Article(id=1279793106392432803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13206/j.gjgS25011101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736524800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783056053969, onlineDateStr=2026-07-03, pubDate=1779379200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783056053969, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783056053969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783056053969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279793083097269247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, year='2026', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='88', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779379200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783056048416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783056895775, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279796637363048955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279796637367243260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, issueId=1279793083097269247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=8, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279793107038355620, articleId=1279793106392432803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Fire Resistance of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, columnId=1279793084791763029, journalTitle=Steel Construction, columnName=Fire Performance and Fire Protection of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Steel-concrete composite structures have been widely used in multi-story, long-span, and heavy-load buildings due to their advantages of high strength, high stiffness, excellent seismic performance, and construction efficiency. With the rising frequency of building fires, which pose significant threats to life and property, investigating the fire resistance of these structures is imperative. This necessitates developing fire-resistance design methods that consider overall structural performance and implementing corresponding protective measures. The ultimate goal is to ensure the integrity of critical structural components and prevent the collapse of the overall structure, which is of great significance in ensuring the overall fire safety of structures and reducing fire protection costs in construction.This paper summarized the fire resistance of steel-concrete composite structures, focusing on fire experimental studies on steel-concrete composite beams, reinforced concrete (RC) two-way slabs, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, as well as the steel-concrete composite planar and spatial frames. Additionally, various fire resistance analysis models were discussed and compared. Based on the review, key issues and future directions were proposed.The main findings were as follows: 1) Experimental studies demonstrated that steel-concrete composite restrained beams exhibited significantly better fire resistance than simply-supported beams, owing to the catenary effect under high temperatures and large deformations. RC two-way slabs showed excellent fire resistance, with observed cracking on the top surface while the bottom remained relatively intact. The fire resistance of conventional CFST columns was found to be limited, requiring protective measures. Moreover, composite spatial frames demonstrated superior performance compared to planar frames, as they maintained structural integrity without collapse, whereas planar frames were prone to beam or column failure. 2) Numerical analysis indicated that the shell-solid element model effectively simulated the local and torsional buckling of steel beams observed in tests of steel-concrete composite continuous and restrained beams. The solid element model accurately reproduced the expansion deformation in reinforced concrete two-way slabs resulting from non-uniform temperature distributions across their thickness. When solid or shell-solid element models were applied to CFST columns, they successfully captured the interface void, slippage, and constraint effects between the steel tube and concrete. Furthermore, modeling concrete with solid elements incorporating its thermo-mechanical-time constitutive relations satisfactorily represented the phenomenon where the top of the RC two-way slabs cracked while the bottom remained largely intact. Similarly, modeling steel using solid or shell elements with its thermo-mechanical constitutive relations, which implicitly incorporated high-temperature creep into the stress-induced strain, the finite element calculated values of deformation for steel-concrete composite beams and CFST columns under fire showed good agreement with experimental values. 3) Due to the limitations of experimental conditions, structural fire tests seldom achieved the collapse stage, leaving the failure mechanisms of structural systems inadequately understood. It was essential to employ shell-solid finite element models combined with thermo-mechanical-(time) constitutive relationships of materials to conduct fire resistance analysis of composite spatial frames and establish the correlation between component failure and structural system failure. Furthermore, the current fire protection design methods based on component testing or calculation, as stipulated in existing codes, still need to be thoroughly investigated to determine whether they meet the requirements for structural fire protection design.

, authors=Faxing Ding1, 2, Wenjun Wang1, Binhui Jiang1, Liping Wang1, Xia Yan1, Guoan Yin3, Jiafu Li4, Chao Dong4, Hongjing Xue5, Zhiqiang Chen6, Shixing Zhao7, Ligang Qi8, authorsList=Faxing Ding, Wenjun Wang, Binhui Jiang, Liping Wang, Xia Yan, Guoan Yin, Jiafu Li, Chao Dong, Hongjing Xue, Zhiqiang Chen, Shixing Zhao, Ligang Qi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjun Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279793108036599975, articleId=1279793106392432803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651655809875976, language=CN, title=钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究进展, columnId=1279793084942757975, journalTitle=钢结构(中英文), columnName=钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钢-混凝土组合结构具有强度与刚度高、抗震性能优良与施工效率高等优点,被广泛运用于多高层、大跨度和重载建筑结构中。在建筑火灾频发,给人类生命与财产带来极大威胁的背景下,研究钢-混凝土组合结构的抗火性能,建立考虑结构整体性能的抗火设计方法并采取相应的抗火构造措施,最终以保证结构关键部位构件和整体结构不倒塌为目标,对保证整体结构的消防安全和节约建筑防火成本具有重要意义。为此,归纳总结了钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能的研究进展,包括钢-混凝土组合梁、钢筋混凝土板、钢管混凝土柱及钢-混凝土组合平面、空间框架的火灾试验研究,讨论并比较了:各种抗火分析模型,提出了当前研究存在的一些主要问题与尚需深入研究的方向。基于现有研究成果总结如下: 1)试验研究表明,钢-混凝土组合约束梁在高温大变形下由于悬链线效应使得抗火性能显著优于简支梁;钢筋混凝土双向板抗火性能优异且高温下出现板面开裂而板底较为完好的现象;普通钢管混凝土柱的抗火性能有限而需采取措施提高其耐火极限;组合空间框架抗火性能优于平面框架,受火过程中平面框架发生梁或柱失效模式,空间框架整体性能好而没有发生坍塌。2)数值分析表明,壳-实体单元模型模拟钢-混凝土组合连续梁与约束梁时,能够较好地模拟钢梁局部屈曲与扭转屈曲的试验现象;实体单元模型模拟钢筋混凝土双向板时,能较好地模拟钢筋混凝土双向板厚度方向截面温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形;实体单元或壳-实体单元模型模拟钢管混凝土柱时,可体现钢管与混凝土之间的界面脱空、滑移及约束作用;混凝土采用实体单元并与其热-力-时本构关系相结合时,能较好地反映钢筋混凝土双向板板顶开裂而板底较为完好的现象,而钢材采用实体或壳单元并将钢材高温蠕变隐含考虑在应力引起应变中的热-力本构关系时,火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁和钢管混凝土柱的变形有限元计算值与试验值吻合良好。3)因试验条件的限制,结构火灾试验难以做到倒塌状态,结构体系的失效机理尚不清楚,有必采用壳-实体有限元模型并结合材料热-力-(时)本构关系开展组合结构空间框架结构抗火分析,建立构件失效与结构体系失效之间的联系;现有规范防火设计采用的基于构件试验或计算的设计方法、当前基于构件的防火设计方法是否能满足结构防火设计要求仍需要进行深入探讨。

, authors=丁发兴1, 2, 王文君1, 蒋彬辉1, 王莉萍1, 严夏1, 尹国安3, 李家富4, 董超4, 薛红京5, 陈志强6, 赵仕兴7, 亓立刚8, authorsList=丁发兴, 王文君, 蒋彬辉, 王莉萍, 严夏, 尹国安, 李家富, 董超, 薛红京, 陈志强, 赵仕兴, 亓立刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王文君, authorNote=

