 刘劲. 钢柱-组合楼盖空间框架抗火性能有限元分析. 钢结构(中英文), 2026 , 41 (5) : 35 -46 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25103001
Wenjun Wang, Faxing Ding, Binhui Jiang, Zhiwu Yu, Jing Liu. Finite Element Analysis on the Fire Resistance of Space Frames with Steel Columns and Composite Floor Systems[J]. Steel Construction, 2026 , 41 (5) : 35 -46 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25103001
钢-混凝土组合结构具有强度与刚度高、抗震性能优良、施工效率高等优点,被广泛应用于多高层与大跨度等建筑结构中。由于建筑火灾频发,对组合空间框架结构的安全造成极大的威胁,目前国内外学者对组合空间框架的抗火性能进行了一系列的试验与有限元研究。
组合空间框架试验方面,Cardington火灾试验1-3的研究对象为一栋8层3×5跨足尺钢柱-钢混凝土组合楼盖空间框架,其在不同局部火灾工况下的抗火性能研究表明,当周边结构为组合梁提供较强的约束时,组合梁产生悬链线效应,楼板产生拉力膜效应,楼板残余变形达到了跨度的1/22,但结构未发生坍塌。文献[4-7]进行了3层3×3跨足尺钢柱-组合楼盖框架的局部火灾试验,结果表明:受火板板顶产生了较多裂缝,但楼板在升降温全过程中未坍塌。钢梁与楼板在火灾全过程中没有分离,但钢梁上下翼缘焊缝在降温过程中断裂。四面受火柱发生扭转破坏,单面受火边柱和角柱未产生明显破坏。钢管混凝土(CFST)组合结构抗火试验方面,学者们进行较多的是平面框架火灾试验,如韩林海8进行了CFST柱-钢筋(型钢)混凝土T型梁平面框架火灾试验,结果表明:高温下,梁产生了悬链线效应,节点区域没有发生破坏,框架发生梁破坏和柱破坏两种失效模式。与单个梁或柱相比,框架柱的耐火极限降低,而框架梁的耐火极限增加。Xu等9进行了CFST柱-钢筋混凝土梁框架火灾试验,结果表明:节点核心区的温度显著低于非核心区,梁柱的荷载比越小,线刚度比越大,框架抗火性能越好。
由于结构体系的火灾试验难度大、成本高,较多学者采用有限元软件或自编有限元程序对组合空间框架体系抗火性能进行研究。Wang10利用有限元程序FIREFRAM、Huang等11开发了有限元程序VULCAN,对Cardington火灾试验进行了有限元模拟,模型中单元类型分别采用梁柱和梁-壳单元,材料本构均采用热-力本构关系,结果表明,梁柱单元能够有效模拟构件的弯曲行为,但难以模拟板发生大变形时产生的拉力膜效应。楼板采用壳单元时,在受火后110 min,有限元计算变形值显著大于试验值。由于空间框架体系模型复杂,计算困难,CFST组合结构方面,学者们大多进行的是平面框架抗火性能分析。CFST柱-钢混凝土组合梁平面框架方面,卫璇12采用材料热-力本构关系,丁发兴等13采用材料热-力-时本构关系,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对其抗火性能进行了三维壳-实体有限元分析,结果表明,平面框架发生梁失效和柱失效两种失效模式,且文献[12]提出了平面框架中柱耐火极限计算系数。此外,学者们利用ABAQUS有限元软件,对CFST柱-钢筋混凝土(RC)梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了较多的有限元分析。如Li等14采用混凝土热-力-时本构、钢筋热-力本构关系,对CFST柱-RC梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了三维实体有限元分析。Han等15、Bao等16-17、杨冬冬18与Yang等19采用材料热-力本构关系,对CFST柱-RC梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了三维壳-实体有限元分析,周侃等20采用混凝土热-力-时本构、钢材热-力本构关系对升降温全过程中CFST柱-RC梁平面框架的力学行为进行了三维壳-实体有限元分析,结果表明20,非节点区域的温度显著高于节点区,框架梁与框架柱发生了显著的内力重分布,框架发生梁和柱两种失效模式,且框架在降温过程中也可能发生破坏。此外,学者们也采用多尺度模型对CFST柱-组合梁(RC梁)平面框架的抗火性能进行了一系列分析21-22。结果表明,局部火灾下平面框架发生梁破坏与柱破坏两种失效模式,当框架发生梁破坏失效模式时,各工况框架的耐火极限几乎一致,而当框架发生柱失效模式时,框架耐火极限随着荷载比的减小而增加。
