Article(id=1251480541187490187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, issueId=1251480531381207309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11887/j.issn.1001-2486.25040001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776305812402, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776305812402, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776305812402, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776305812402, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251480531381207309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776305810065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776305899308, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251480905865446141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, issueId=1251480531381207309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251480905865446142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, issueId=1251480531381207309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251480544182223352, articleId=1251480541187490187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, language=EN, title=Probability tunable random number generator for random simulation of accelerated particle transport, columnId=1251480536670220899, journalTitle=Journal of National Niversity of Defense Technology, columnName=Computer System and technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Particle transport simulations using stochastic methods face significant challenges on conventional von Neumann architectures, particularly due to random branching events and irregular memory access patterns.These limitations stem from the fundamental mismatch between probabilistic algorithms and deterministic computing paradigms.To bridge the gap between architecture and algorithms, a probabilistically tunable true random number generator was developed based on spintronic and ferroelectric devices.The physical randomness of spintronic devices was leveraged to provide a physical random source for the architecture, and the throughput of random bits was enhanced through optimized control logic and writing mechanisms.Next, programmable synapses were designed based on the memristive properties of ferroelectric devices, enabling nonvolatile continuous weight storage with tunable probabilities.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach achieves performance improvements ranging from 171 to 1028 times compared to a general-purpose CPU when solving a sample transport problem.Furthermore, compared to existing spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction based true random number generators, the developed method not only enables tunable probability random sampling but also achieves a throughput of 303 Mbit/s when generating uniformly distributed random sequences.
, correspAuthors=Tiejun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Siqing FU, Tiejun LI, Lizhou WU, Chunyuan ZHANG, Sheng MA, Jianmin ZHANG, Ruixuan REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251480557486555334, articleId=1251480541187490187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, language=CN, title=面向加速粒子输运随机模拟的概率可调真随机数生成器, columnId=1251480538381496943, journalTitle=国防科技大学学报, columnName=计算机系统与技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
粒子输运问题的随机模拟在传统冯·诺依曼架构上面临随机事件分支和不规则访存带来的挑战,其根源在于随机算法与确定性硬件之间的不匹配。为此,设计了一种基于自旋和铁电器件的概率可调真随机数生成器。基于自旋器件的物理随机性,为架构提供物理随机源,并通过优化的控制逻辑和写入机制提高随机比特吞吐率;基于铁电器件的忆阻特性,设计了可编程和具有非易失连续存储权重的概率可调突触。实验表明,该设计求解示例输运问题时性能相比通用处理器提高171~1028倍。进一步地,相较现有的基于自旋转移矩磁隧道结的真随机数生成器,其不仅唯一具有生成可调概率随机采样的能力,且产生均匀分布随机序列时吞吐率达到303 Mbit/s,具有更高的随机比特吞吐率。
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11 (23):2402182., articleTitle=Probability-distribution-configurable true random number generators based on spin-orbit torque magnetic tunnel junctions, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251480557746602201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251480557759185114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, companyId=1251480557746602201, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251480557767573723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, companyId=1251480557746602201, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国防科技大学 计算机学院,湖南 长沙 410073)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251480562830098906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Markov chain for random walks, figureFileSmall=XzUpE2q5xWScZ4hChRXVlA==, figureFileBig=n0SxRzZg0xfNvILFqDUASg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480562947539422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
用于执行随机游走的马尔可夫链, figureFileSmall=XzUpE2q5xWScZ4hChRXVlA==, figureFileBig=n0SxRzZg0xfNvILFqDUASg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480563140477417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