丁发兴,博士,教授,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

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王文君,博士,
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钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究进展
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丁发兴 1, 2 , 王文君 1 , 蒋彬辉 1 , 王莉萍 1 , 严夏 1 , 尹国安 3 , 李家富 4 , 董超 4 , 薛红京 5 , 陈志强 6 , 赵仕兴 7 , 亓立刚 8
钢结构(中英文) | 钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026,41(5): 8-23
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钢结构(中英文) |钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能与防火保护 2026 , 41 (5) : 8 -23
钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究进展
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丁发兴1, 2, 王文君1 , 蒋彬辉1, 王莉萍1, 严夏1, 尹国安3, 李家富4, 董超4, 薛红京5, 陈志强6, 赵仕兴7, 亓立刚8
作者信息
  • 1中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075
  • 2湖南省装配式建筑工程技术研究中心,长沙 410075
  • 3临沂大学土木工程与建筑学院,山东 临沂 276000
  • 4中冶京诚工程技术有限公司,北京 100045
  • 5北京市建筑设计研究院股份有限公司,北京 100045
  • 6中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司,成都 610000
  • 7四川省建筑设计研究院有限公司,成都 610000
  • 8中国建筑第八工程局有限公司,上海 200000
通讯作者:
王文君,博士,
作者简介:

丁发兴,博士,教授,主要从事钢-混凝土混合结构研究工作。

Research Progress on Fire Resistance of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures
Faxing Ding1, 2, Wenjun Wang1 , Binhui Jiang1, Liping Wang1, Xia Yan1, Guoan Yin3, Jiafu Li4, Chao Dong4, Hongjing Xue5, Zhiqiang Chen6, Shixing Zhao7, Ligang Qi8
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
  • 2Engineering Technology Research Center for Prefabricated Construction Industrialization of Hunan Province, Changsha 410075, China
  • 3School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
  • 4Capital Engineering and Research Incorporation Limited, Beijing 100045, China
  • 5Beijing Institute of Architectural Design Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
  • 6China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Co.,Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
  • 7Sichuan Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
  • 8China Construction Eighth Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-22 doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25011101
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钢-混凝土组合结构具有强度与刚度高、抗震性能优良与施工效率高等优点,被广泛运用于多高层、大跨度和重载建筑结构中。在建筑火灾频发,给人类生命与财产带来极大威胁的背景下,研究钢-混凝土组合结构的抗火性能,建立考虑结构整体性能的抗火设计方法并采取相应的抗火构造措施,最终以保证结构关键部位构件和整体结构不倒塌为目标,对保证整体结构的消防安全和节约建筑防火成本具有重要意义。为此,归纳总结了钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能的研究进展,包括钢-混凝土组合梁、钢筋混凝土板、钢管混凝土柱及钢-混凝土组合平面、空间框架的火灾试验研究,讨论并比较了:各种抗火分析模型,提出了当前研究存在的一些主要问题与尚需深入研究的方向。基于现有研究成果总结如下: 1)试验研究表明,钢-混凝土组合约束梁在高温大变形下由于悬链线效应使得抗火性能显著优于简支梁;钢筋混凝土双向板抗火性能优异且高温下出现板面开裂而板底较为完好的现象;普通钢管混凝土柱的抗火性能有限而需采取措施提高其耐火极限;组合空间框架抗火性能优于平面框架,受火过程中平面框架发生梁或柱失效模式,空间框架整体性能好而没有发生坍塌。2)数值分析表明,壳-实体单元模型模拟钢-混凝土组合连续梁与约束梁时,能够较好地模拟钢梁局部屈曲与扭转屈曲的试验现象;实体单元模型模拟钢筋混凝土双向板时,能较好地模拟钢筋混凝土双向板厚度方向截面温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形;实体单元或壳-实体单元模型模拟钢管混凝土柱时,可体现钢管与混凝土之间的界面脱空、滑移及约束作用;混凝土采用实体单元并与其热-力-时本构关系相结合时,能较好地反映钢筋混凝土双向板板顶开裂而板底较为完好的现象,而钢材采用实体或壳单元并将钢材高温蠕变隐含考虑在应力引起应变中的热-力本构关系时,火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁和钢管混凝土柱的变形有限元计算值与试验值吻合良好。3)因试验条件的限制,结构火灾试验难以做到倒塌状态,结构体系的失效机理尚不清楚,有必采用壳-实体有限元模型并结合材料热-力-(时)本构关系开展组合结构空间框架结构抗火分析,建立构件失效与结构体系失效之间的联系;现有规范防火设计采用的基于构件试验或计算的设计方法、当前基于构件的防火设计方法是否能满足结构防火设计要求仍需要进行深入探讨。

钢-混凝土组合梁  /  钢管混凝土柱  /  钢筋混凝土板  /  框架结构  /  抗火性能  /  数值模拟

Steel-concrete composite structures have been widely used in multi-story, long-span, and heavy-load buildings due to their advantages of high strength, high stiffness, excellent seismic performance, and construction efficiency. With the rising frequency of building fires, which pose significant threats to life and property, investigating the fire resistance of these structures is imperative. This necessitates developing fire-resistance design methods that consider overall structural performance and implementing corresponding protective measures. The ultimate goal is to ensure the integrity of critical structural components and prevent the collapse of the overall structure, which is of great significance in ensuring the overall fire safety of structures and reducing fire protection costs in construction.This paper summarized the fire resistance of steel-concrete composite structures, focusing on fire experimental studies on steel-concrete composite beams, reinforced concrete (RC) two-way slabs, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, as well as the steel-concrete composite planar and spatial frames. Additionally, various fire resistance analysis models were discussed and compared. Based on the review, key issues and future directions were proposed.The main findings were as follows: 1) Experimental studies demonstrated that steel-concrete composite restrained beams exhibited significantly better fire resistance than simply-supported beams, owing to the catenary effect under high temperatures and large deformations. RC two-way slabs showed excellent fire resistance, with observed cracking on the top surface while the bottom remained relatively intact. The fire resistance of conventional CFST columns was found to be limited, requiring protective measures. Moreover, composite spatial frames demonstrated superior performance compared to planar frames, as they maintained structural integrity without collapse, whereas planar frames were prone to beam or column failure. 2) Numerical analysis indicated that the shell-solid element model effectively simulated the local and torsional buckling of steel beams observed in tests of steel-concrete composite continuous and restrained beams. The solid element model accurately reproduced the expansion deformation in reinforced concrete two-way slabs resulting from non-uniform temperature distributions across their thickness. When solid or shell-solid element models were applied to CFST columns, they successfully captured the interface void, slippage, and constraint effects between the steel tube and concrete. Furthermore, modeling concrete with solid elements incorporating its thermo-mechanical-time constitutive relations satisfactorily represented the phenomenon where the top of the RC two-way slabs cracked while the bottom remained largely intact. Similarly, modeling steel using solid or shell elements with its thermo-mechanical constitutive relations, which implicitly incorporated high-temperature creep into the stress-induced strain, the finite element calculated values of deformation for steel-concrete composite beams and CFST columns under fire showed good agreement with experimental values. 3) Due to the limitations of experimental conditions, structural fire tests seldom achieved the collapse stage, leaving the failure mechanisms of structural systems inadequately understood. It was essential to employ shell-solid finite element models combined with thermo-mechanical-(time) constitutive relationships of materials to conduct fire resistance analysis of composite spatial frames and establish the correlation between component failure and structural system failure. Furthermore, the current fire protection design methods based on component testing or calculation, as stipulated in existing codes, still need to be thoroughly investigated to determine whether they meet the requirements for structural fire protection design.