空间框架火灾试验中,构件产生了较大的变形但没有导致整体结构倒塌。因此研究考虑结构整体性能的空间框架抗火性能,对保证整体结构的安全和节约建筑防火成本具有重要意义。而已有关于空间框架的研究中,钢柱与钢梁采用梁单元,难以模拟受约束梁柱的局部屈曲行为,混凝土楼板采用壳单元,难以模拟其厚度方向温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形。而采用壳单元模拟钢梁,实体单元模拟混凝土板时,能较好地解决上述问题。此外,已有关于单个构件的有限元研究中,混凝土采用热-力-时本构,钢材采用热-力本构时,有限元计算的变形、破坏形态与试验吻合更好23-25。因此,本文采用壳-实体单元与混凝土热-力-时本构以及钢材热-力本构关系相结合的有限元模型,对钢柱-组合梁空间框架火灾试验进行有限元模拟,为后续开展组合结构空间框架结构的抗火分析及建立抗火设计方法奠定基础。
基于一栋3层3×3跨的整体钢框架结构,采用Yang等6进行的顶层角区格和中区格楼板火灾试验、Wang等5进行的2×2区格连续混凝土板火灾试验、Li等7进行的2×3区格连续混凝土板火灾试验、吕俊利4进行的单跨边梁与中梁受火、二跨与三跨连续梁受火、边柱受火(单面与三面)、中柱四面受火(节点受火)与角柱受火共计12个工况的火灾试验对有限元模型进行验证。
钢框架试验楼概况如图1所示,试验楼1层层高为3.5 m,2、3层层高均为3.0 m,跨度为4.5 m。试验楼板厚度为120 mm,试验楼板配置双层双向直径8 mm、间距125 mm的钢筋,楼板与钢梁通过直径为16 mm的栓钉连接,栓钉间距为200 mm。梁柱节点采用刚性节点形式,节点的详细构造见文献[4-7]。试验楼材料属性如表1所示。
由于混凝土的热工性能受配合比、含水率与温度等因素的影响,其导热系数采用Lie26建议公式,比热容在Eurocode 427建议公式上放大1.3倍28,密度取2500 kg/m3。钢材的导热系数与比热容分别采用Lie29与李引擎等30建议公式,密度取7850 kg/m3。受火面和背火面的综合辐射系数为0.7 W/(m2∙K)31,钢梁与混凝土翼板之间采用表面与表面接触,接触热阻为100 W/(m2∙K)32-33,钢筋与混凝土、栓钉与混凝土之间采用绑定约束。混凝土楼板、混凝土柱与钢柱均采用八结点传热分析单元(DC3D8),钢梁采用四结点传热壳单元(DS4),钢筋与栓钉采用两结点传热连接单元(DC1D2)。采用结构化网格划分方式,混凝土网格尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×20 mm,钢梁网格尺寸为100 mm×62.5 mm,钢柱网格尺寸为100 mm×30 mm×12 mm,钢筋网格尺寸为100 mm,栓钉网格尺寸为50 mm。
热-力场模型部件的结点编号与温度场模型一致,温度场计算结果作为预定义场导入热-力场模型中。
构件或结构体系抗火性能分析的有限元模型中,所采用的材料本构关系一般要考虑温度-荷载-时间的共同作用。高温下混凝土的总应变(εc,total)包括应力引起的应变(εc,σ)、自由膨胀应变(εc,th)、瞬态热应变(εc,tr)和高温徐变(εc,cr)四类34,钢材的应变(εs,total)为应力产生的应变(εs,σ)、自由膨胀应变(εs,th)和高温蠕变(εs,cr)三类之和34,笔者将上述应力-应变关系称之为热-力-时本构关系。也有学者对热-力-时本构关系进行简化,如Eurocode 2~42735-36与Lie等37建议的材料应力-应变关系中,将混凝土瞬态热应变(εc,tr)和高温徐变(εc,cr)简化地隐含在应力引起的应变(εc,σ)中,将钢材高温蠕变(εs,cr)简化地隐含在应力引起的应变(εs,σ)中,而自由膨胀应变(εs,th)单独考虑,可理解为考虑应力引起的等效应变(εs,σ)和自由膨胀应变(εs,th)两类,笔者称之为热-力本构关系。