STT switching and dynamic probability switching, figureFileSmall=vSDAiLks2BbIyi66Rti3ug==, figureFileBig=aqTSfwpxfHFehgeKuwpMYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480563241140717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
STT翻转及其动态概率翻转过程, figureFileSmall=vSDAiLks2BbIyi66Rti3ug==, figureFileBig=aqTSfwpxfHFehgeKuwpMYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480563371164148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Domain nucleation and propagation in FTJ under programming voltage, figureFileSmall=1XyKR0J0yxx+EHhxeb8aQA==, figureFileBig=x4U3+3TLFCzhnZuXXILejw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480564956611062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
编程电压诱导下FTJ极化畴成核和拓展的过程, figureFileSmall=1XyKR0J0yxx+EHhxeb8aQA==, figureFileBig=x4U3+3TLFCzhnZuXXILejw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565078245885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Computational system frameworks for particle transport, figureFileSmall=X1ao4HjyhOLRAfWSZOb75w==, figureFileBig=EDkCAmX/K6z6Qv8mcdxH8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565187297794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
求解粒子输运的系统框架, figureFileSmall=X1ao4HjyhOLRAfWSZOb75w==, figureFileBig=EDkCAmX/K6z6Qv8mcdxH8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565287961093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Control logic for MTJ-based TRNG, figureFileSmall=oEjR15sZLmNCLWV6jFiw4w==, figureFileBig=G/ZQMOrkOwEpS7dm29bbGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565405401612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
基于MTJ的TRNG的控制逻辑, figureFileSmall=oEjR15sZLmNCLWV6jFiw4w==, figureFileBig=G/ZQMOrkOwEpS7dm29bbGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565506064914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Control logic for tunable probability TRNG, figureFileSmall=AR6t5IaNGrzcCsBHqDA1Kg==, figureFileBig=v1lH99q8xuZ03jzy2eWtmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565606728213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
可调概率TRNG的控制逻辑, figureFileSmall=AR6t5IaNGrzcCsBHqDA1Kg==, figureFileBig=v1lH99q8xuZ03jzy2eWtmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565711585820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Circuit design for a tunable probability TRNG, figureFileSmall=r2oEqsEFn7O1iLVUZk4yww==, figureFileBig=YrWd8YFYddt4mMyxKrccDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480565900329506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
可调概率TRNG的电路设计, figureFileSmall=r2oEqsEFn7O1iLVUZk4yww==, figureFileBig=YrWd8YFYddt4mMyxKrccDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566034547238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Structure of tunable probability synapse based on FTJ, figureFileSmall=nOSabkSk5lkWBasktUcGFA==, figureFileBig=cOqKdHT4lAqfjmDVkxtYZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566110044714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
基于FTJ的概率调节突触结构, figureFileSmall=nOSabkSk5lkWBasktUcGFA==, figureFileBig=cOqKdHT4lAqfjmDVkxtYZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566206513710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Probability of TRNG outputting “1 ”under the control of P1 and P2, figureFileSmall=rB8YsZugJHTexUFkWj0DNw==, figureFileBig=CZhxy4MANzqNlCL08133LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566399451702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
P1和P2控制下TRNG输出“1 ”的概率, figureFileSmall=rB8YsZugJHTexUFkWj0DNw==, figureFileBig=CZhxy4MANzqNlCL08133LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566516892221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Probabilistic storage simulation of the tunable probability synapse, figureFileSmall=0a30AGRGsfuDwtNx+WA/1w==, figureFileBig=qPrx5/H6TZ0paku7TBPKlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566659498562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
对概率调节突触进行的概率存储仿真, figureFileSmall=0a30AGRGsfuDwtNx+WA/1w==, figureFileBig=qPrx5/H6TZ0paku7TBPKlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566839853637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Simulation of feedback write operation in TRNG, figureFileSmall=XMd8hBTGgpjbMda4Txef1A==, figureFileBig=YNn5VCy8vie8yEu/vXEDPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480566936322635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
TRNG执行反馈写入仿真, figureFileSmall=XMd8hBTGgpjbMda4Txef1A==, figureFileBig=YNn5VCy8vie8yEu/vXEDPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567049568846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Comparison of Shannon and minimum entropy for TRNG control logics under voltage variation, figureFileSmall=fV7wE+tWAxelkd+WjJNjOw==, figureFileBig=5EjnKlkeXN+OPiRPEZjlhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567171203669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