steel-concrete composite beam  /  concrete-filled steel tubular column  /  reinforced concrete two-way slab  /  frame structure  /  fire resistance  /  numerical simulation
丁发兴, 王文君, 蒋彬辉, 王莉萍, 严夏, 尹国安, 李家富, 董超, 薛红京, 陈志强, 赵仕兴, 亓立刚. 钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究进展. 钢结构(中英文), 2026 , 41 (5) : 8 -23 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25011101
Faxing Ding, Wenjun Wang, Binhui Jiang, Liping Wang, Xia Yan, Guoan Yin, Jiafu Li, Chao Dong, Hongjing Xue, Zhiqiang Chen, Shixing Zhao, Ligang Qi. Research Progress on Fire Resistance of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures[J]. Steel Construction, 2026 , 41 (5) : 8 -23 . DOI: 10.13206/j.gjgS25011101
随着多层与高层建筑物数量的增加,建筑发生火灾的隐患增加。钢-混凝土组合结构融合钢材与混凝土的优点,具有强度与刚度高、抗震性能优良与施工效率高等优点,被广泛运用于多高层与大跨度等建筑结构中。钢-混凝土组合梁与钢筋混凝土楼板是结构体系中的水平承重构件,火灾下直接受火的钢梁材料性能迅速劣化,其强度与刚度大幅度下降,引起梁板的变形迅速增加甚至完全丧失承载力,导致结构的局部失效,进而可能影响结构的整体安全性和使用功能。钢管混凝土柱是结构体系中重要的竖向承重构件,火灾下柱的非均匀受热与钢管材料性能的急剧劣化也将导致其承载力迅速下降,甚至发生屈曲失稳。国内外学者对钢-混凝土组合梁、钢筋混凝土楼板和钢管混凝土柱及其组成的节点与结构的抗火性能开展了大量的试验研究与理论分析有必要对这些成果进行梳理、总结与展望,为后续研究工作提供参考。
边界支撑条件对钢-混凝土组合梁的抗火性能影响较大。目前,国内外学者对简支梁、连续梁以及约束梁等不同边界条件的组合梁的抗火性能进行了试验研究。
1)升温条件。
已有关于组合梁的火灾试验,大多基于ISO-834与ASTM E119标准升温曲线,也有学者对HC(碳氢)火灾下组合梁的抗火性能进行试验研究。已有试验结果表明1-3,由于上述3种升温曲线在受火的前10 min内,温度都达到了600 ℃,而钢-混凝土组合简支梁(HSCB)的钢梁直接暴露于火灾中[图1(a)],钢梁材料性能劣化迅速,3种升温曲线下,组合梁的抗火性能较差,其耐火极限低于35 min。
2)钢梁截面形式。
组合梁中的钢梁截面形式主要有工字钢、双肋工字钢、箱型截面等形式,Song等3进行的工字钢、双肋工字钢与箱型截面的组合简支梁火灾试验研究中,箱型截面组合梁的抗火性能优于工字钢截面组合梁,但3种截面形式的组合梁抗火性能都较差,其耐火极限均小于25 min3
3)混凝土骨料种类。
Wu等4进行了外包钢-再生混凝土组合梁的火灾试验,结果表明,组合梁的抗火性能几乎不受混凝土取代率的影响,而底部纵筋可显著提升组合梁的抗火性能。
4)钢梁保护方式。
为提升钢-混凝土组合梁的抗火性能,传统的做法是为钢梁涂抹防火保护层,当钢梁的防火保护层厚度为15 mm时,荷载比为0.55的组合梁的耐火极限比无防火保护层的组合梁提升了45%5。此外,Wang等6和Jiang等7进行的组合简支梁的火灾试验研究中,即使荷载比高达0.5~0.7,防火保护层厚度为10~11 mm的简支梁耐火极限也达44~55 min。
也有学者提出采用混凝土部分或全部包裹钢梁的方式来提升组合梁的抗火性能[图1(b~d]。Hosser等8进行了型钢部分外包混凝土组合梁(PECB)的火灾试验[图1(b)]中,试验组合梁的耐火极限约为42~105 min。Kodaira等9开展的PECB火灾试验中,荷载比为0.33~0.5时,PECB的耐火极限为80~242 min。Kim等10进行了钢-混凝土组合扁梁(SFCB)的火灾试验[图1(c)],结果表明,当荷载比为0.4时,无防火保护的SFCB的耐火极限约为88 min,而下翼缘涂抹防火保护层的SFCB的耐火极限可达3 h。Alam等11开展了SFCB的抗火性能试验研究,结果表明,荷载比为0.55的SFCB的耐火极限达到了75 min,在下部混凝土中配置纵向钢筋的SFCB的耐火极限达到了160 min。Ahn和Lee 12进行了高温下HSCB、PECB、SFCB和型钢完全内置混凝土组合梁(FECB)[图1(d)]的试验研究,结果表明,当荷载比小于0.3时,PECB、SFCB与FECB的耐火极限都能达到2 h,而HSCB的耐火极限仅为30 min。
5)钢梁材料类型。
普通钢-混凝土抗火性能较差,为满足受力安全与防火要求,钢梁需要喷涂较厚的防火涂料,而防火涂料在使用后期可能存在脱落现象,使得其后期需要投入较大的维护成本。为此,王文昊等13进行了耐火耐候钢-混凝土组合梁火灾试验,结果表明,耐火耐候钢-混凝土组合梁具有较长的耐火极限,当试件在火灾下的变形达到其跨度的1/15~1/12时,试件仍保持较好的完整性,未失效。
火灾下组合连续梁的变形受到更多支座的约束,其变形与失效模式将发生改变。Naser和Kodur14进行了组合简支梁与连续梁的火灾试验,结果表明,简支梁由于抗弯承载力不足产生较大的挠度而失效,而连续梁由于腹板发生剪切屈曲,抗剪承载力不足而失效。张岗等2开展了碳氢火灾下组合简支梁与连续梁的试验研究,结果表明,组合简支梁失效时钢梁未发生局部屈曲,而连续梁失效时其中间支座附近的钢梁腹板与下翼缘发生严重的局部屈曲,受火过程中变形小于简支梁。Dias等15开展了组合连续梁火灾试验研究,结果表明,高温下试验连续梁由于侧向扭转屈曲而失效,同时连续梁发生局部屈曲,侧扭屈曲可能导致连续梁的抗弯承载力降低50%,增加钢梁的横向支撑与减少受火跨数能提升组合连续梁的抗火性能。
框架结构中组合梁受火升温膨胀将受到梁端相邻构件的约束。为探讨端部约束对抗火性能的影响,李国强等16开展了组合约束梁火灾试验研究,根据试验中梁的水平位移与约束刚架的刚度计算得到组合梁轴力。为直接测得梁端约束反力,张建春等17与张大山等18分别开展了栓钉连接式与部分嵌入式组合约束梁火灾试验,试件端部安装拉压传感器,直接测量梁端约束反力。上述试验中,钢梁下翼缘发生了局部屈曲,约束梁的变形达到了跨度的1/20,梁产生了悬链线效应,其中荷载比为0.5的栓钉连接式约束梁的耐火极限达到了60 min,抗火性能优于简支梁。Selden等19进行了组合约束梁火灾试验,结果表明,当荷载比较大时组合约束梁失效时钢梁温度仅为350~500 ℃,而在正常使用荷载比下,钢梁的温度达到700 ℃时仍能承载。Kordosky等20与Drury等21开展了组合约束梁的火灾试验,研究升温条件与防火保护层对其抗火性能的影响,结果表明,防火保护下约束梁的耐火极限比裸露约束梁约高110 min,且钢梁没有发生平面外失稳,而裸露钢梁则发生了扭转屈曲。