本文混凝土采用热-力-时本构关系,其中高温徐变、瞬态热应变和自由膨胀应变采用过镇海等34提出的公式,应力产生的应变采用Ding等38提出的单轴拉压本构关系,如式(1)所示。
y=Anx+Bn-1x21+An-2x+Bnx2x1xknx-12+x     x>1
式中:An为混凝土弹性模量与峰值割线模量的比值;Bn为控制上升段曲线弹性模量衰减程度;kn为下降段参数;其余参数的具体表达式见文献[38]。该表达式反映了弹性模量在弹性阶段时不衰减,并考虑了约束作用对混凝土下降段的缓和,且峰值应力及对应的应变维持不变,如图2所示。
混凝土塑性-损伤本构模型中,三轴强度参数取值如下:内摩擦角φ取40°,压子午线与拉子午线强度比值K取2/3,流动偏角取0.1,fcc/fc为1.277,黏性系数取0.005。混凝土的泊松比取0.2,不考虑混凝土损伤,损伤因子取0。
笔者以往研究23-25表明,钢材采用热-力-时本构时,有限元计算的变形结果与试验相比偏大,而采用热-力本构时,有限元计算的变形反而与试验值吻合良好,因此本文钢材采用热-力本构。钢筋高温塑性本构模型采用欧洲规范235推荐公式,膨胀应变采用过镇海等34提出的表达式。混凝土与钢材的泊松比分别取0.2和0.3。上述本构模型的适用性在组合简支梁、约束梁与钢筋混凝土板中已得到验证23-25
钢筋与栓钉均内置于混凝土中,钢梁与混凝土楼板之间采用面面接触,其中切向摩擦系数取0.339,法向硬接触且允许分离。由于在受火过程中,节点区域未发生破坏,为简化模型计算,钢梁与钢柱采用绑定约束。混凝土板面施加2 kN/m2均布荷载,对框架整体输入竖向加速度9.8 m/s2来考虑整体钢框架的重力。混凝土、钢柱、钢梁、钢筋与栓钉分别采用实体单元(C3D8R)、壳单元(S4R)、桁架单元(T3D2)与梁单元(B31),柱底采用固接(Ux=Uy=Uz=0,URx=URy=URz=0),空间框架有限元模型如图3所示,具体建模过程如部件的建立与分割见《ABAQUS结构非线性分析实例教程》40
上述各试验工况温度测点的温度(T)-受火时间(tf)计算曲线(FEA)与试验曲线对比如图4~6所示。由于有限元计算模型中使用的材料热工参数与试验中材料参数存在一定的差异,且热对流与热辐射参数可能不完全符合实际工况,因此有限元计算温度值与试验温度值存在一定的差异。但由图可知,整体上,有限元计算温度与实测温度吻合良好。
不同受火工况下的钢框架梁板竖向位移(δ)-受火时间(tf)计算曲线(FEA)与试验曲线对比如图78所示。可见,有限元计算的角区格板变形、单跨边梁变形、二跨连续梁的变形与试验结果吻合良好,有限元计算中区格板变形、2×2区格的板格B、C、D变形、2×3区格板变形、单跨中梁变形、三跨连续梁的AB跨与BC跨变形小于试验测得的变形。板受火工况中,试验支座区域的板顶出现了较多平行于板边的裂缝,中区格板转动受到的约束减弱,钢梁受火工况中,试验梁顶的混凝土板面裂缝沿轴向贯通,梁板向下变形受到周围板块的约束减弱,而有限元模型中没有考虑裂缝的影响。高温下钢筋与混凝土的黏结强度降低,而计算模型假设二者完全黏结,高估了板的整体刚度。此外,试验试件可能存在初始挠度、混凝土强度不均匀(如局部蜂窝)、钢筋位置偏差等缺陷,这些缺陷在高温下会被放大(如初始挠度导致附加弯矩)。而计算模型通常假设试件为理想状态。因此仅有限元计算的角区格板变形、单跨边梁变形、二跨连续梁的变形与试验结果吻合良好,有限元计算中区格板变形、2×2区格的板格B、C、D变形、2×3区格板变形、单跨中梁变形、三跨连续梁的AB跨与BC跨变形小于试验测得的变形,但有限元计算变形趋势与试验一致。
不同受火工况下,钢框架柱竖向位移(δ)-受火时间(tf)计算曲线(FEA)与试验曲线对比如图9所示。可见,有限元计算角柱的变形与试验吻合较好,而边柱相差较大。由于边柱一侧与墙体相邻,墙体受火升温膨胀产生水平推力,该推力使得边柱发生侧向弯曲,进而产生附加竖向变形。而有限元模型未考虑墙体升温膨胀对边柱的影响,导致有限元计算边柱竖向变形值与试验值偏差较大。角柱内置于墙体中,墙体限制了钢柱的侧向变形,难以使角柱发生明显的侧向弯曲。因此,有限元计算角柱的竖向变形与试验吻合较好。
由于框架已完成上述各梁板的局部火灾试验,框架整体可能已发生一定程度的内力重分布,且有限元模型采用的材料本构与实际构件的本构存在一定差异,因此有限元计算中柱变形与试验值在压缩变形阶段存在一定偏差,但整体而言吻合良好。