电压偏差下不同配置TRNG的香农熵和最小熵比较, figureFileSmall=fV7wE+tWAxelkd+WjJNjOw==, figureFileBig=5EjnKlkeXN+OPiRPEZjlhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567267672666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Comparison of Shannon and minimum entropy for TRNG control logics under temperature variation, figureFileSmall=IZOoTu1LFfZIToyk2d3rsw==, figureFileBig=khylEA/jSElaGypXsP0/KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567343170140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
温度偏差下不同配置TRNG香农熵和最小熵比较, figureFileSmall=IZOoTu1LFfZIToyk2d3rsw==, figureFileBig=khylEA/jSElaGypXsP0/KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567427056226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Comparison of transport equation solutions using different tracking methods in the simulator, figureFileSmall=j4s+a4snElDrDNcuX165Lg==, figureFileBig=TJPyqzCLBhdJJRAR3TlS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567515136614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
模拟器通过不同跟踪方法求得的输运方程解的对比, figureFileSmall=j4s+a4snElDrDNcuX165Lg==, figureFileBig=TJPyqzCLBhdJJRAR3TlS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251480567624188520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Key device parameters for MTJ compact model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 描述 | 值 |
|---|
| tFL | 自由层厚度 | 1.3 nm |
| σtFL | tFL的标准差 | 3%×1.3 nm |
| dCD | 直径 | 32 nm |
| tTB | 绝缘层厚度 | 0.85 nm |
| σtTB | tTB的标准差 | 3%×0.85 nm |
| rTMR | 隧道磁阻率TMR | 200% |
| σrTMR | rTMR的标准差 | 3%×200% |
), ArticleFig(id=1251480567708074605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
MTJ紧凑模型的关键参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 描述 | 值 |
|---|
| tFL | 自由层厚度 | 1.3 nm |
| σtFL | tFL的标准差 | 3%×1.3 nm |
| dCD | 直径 | 32 nm |
| tTB | 绝缘层厚度 | 0.85 nm |
| σtTB | tTB的标准差 | 3%×0.85 nm |
| rTMR | 隧道磁阻率TMR | 200% |
| σrTMR | rTMR的标准差 | 3%×200% |
), ArticleFig(id=1251480567804543601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
NIST test results for the random bit stream
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 测试 | P值 | 通过率 | Pass/Fail |
|---|
| Frequency | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| BlockFrequency | 0.3504 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Cumu-lative- | Forward | 0.7399 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Sums | Reverse | 0.9114 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Runs | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| LongestRun | 0.7399 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Rank | 0.1223 | 9/10 | Pass |
| FFT | 0.2133 | 10/10 | Pass |
| NonOverlapping-Template | — | 1459/1480 | Pass |
| Overlapping-Template | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| ApproximateEntropy | 0.0668 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Serial | Forward | 0.5341 | 9/10 | Pass |
| Reverse | 0.3504 | 9/10 | Pass |
| LinearComplexity | 0.9114 | 10/10 | Pass |
), ArticleFig(id=1251480567888429684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
随机比特流NIST测试结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 测试 | P值 | 通过率 | Pass/Fail |
|---|
| Frequency | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| BlockFrequency | 0.3504 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Cumu-lative- | Forward | 0.7399 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Sums | Reverse | 0.9114 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Runs | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| LongestRun | 0.7399 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Rank | 0.1223 | 9/10 | Pass |
| FFT | 0.2133 | 10/10 | Pass |
| NonOverlapping-Template | — | 1459/1480 | Pass |
| Overlapping-Template | 0.5341 | 10/10 | Pass |
| ApproximateEntropy | 0.0668 | 10/10 | Pass |
| Serial | Forward | 0.5341 | 9/10 | Pass |
| Reverse | 0.3504 | 9/10 | Pass |
| LinearComplexity | 0.9114 | 10/10 | Pass |
), ArticleFig(id=1251480569448710773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Comparison with spin-based TRNGs
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | MTJ | 概率可调 | 吞吐率/(Mbit/s) | 功耗/(pJ/bit) | 面积/μm2 |
|---|
| [15] | STT | N | 7.7~15.1 | 5.7~13.4 | 50.6~200.6 |
| [14] | STT | N | 50 | 1.1 | 219 |
| [17] | STT | N | 66.7~177.8 | 0.6~0.8 | 3.8~7.6 |
| [18] | STT | N | 66.7 | 0.8 | 3.84 |
| [20] | STT | N | 303 | 2.65~5.3 | 14.5~24.29 |
| [29] | SOT | Y | <1000 | — | — |
| 本文 | STT | Y | 303 | 2.99 | 9.79 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251480569561956985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234078029037663, articleId=1251480541187490187, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
与自旋TRNG的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | MTJ | 概率可调 | 吞吐率/(Mbit/s) | 功耗/(pJ/bit) | 面积/μm2 |
|---|
| [15] | STT | N | 7.7~15.1 | 5.7~13.4 | 50.6~200.6 |
| [14] | STT | N | 50 | 1.1 | 219 |
| [17] | STT | N | 66.7~177.8 | 0.6~0.8 | 3.8~7.6 |
| [18] | STT | N | 66.7 | 0.8 | 3.84 |
| [20] | STT | N | 303 | 2.65~5.3 | 14.5~24.29 |
| [29] | SOT | Y | <1000 | — | — |
| 本文 | STT | Y | 303 | 2.99 | 9.79 |
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