已有钢-混凝土组合梁相关火灾试验结果表明:1) 传统的组合简支梁抗火性能较差,升温曲线类型、混凝土的骨料类型与钢梁截面形式对简支组合梁抗火性能的影响较小,采用耐候钢、为钢梁涂抹防火涂料或将钢梁埋入混凝土中可较为显著提升组合简支梁的抗火性能;2) 当组合梁的边界由简支变为连续时,梁的破坏模式发生转变,相同荷载比下,连续梁的变形小于简支梁。连续梁发生侧扭屈曲将导致其抗弯承载力降低,连续梁失效时中支座附近的腹板与下翼缘发生局部屈曲;3) 约束梁在高温大变形下产生了悬链线效应,在无防火保护的情况下也表现出较好的抗火性能。
目前,国内外学者对单块的钢筋混凝土(RC)双向板进行了较多的研究。如Lim22、Bailey和Toh23与杨志年24进行了均布荷载下钢筋混凝土简支双向板的火灾试验,试验中板的竖向位移达到了跨度的1/16~1/6,减小钢筋间距能有效抑制裂缝的开展。Wang等25-26进行了单向面内荷载与双向面内荷载下钢筋混凝土(RC)简支双向板火灾试验,试验中板的竖向位移约达到跨度的1/40~1/23,且板的变形随着面内荷载的增加而增加。为研究边界条件对钢筋混凝土双向板抗火性能的影响,朱崇绩27进行了邻边简支和邻边固支双向板的火灾试验,杨志年24与Weerasinghe等28分别进行了均布荷载与跨中集中荷载下四边固支双向板的火灾试验,试验中板的竖向挠度约达到跨度的1/38~1/18,固支边的约束荷载发生变化,板产生了内力重分布现象。此外,上述各学者进行的双向板试验中,除Bailey和Toh 23的缩尺试验中板出现经典的塑性铰破坏模式外,其他学者的试验板底直接受火区域无规则与贯通裂缝出现,而板顶产生了较多规则裂缝。
为更深入地了解周边板块的受火工况对双向板抗火性能的影响,Wang等29-31开展了三跨钢筋混凝土连续双向板火灾试验研究,结果表明,边跨的变形主要取决于自身受火工况,其变形通常向下,而中跨的变形受边跨受火工况与自身受火工况的影响,可能出现向上或向下的变形。配筋率或配筋方式对连续板的变形影响较小,养护时间超过2年的板在火灾下几乎不发生爆裂。此外,陈振兴32和郭文轩33对两跨钢筋混凝土楼盖的抗火性能展开了试验研究,结果表明,配筋率和配筋方式对连续楼盖的抗火性能影响较小,而当支撑楼板的梁受火时,楼盖的抗火性能减弱。上述连续双向板试验中,板底直接受火区域无规则与通长裂缝出现,而板顶产生了较为规则的裂缝。
Li等34开展了一块2×3(开间×进深)跨整体装配式空心楼盖火灾试验,由于较强的边界约束条件,板产生向上的位移。Bolina等35进行了8块压型钢板组合楼板火灾试验,结果表明,压型钢板虽然在升温初期就丧失材料强度,但能延缓混凝土板的升温速率,配置了负弯矩钢筋的混凝土板面仍会开裂,只在负弯矩区配置钢筋与正负弯矩区都配置钢筋的连续板的变形几乎一致。张大山等36进行了2块组合楼盖的火灾试验,试验板挠度达到跨度的1/40,但板底直接受火区域无规则与贯通裂缝出现,而板面产生了较多规则裂缝。
已有钢筋混凝土双向板相关火灾试验结果表明:1) 不同边界条件的钢筋混凝土双向板抗火性能均较好,不容易发生破坏。高温下大挠度板出现了不同于常温的板面开裂而板底较为完好的现象,板的受力机理发生了改变。2) 简支双向板的变形随着面内荷载的增加而显著增加,配筋率与配筋方式对连续板的变形影响较小,当板四周的约束较强时,板可能产生向上的变形。固支双向板与连续双向板在受火过程中发生内力重分布。
荷载比是影响钢管混凝土(CFST)柱抗火性能的重要参数。Lie和Chabot37进行了CFST柱轴压火灾试验。结果表明,随着荷载比的增加,钢管混凝土柱抗火性能显著降低,且钢管混凝土柱向上膨胀变形减小。为研究荷载偏心对钢管混凝土柱抗火性能的影响,学者们进行了相关火灾试验38-39,结果表明,偏压试件破坏时呈现较大的弯曲变形,偏心率从0增加至0.4时,钢管混凝土柱耐火极限显著降低,当偏心率从0.4增加至0.6时,钢管混凝土柱耐火极限降低幅度减小。
不同截面形状会导致CFST柱在火灾下的温度场分布、约束效应和力学性能产生差异,为研究不同截面形状CFST柱的抗火性能,多位学者开展了系统性的试验研究。Ali等40开展了圆端形CFST柱的火灾试验研究,试验中柱的荷载比为0.2~0.6时,其耐火极限仅为9~21 min。Liu等41、Wei等42、Yang等43开展了火灾下钢管混凝土异形柱试验研究,研究截面形式、偏心率与加劲形式等因素对异形柱抗火性能的影响,结果表明,柱均发生压弯破坏,偏心率对柱抗火性能的影响最大,荷载比为0.5的异形柱的耐火极限约为20~40 min。可见,不同截面形式下,钢管混凝土柱的抗火性能均较差。
相同升温条件下,由于混凝土的热惰性,钢管混凝土柱截面尺寸越大,核心混凝土柱截面平均温度越低,混凝土相对高温损伤程度越小。Lie和Chabot37的火灾试验结果表明,随着CFST柱截面尺寸增加,其耐火极限显著增加。
为研究混凝土取代率对钢管混凝土柱抗火性能的影响,学者们进行了轴压与偏压矩形钢管再生混凝土柱火灾试验3844,结果表明,轴压与偏压下,混凝土取代率对钢管混凝土柱耐火极限与破坏形态的影响均较小。此外,Lie和Chabot37的火灾试验结果表明,由于钙质骨料混凝土的比热容高于硅质骨料混凝土的,因此钢管钙质骨料混凝土柱的抗火性能优于钢管硅质骨料混凝土柱。
钢管混凝土柱的受火方式直接影响其截面温度分布,相同升温条件下,随着受火面的增加,钢管与内部混凝土的材料损伤程度增加。Yang等45-46进行的非均匀火灾下方形和矩形CFST柱试验研究中,试验柱轴压比为0.4~0.6时,三面受火柱的耐火极限为11~34 min,而单面受火柱的耐火极限为43~99 min。非均匀火灾下,试件均发生整体弯曲变形。
相同荷载比下,含钢率越大的CFST柱施加的荷载越大,升温后期材料性能劣化严重时,对CFST柱刚度削弱程度越大。Lie和Chabot 37的火灾试验中,四面受火的CFST柱截面含钢率从0.09增加至0.16时,其耐火极限减少9 min。田乐47进行的单面与两面受火CFST柱火灾试验中,截面含钢率从0.1增加至0.15时,相对两面受火的钢管混凝土耐火极限减少29 min,单面受火的钢管混凝土柱由于承载力降低程度较小,其耐火极限增加14 min。总体而言,含钢率对钢管混凝土柱抗火性能影响较小。
防火保护是钢管混凝土柱的主要设计方法。对于具有防火保护层的CFST柱,Han等48-49进行了相关火灾试验研究,结果表明,当荷载比为0.77时,普通CFST柱的耐火极限仅约20~30 min,而防火保护层厚度为7~25 mm的CFST柱的耐火极限为78~196 min。Song等50进行的具有膨胀型防火涂料的钢管混凝土柱火灾试验中,当防火涂料净厚度为3.36~6.08 mm时,荷载比为0.35的钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限超过了180 min。可见,防火保护层显著提升了CFST柱的抗火性能。