钢框架的顶层角区格板受火时,板顶试验裂缝与最大主应力矢量云图如图10所示。可见:受火角区格板板顶内侧的最大主应力方向垂直于支座方向,板角最大主应力方向平行于角对角线方向,且最大主应力值达到了高温下混凝土的抗拉强度,这与试验中受火角区格板顶的两个内侧出现较多平行于支座方向的裂缝、板角出现斜裂缝的试验现象一致。
仅钢框架的顶层中区格楼板受火时,板顶试验裂缝与最大主应力矢量云图如图11所示。可见:受火中区格板板顶内侧的最大主应力方向垂直于支座方向,相邻未受火的南、北区格板板顶的最大主应力方向平行于东西方向,相邻未受火的东、西区格板板顶的最大主应力方向平行于南北方向,未受火的四个角区格板顶的最大主应力方向平行于角对角线方向,且其最大主应力值都达到了混凝土高温抗拉强度。这与试验中受火中区格板板顶出现多条平行于支座方向的裂缝,未受火的东、西区格板的板顶出现平行于东西方向的贯通裂缝,未受火的南、北区格板的板顶出现平行于南北方向的贯通裂缝,未受火的3个角区格的板顶出现沿着对角线方向的裂缝的试验现象一致。
钢框架的3层2×2区格连续混凝土板受火工况中,板顶、板底试验裂缝与最大主应力矢量云图如图12所示。可见,各受火区格板板顶内侧的最大主应力方向垂直于支座方向,且最大主应力值达到了高温下混凝土的抗拉强度,这与试验中A区格板的板顶内侧出现较多平行于支座方向的裂缝,B、C与D区格板的板顶支座区域附近出现多条平行于支座方向裂缝的试验现象一致。板底直接受火区域的最大主应力为压应力,非受火区域的最大主应力为拉力,但其拉应力值小于混凝土的抗拉强度,这与试验中受火区格板的板底无规则与贯通裂缝出现的试验现象一致。
钢框架的二层2×3区格混凝土连续板受火工况中,板顶、板底试验裂缝与最大主应力矢量云图如图13所示。可见,受火区格板A、B、C、D、E与F板顶支座区域附近的最大主应力方向垂直于支座方向,受火区域的角区格板A与C的板顶出现了平行于板区格对角线方向的主应力,且最大主应力值达到了高温下混凝土的抗拉强度,这与试验中各受火区格板板顶支座区域出现了平行于支座方向的裂缝,角区格板A与C的板顶出现了沿板区格对角线方向的斜裂缝的试验现象一致。板底受火区域的最大主应力为压应力,非受火区域的最大主应力为拉力,但其拉应力值小于混凝土的抗拉强度,这与试验中受火区格板的板底无规则与贯通裂缝出现的试验现象一致。
有限元计算钢柱变形云图与试验变形对比如图14所示,可见两者吻合良好。综上所述,本文建立的有限元模型是合理的。
本文采用壳实体单元与混凝土热-力-时本构与钢材热-力本构关系相结合的有限元模型,对钢柱-组合梁空间框架结构体系的火灾试验进行了模拟,有限元计算梁、板、柱的温度、变形与试验结果吻合良好,且混凝土板应力云图能较好地反映火灾下钢筋混凝土板发生大变形时,板顶开裂而板底较为完好的试验现象。本文建立的合理有限元模型可为后续开展组合空间框架的抗火分析及提出抗火设计方法奠定基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978664; 52008159)
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doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25103001
  • 接收时间:2025-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-07-03
  • 出版时间:2026-05-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30
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国家自然科学基金项目(51978664; 52008159)
作者信息
    1湖南城市学院陶粒混凝土技术研发与应用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 益阳 413000
    2中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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