地震损伤导致钢管混凝土柱承载力降低与防火涂料脱落等降低了其耐火极限,魏国强等51进行的方钢管混凝土柱震后火灾试验中,震损程度对钢管混凝土柱升温几乎无影响,当荷载比较小时,不同程度的震损显著降低了钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限,随着荷载比的增加,轻度震损对钢管混凝土柱耐火极限影响较小,而严重震损的CFST柱耐火极限较无震损CFST柱降低77%。Wang52与Wang等53等开展的方钢管与圆钢管混凝土柱震后火灾试验中,柱耐火极限随着震损程度的增加而降低。
已有钢管混凝土柱相关火灾试验结果表明:普通钢管混凝土柱抗火性能有限,荷载比与荷载偏心率、受火方式、截面尺寸、震损程度与防火保护层是影响CFST柱抗火性能的主要参数,含钢率、混凝土骨料类型与截面形式对CFST柱抗火性能影响较小。由于防火涂料保护层能显著降低钢管表面温度,进而显著提升CFST柱的抗火性能,使得其较容易满足3 h耐火极限需求。
Han等54进行了2个型钢混凝土柱-型钢混凝土梁节点的耐火性能试验,Tan等55进行了6个钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁节点的火灾试验,结果表明,节点区的温度低于非节点区,节点的破坏都呈延性,但节点区的混凝土梁和混凝土柱会发生明显的保护层剥落现象,节点发生梁破坏还是柱破坏取决于梁荷载比。Pucinotti等56-57进行的6个钢管混凝土柱-组合梁的震后火灾试验与Ye等58进行的不同震损程度的钢柱-组合梁火灾试验,结果均表明,地震损伤对节点抗火性能的影响较小,平板组合梁节点的震后抗火性能优于压型钢板组合梁节点。
Dong等59-64进行了4榀单层单跨、7榀两层两跨钢柱-钢混凝土组合梁框架火灾试验,研究组合梁的连接方式与受火工况对平面框架抗火性能的影响,结果表明,高温下梁柱之间相互约束,使得框架发生内力重分布,且组合梁的抗火性能优于钢柱,钢梁嵌入混凝土的组合梁的抗火性能略好。韩林海65-66进行了总计8榀钢管混凝土柱-钢筋(型钢)混凝土T梁平面框架火灾试验,研究不同梁柱荷载比与线刚度比对框架抗火性能及失效模式的影响。结果表明,高温下,节点区域没有发生破坏,梁产生了悬链线效应,框架发生梁破坏和柱破坏两种失效模式。与单个梁或柱相比,框架柱的耐火极限降低,而框架梁的耐火极限增加。Xu和Bao67和王广勇等68刘维华69分别进行了钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁框架和型钢混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁火灾试验,结果表明,框架发生柱失效模式或梁柱同时失效模式,节点核心区的温度低于非核心区,梁柱的荷载比越小,线刚度比越大,框架抗火性能越好。
1995—1996年在英国进行了Cardington火灾试验70-72,试验对象为8层3×5跨足尺钢柱-钢混凝土组合楼盖空间结构体系,研究其在不同区间受火与梁柱节点保护与否等工况下的抗火性能。结果表明:1) 当周边结构能为组合梁提供较强约束时,组合梁产生悬链线效应,且钢梁下翼缘出现局部屈曲,组合楼板产生了拉力膜效应,变形达到了跨度的1/18,但结构并未坍塌。2) 螺栓与端板在降温段断裂。国内学者董毓利课题组2473-78进行了3层3×3跨足尺钢柱-组合楼盖的局部火灾试验,研究不同区格板受火、不同跨梁受火与不同位置的柱受火时,空间框架的抗火性能,试验中受火区域的梁柱无防火保护。结果表明:1) 受火板板顶都产生了较多的裂缝,但楼板在升降温全过程中都保持了较好完整性;2) 钢梁与楼板在火灾全过程中都没有分离而保持共同受力,但钢梁上下翼缘焊缝在降温过程中断裂;3) 四面受火钢柱产生扭转破坏,单面受火边钢柱和角钢柱都没有产生明显破坏。
已有钢-混凝土组合框架结构体系相关火灾试验结果表明:1) 火灾下,节点发生梁破坏还是柱破坏取决于梁荷载比,地震损伤对节点抗火性能的影响较小。2) 火灾下,平面框架发生梁破坏和柱破坏两种失效模式,但节点区未破坏。平面框架的耐火极限随着荷载比的增加或梁柱线刚度比的减小而减小,梁柱转动刚度比对其耐火极限的影响较小。3) 空间钢框架的楼板产生拉力膜效应,受火过程中整体性较好,楼板在防止结构倒塌中起到了重要作用79-80,因此其抗火性能优于平面框架。对于钢管混凝土柱-组合梁空间框架的火灾试验,目前尚未见报导。
钢-混凝土组合构件及框架结构体系的有限元研究中,有限元模型采用的单元类型主要有梁单元、壳单元与梁-壳单元、实体单元与壳-实体单元以及梁-壳-实体(多尺度)单元。构件或结构体系抗火性能分析的有限元模型中,所采用的材料本构关系一般要考虑温度-荷载-时间的共同作用。高温下混凝土的总应变包括应力引起的应变、自由膨胀应变、瞬态热应变和高温徐变等四类之和81,钢材的总应变为应力产生的应变、自由膨胀应变和高温蠕变等三类之和81,笔者将上述应力-应变关系称之为热-力-时本构关系。也有学者对热-力-时本构关系进行简化,如Eurocode 2-482-84与Lie和Irwin85建议的材料应力-应变关系中,将混凝土瞬态热应变和高温徐变简化地隐含在应力引起的应变中,将钢材高温蠕变简化地隐含在应力引起的应变中,而温度引起的自由膨胀应变单独考虑,笔者称之为热-力本构关系。各单元类型与材料本构关系相结合下的组合构件与结构抗火性能分析工作总结如下。
梁单元模型中,组合梁、钢管混凝土柱、组合平面框架与组合空间框架整体都采用梁单元。
钢-混凝土组合梁方面,Jiang等86利用OpenSees软件,采用纤维梁单元与Eurocode 2、382-83建议的材料热-力本构关系,对高温下不同边界条件的组合梁的变形、截面内应力进行了有限元分析,模型中钢梁与混凝土板刚性连接,有限元计算的简支梁位移结果与试验吻合良好,而固支梁的计算结果未经过试验验证。Drury等87利用SAFIR有限元软件,采用纤维梁单元与Eurocode 2、382-83建议的材料热-力本构关系,再额外考虑混凝土的瞬态热应变和高温徐变,对火灾下组合约束梁的抗火性能进行了有限元分析,模型中栓钉采用刚性连接的纤维梁单元。
钢管混凝土柱方面,Ibañez等88基于FedeasLab平台,采用纤维梁-柱单元模型,结合Lie和Irwin85建议的混凝土应力-应变曲线与常数自由膨胀系数,以及Eurocode 383建议的钢材热-力本构关系,对端部约束钢管混凝土柱的抗火性能进行有限元分析。
组合平面框架方面,丁发兴等89-90利用自编有限元程序NACFSTLF,采用梁单元与Ding和Yu91建议的材料热-力-时本构关系,对多层多跨钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁平面框架的抗火性能进行有限元分析。组合空间框架方面,Wang92利用有限元程序FIREFRAM,对Cardington火灾试验中的角室火灾和大开间火灾的试验结果进行模拟,模型中钢梁、组合楼盖和钢柱都采用梁柱单元,混凝土与钢材都采用热-力-时本构关系,分析结果表明,梁柱单元能够有效地模拟构件的弯曲行为,但难以模拟板发生大变形时产生的拉力膜效应。
对于火灾下结构的弯曲行为,梁单元模型能提供较为准确的计算结果,同时仍存在以下不足:1) 难以模拟组合连续梁与组合约束梁中钢梁以及组合空间框架中钢梁与钢柱局部屈曲与扭转屈曲试验现象。2) 难以模拟钢管混凝土柱的界面脱空、滑移及约束作用。3) 难以模拟钢筋混凝土双向板大变形时产生的拉力膜效应。
壳单元与梁-壳单元模型中,梁单元模拟钢梁与钢柱,壳单元模拟钢筋混凝土楼板。
钢-混凝土组合梁方面,Martinez和Jeffers93利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用梁-壳单元与Eurocode 2、382-83建议的材料热-力本构关系,对组合约束梁的抗火性能进行有限元分析,结果表明,短跨约束梁在受压梁柱阶段失效,而长跨约束梁在悬链线阶段失效。跨度越长,轴向约束与荷载越大,约束梁越容易产生悬链线效应,但参数分析模型以不收敛时刻作为约束梁耐火极限值,低估了约束梁的耐火极限。Drury等94利用SAFIR有限元软件,采用梁单元与Eurocode 2、382-83建议的材料热-力本构关系,模型中栓钉采用梁单元(认为刚性连接),有限元计算方法得到的变形趋势与试验吻合较好,但梁单元模型难以模拟钢梁的局部屈曲与平面外失稳现象。
对于单块钢筋混凝土双向板,Lim等95与Jiang和Li96利用SAFIR有限元软件,采用分层壳单元与Eurocode 282建议的材料热-力本构关系,对钢筋混凝土双向板的抗火性能进行有限元分析,结果表明,板产生拉力膜效应,抗火性能优异,当板挠度超过跨度的1/12时,仍未失效。Wang等97运用FE-SBRCS程序,单元类型采用壳单元,混凝土和钢筋的应力-应变关系分别采用Hinton98与Eurocode 282建议公式,对比分析是否考虑混凝土瞬态热应变与钢材的高温蠕变,以及采用不同自由膨胀应变对钢筋混凝土双向板抗火性能的影响,研究结果表明,考虑混凝土瞬态热应变和钢筋高温蠕变可更好地预测板的火灾行为,且当混凝土的自由膨胀应变值越大时,板变形计算值越大。
对于钢筋混凝土连续双向板或位于整体结构中的板,学者们利用VULCAN有限元软件,采用壳单元与Eurocode 2、48284建议的材料应力-应变关系对其在火灾下的力学行为进行了有限元研究,如Huang等99-100采用Nizamuddin101建议的热膨胀应变,对Cardington试验中的高温下钢框架中的楼板的力学行为进行有限元分析,研究结果表明,当钢梁的温度高于500 ℃时,楼板对维持结构整体稳定性十分重要,当温度继续升高时,楼板成为主要的水平承重构件,通过拉力膜来承担外荷载。王勇等102对钢框架结构中受火楼板的力学行为进行有限元分析,结果表明边界条件对受火板格薄膜机理和裂缝分布有决定性影响,并解释了试验中板顶裂缝分布规律,但对受火楼板板底较为完好的试验现象未进行解释。Wang等31对高温下三跨连续双向板的变形进行模拟。郭文轩33采用Eurocode 282建议的热膨胀应变对两跨钢筋混凝土楼盖进行有限元分析,分析各参数对变形与拉力膜效应的影响,发现部分有限元计算位移值远大于试验值。
空间结构体系方面,Huang等103利用有限元程序VULCAN,采用Eurocode 484建议的材料热-力本构关系,对Cardington火灾试验中的角室火灾进行模拟,在受火期间约前110 min内,有限元计算板变形与试验结果吻合良好,此后有限元计算变形值显著大于试验值。Suwondo等104-105利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用Eurocode 383建议材料的应力-应变关系与常数热膨胀应变,对4层3×3跨与5层3×3跨钢柱-钢混凝土组合楼盖框架开展震后火灾有限元分析,模型中钢柱与钢梁采用梁单元,楼板采用壳单元,研究结果表明地震损伤显著降低了框架的抗火性能。
壳单元与梁-壳单元模型具有单元数量少,计算效率高等优点,梁单元能较好地预测钢梁与钢柱弯曲变形,壳单元能够较好地预测钢筋混凝土双向板变形及拉力膜效应,但同时也存在以下不足:1) 梁单元模型难以模拟组合约束梁中钢梁、空间框架中钢梁与钢柱的局部屈曲与扭转屈曲试验现象。2) 壳单元模型难以模拟钢筋混凝土双向板厚度方向截面温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形。
实体单元与壳-实体单元模型中,钢梁采用壳单元,钢管采用壳单元或实体单元,核心混凝土柱与混凝土楼板采用实体单元。学者们主要采用ABAQUS和ANSYS软件对组合构件及结构体系进行抗火分析。
1)热-力本构关系。
钢-混凝土组合梁方面,学者们采用了Eurocode 484建议的材料热-力本构关系对组合梁的抗火性能进行有限元分析,如Ellobody 106、Alam等107、Albero等108采用实体单元对简支钢-混凝土组合扁梁(SFCB)的抗火性能进行有限元分析,文献[108]中,受火前60 min内,有限元计算挠度值与试验值吻合良好,但升温后期有限元计算变形值显著高于试验值。Selden和Varma109采用壳-实体单元,模拟火灾下组合简支梁的变形。周焕廷和梁中政110采用壳-实体单元对组合连续梁的抗火性能进行了有限元分析。此外,蒋翔等111-112采用了Ding和Yu91建议的混凝土的应力-应变曲线与Lie和Irwin85建议的钢材应力-应变曲线,李莹等113采用过镇海和时旭东81建议的材料热-力本构关系,采用实体单元,分别对耐火钢-混凝土组合简支梁与组合约束梁的抗火性能进行模拟,发现在受火前期的20 min内,计算位移结果与试验结果吻合良好,但升温后期,计算位移值大于试验值。
钢筋混凝土双向板方面,陈振兴32采用实体单元与Eurocode 282建议的材料热-力本构关系,对两跨钢筋混凝土楼盖进行有限元分析,有限元计算所得温度与挠度值都大于实测值。
钢管混凝土(CFST)柱方面,Yao等114采用实体单元,混凝土和钢材分别采用韩林海65和Lie和Irwin85建议的材料应力-应变关系,热膨胀系数取常数,对CFST柱的抗火性能进行有限元分析。Hong和Varma 115采用壳-实体单元,热膨胀系数取定常数,对比分析采用不同材料应力-应变关系对CFST柱抗火性能的影响,研究结果表明,混凝土和钢材分别采用Lie和Irwin85和Poh116建议的材料应力-应变关系时,有限元计算变形结果最为合理。刘发起等117与王广勇等118采用Lie和Irwin85建议的材料热-力本构关系,Yang等119采用Lie和Irwin85建议的混凝土应力-应变关系与常数膨胀系数、Eurocode 282建议的钢材热-力本构关系、Ghannam和Hassan111采用Eurocode 282建议的材料热-力本构关系,建立壳-实体有限元计算模型,对火灾下端部约束CFST柱进行有限元分析,分析轴向与转动约束对CFST柱的变形模式与耐火极限的影响。Talebi等120 采用Lie和Denham121建议的混凝土本构关系,采用Eurocode 282建议的钢材热-力本构关系,建立实体有限元计算模型,对不同震损程度的钢管混凝土柱抗火性能进行分析,柱顶与柱底区域损伤对受损柱的抗火性能无显著影响,而中部区域受损柱的耐火极限缩短。
组合节点与平面框架方面,Han等54采用壳-实体单元、Lie和Denham121建议的混凝土受压及Vecchio和Collins 122建议的受拉应力-应变关系、Lie和Denham121建议的钢材应力-应变关系,对型钢混凝土柱-型钢混凝土梁节点的抗火性能进行有限元分析。Tan等55采用壳-实体单元、约束混凝土采用韩林海65建议的材料应力-应变关系,普通混凝土与钢材采用Lie和Irwin85建议的材料应力-应变关系,对钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁节点的抗火性能进行有限元分析。Ye等123采用壳-实体单元、Eurocode 484建议的混凝土与ECCS124建议的钢材热-力本构关系,对钢柱-组合梁节点的震后性能进行了有限元分析。此外,学者们采用壳-实体单元对单层单跨钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了较多的有限元分析,如Han等125与Bao等126-127采用韩林海65与Lie和Denham121建议的混凝土与Lie和Denham 121建议的钢材热-力本构关系以及Yang等128-129采用Lie和Irwin85建议的混凝土与Eurocode 282建议的钢材热-力本构关系,对单层单跨方钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了有限元分析。卫璇130采用Eurocode 484建议的材料热-力本构关系,对单层单跨异形钢管混凝土柱-U型钢混凝土组合梁平面框架的抗火性能进行有限元分析,分析结果表明,非节点区域的温度显著高于节点区域,框架发生梁破坏、柱破坏或节点破坏。
2)热-力-时本构关系。
钢-混凝土组合梁方面,Wang等131-133采用Eurocode 383建议的钢材热-力本构关系、Ding和Yu91建议的混凝土热-力-时本构关系,建立壳-实体单元计算模型,对组合简支梁与约束梁的抗火性能进行了有限元分析,结果表明,约束梁的抗火性能显著优于简支梁,随着轴向约束刚度的减小与荷载比的增加,约束梁的失效模式由整体侧向转变为承载力不足而失效。
钢筋混凝土双向板方面,吴加超134采用Eurocode 282建议的混凝土热-力本构关系、过镇海和时旭东81建议的钢筋热-力本构关系以及考虑钢筋高温蠕变,对连续双向板抗火性能进行有限元分析。Wang等135采用Eurocode 383建议的钢材热-力本构关系、Ding和Yu91建议的混凝土热-力-时本构关系,建立实体单元计算模型,对火灾下钢筋混凝土简支双向板的力学响应进行有限元分析,结果表明,由于产生倒拱效应与拉力膜效应,板抗火性能优异,倒拱效应合理解释了试验中直接受火的板底较为完好而板面开裂的试验现象。
钢管混凝土(CFST)柱方面,傅强136与Li等137采用实体单元、Eurocode 383建议的钢材热-力本构关系、Ding和Yu91建议的混凝土热-力-时本构关系,对方形和圆形CFST的抗火性能进行有限元分析,结果表明,随着荷载比与钢材强度的增加、混凝土强度与配筋率的减小,钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限减小。
平面框架方面,Li等138采用实体单元、Eurocode 383建议的钢材热-力本构关系、Ding和Yu91建议的混凝土热-力-时本构关系,对3层3跨钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁平面框架进行了有限元分析,结果表明,无防火保护层的框架的失效模式为柱失效模式,而增加了防火保护层的框架的失效模式转变为梁失效模式。周侃等139采用韩林海65与Lie和Denham 121建议的混凝土热-力本构关系与Lie和Denham 121建议的钢材热-力本构关系,并考虑了混凝土的瞬态热应变和高温徐变,分别对升温过程和升降温全过程平面框架的力学行为进行了有限元分析。李巍140、丁发兴等141、粟慧林142采用壳-实体单元,混凝土与钢材分别采用Ding和Yu91和Lie和Irwin85建议的热-力-时本构关系,对3层3跨钢管混凝土柱-组合梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了有限元研究,分析结构表明,框架发生梁先失效还是柱先失效破坏模式取决于荷载比,且框架在降温过程中也可能发生破坏。
钢-混凝土组合梁方面,王高峰143、宋超杰等144、李徐阳等145采用壳-实体单元、Eurocode 484建议的材料热-力本构关系对组合连续梁的抗火性能进行了有限元分析,分析了各参数对连续梁抗火性能及破坏模式的影响,阐述了高温下连续梁的变形三阶段过程,提出了相应构造措施来提升组合连续梁的耐火韧性。
钢筋混凝土双向板方面,段亚昆146采用Eurocode 282建议的材料应力-应变关系,对比分析了采用Eurocode 282和Lie和Irwin85建议的自由膨胀应变对连续双向板变形计算结果的影响,结果表明,有限元计算的变形趋势与试验较为吻合,但由于未考虑混凝土瞬态应变的影响,采用不同自由膨胀应变计算得到的变形数值都远小于试验值,根据混凝土von-Mises应力值分析板裂缝产生的位置时,难以有效阐述板裂缝方向。
钢管混凝土柱方面,Ding和Wang147采用实体单元、Eurocode 282材料热-力本构关系,对CFST柱的抗火性能进行有限元分析,结果表明考虑混凝土与钢材之间的间隙对温度计算结果影响较大,而是否考虑钢管与混凝土之间的界面滑移对其耐火极限的影响很小。
ABAQUS与ANSYS均有强大的非线性处理能力,但在处理高温下材料非线性、接触问题、高应力与大变形分析时,ABAQUS的计算能力和稳定性通常较优。因此,组合构件与结构体系的抗火分析中,ABAQUS应用更广泛。
实体单元模拟混凝土最贴近真实状态,无须遵循平截面假设,方便考虑材料非线性、几何非线性、接触非线性和温度场非线性等各种复杂非线性因素,因此相应的钢-混凝土组合构件及结构体系有限元模型计算过程中收敛性更好,更容易实现结构塑性大变形分析。当用于抗火性能分析时有以下优点:1)壳-实体单元模型模拟钢-混凝土组合连续梁与约束梁时,能够较好地模拟钢梁的局部屈曲与扭转屈曲试验现象。2)实体单元模型模拟钢筋混凝土双向板时,能较好地模拟钢筋混凝土双向板厚度方向截面温度场非均匀引起的膨胀变形。3)实体单元与壳-实体单元模型模拟钢管混凝土柱时,可体现钢管与混凝土之间的界面脱空、滑移及约束作用。壳-实体单元模型主要的不足是计算费时。
壳-实体单元模型的计算结果与材料热-力(-时)本构关系的应用息息相关,有关本构关系的特点如下:
1)火灾下钢筋混凝土双向板有限元模型中,混凝土采用实体单元并与其热-力-时本构关系相结合,有限元结果较好地反映了简支双向板板顶开裂而板底较为完好的试验现象135。而当混凝土采用实体单元并与其热-力本构关系相结合时,有限元结果难以有效反映连续双向板板顶开裂而板底较为完好的试验现象,且有限元计算变形与试验值偏差较大32146
2)火灾下约束钢筋混凝土柱有限元模型中,混凝土采用实体单元并与其热-力-时本构模型相结合,由于分开考虑了混凝土瞬态热应变与高温徐变对构件抗火性能的影响,有限元计算变形与试验值吻合更好148-149
3)火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁和钢管混凝土柱有限元模型中,钢材采用实体或壳单元并与其热-力-时本构关系相结合时,有限元计算变形结果与试验相比偏大,而将钢材高温蠕变隐含考虑在应力引起应变中的热-力关系时,有限元计算变形反而与试验值吻合良好。
多层多跨组合框架结构体系的抗火分析中,当采用梁单元或梁壳单元时,难以准确预测结构的局部破坏或整体倒塌。当采用实体单元或壳-实体单元时,虽能较为精准地预测体系的局部破坏,但计算成本高,应用于大尺度结构分析中耗时较长。为保证受火区域分析精度的同时提高计算效率,学者们采用ABAQUS软件,建立多尺度模型对多层多跨平面框架的抗火性能进行有限元研究,即受火区域采用实体单元或壳-实体单元,而非受火区域采用梁单元,为保证不同单元类型之间的边界与变形协调,梁单元与实体单元之间采用耦合约束。
王广勇等150采用Lie和Irwin85建议的材料热-力本构关系,王广勇和李玉梅等151分别采用Lie和Irwin85与王卫华152建议的钢材、混凝土应力-应变关系,对3层3跨钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架抗火性能进行了有限元分析,研究结果表明,局部火灾下平面框架发生两种破坏模式:由于钢梁弯扭失稳导致的局部破坏和受火柱破坏导致的整体破坏。王广勇等153-154采用Lie和Irwin85建议的材料热-力本构关系对7层3跨型钢混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁平面框架的抗火性能进行了有限元分析,结果表明,局部火灾下,平面框架发生梁破坏与柱破坏两种失效模式,当框架发生梁破坏失效模式时,各工况下框架的耐火极限几乎一致,而当框架发生柱失效模式时,框架耐火极限随着荷载比的减小而增加,受火后期,梁产生了悬链线效应。此外,学者们也采用多尺度模型对升降温全过程中组合平面框架的力学行为进行了有限元研究155-156,结果表明,受火过程中梁的挠曲变形大于柱的压缩变形,且随着受火区域的增加,平面框架承载力降低。
多尺度模型目前主要被学者应用于多层多跨平面框架抗火性能的有限元分析。多尺度模型虽然具有保证结构局部计算精度的同时提高计算效率的优点,但仍存在以下不足:1)当结构受局部火灾作用时,相邻非受火区域的构件最不利截面产生较大的内力,导致塑性变形、局部屈曲或扭转屈曲,此时采用梁单元难以模拟相邻非受火区域的局部或扭转屈曲。2)受火区域与非受火区域连接部位需额外引入单元转换,在单元连接区域可能导致计算收敛性问题与应力不连续问题。
组合结构的抗火性能比纯钢结构好,但依靠自身仍然不能满足建筑防火的要求,需要进行结构防火设计。目前国际上主要是两种防火设计方法:
1)基于构件试验的防火设计方法。该设计方法以独立构件标准耐火试验结果为依据,其代表性设计规范如中国的GB/T 99788—2008《建筑构件耐火试验方法》157、英国的BS 476-20158和美国的ASTM E119-18159等。
2)基于构件计算的防火设计方法。该方法以高温下构件的承载力状态为耐火极限进行判断,考虑温度内力的影响,该方法已广泛用于欧洲的Eurocode 484和我国的GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》160。其中钢管混凝土柱和钢-混凝土组合梁的防火保护设计考虑混凝土部分的有利影响,组合楼板的防火保护设计考虑拉力膜效应,因而节约建筑防火成本。
因试验条件的限制,结构火灾试验不能进行到倒塌状态,火灾下结构的失效机制更多有赖于数值分析进行推演,目前已经开展的钢柱-组合梁空间框架抗火性能分析,尚没有涉及到结构的失效模式,钢管混凝土柱-组合梁空间框架的抗火分析与失效模式尚未开展,局部火灾下结构体系的失效机理尚不清楚,因此有必要采用壳-实体有限元模型并结合合理的材料热-力-(时)本构关系开展组合结构空间框架抗火分析,探讨火灾下组合空间框架的失效模式、楼板与组合梁的变形模式与内(应)力重分布规律等力学响应机理。
各规范防火设计采用基于构件试验或计算的方法,考虑了组合楼板的拉力膜效应和端部约束下钢-混凝土组合梁的悬链线效应,但构件失效与结构体系失效之间的联系尚未建立,当前基于构件的防火设计方法是否能满足结构防火设计要求仍需要进行比较和探讨。后续研究中有必要建立构件失效与结构体系失效之间的定量关系,并结合整体结构分析,考虑结构的冗余度和内力重分布能力,提出基于整体性能的结构体系防火设计方法。
地震引发的次生火灾是大概率事件,地震损伤可能导致钢材屈服或混凝土开裂,进而导致钢材在高温下的软化速率加快,混凝土爆裂风险增加。此外,地震引起的局部损伤可能导致结构刚度分布不均,火灾下内力重分布能力下降,整体倒塌风险增加。因此后继研究中可开展震后火灾下组合结构的内力重分布机制、失效模式与倒塌路径分析,进而提出基于整体性能的震损结构防火设计方法与震后火灾下结构的剩余承载力评估方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978664; 52208172)
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doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS25011101
  • 接收时间:2025-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-03
  • 出版时间:2026-05-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-11
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    1中南大学土木工程学院,长沙 410075
    2湖南省装配式建筑工程技术研究中心,长沙 410075
    3临沂大学土木工程与建筑学院,山东 临沂 276000
    4中冶京诚工程技术有限公司,北京 100045
    5北京市建筑设计研究院股份有限公司,北京 100045
    6中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司,成都 610000
    7四川省建筑设计研究院有限公司,成都 610000
    8中国建筑第八工程局有限公司,上海 200000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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