Article(id=1309816754004652344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309816719896568193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7605/gdlxb.2026.036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=1754496000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790214249372, onlineDateStr=2026-09-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790214249372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790214249372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790214249372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309816719896568193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, year='2026', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='1217', pageEnd='1630', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790214241241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790214365545, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309817241349223276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309816719896568193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309817241349223277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309816719896568193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1322, endPage=1336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309816754797375801, articleId=1309816754004652344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=EN, title=Cretaceous Lycoptera fossils and Oceanic Anoxic Events(OAEs) in Liupanshan Basin, columnId=1309816740377363171, journalTitle=Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), columnName=PALAEOGEOGRAPHY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Cretaceous period was characterized by numerous globally significant tectonic and climatic events that are well preserved in the Liupanshan Basin,where the exceptionally continuous and widely distributed Cretaceous strata,predominantly composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits,host exquisitely preserved Lycoptera fossils,making this basin an ideal site for studying paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes during the Cretaceous. Through an integrated approach combining sedimentology,stratigraphy,paleontology,and geochemistry,this study investigates the Liwaxia Formation in the Liupanshan Basin,employing organic carbon isotope(${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)analysis,major and trace element geochemistry,and X-ray fluorescence(XRF)to examine the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Lycoptera-bearing intervals and to assess their relationship to global events. Geochemical results reveal three distinct ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ evolutionary stages: a significant negative excursion(from-30.21‰ to-27.19‰,amplitude 3.02‰)in intervals B3-B7,a sharp positive shift(from-28.05‰ to-24.13‰,amplitude 3.92‰)in intervals B11-B15,followed by an oscillatory positive trend in intervals B17-B25. The fossil-bearing horizons exhibit notable geochemical anomalies,including marked fluctuations in major elements(Ca,Mg)and trace elements(Sr,Th)relative to adjacent strata,while micro-XRF analysis of fish fossil bones reveals marked enrichments of heavy metals and toxic elements(Mn,Cr,As,S). These Lycoptera-bearing strata record lacustrine environmental conditions during the C3 stage of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a(OAE1a),characterized by the diagnostic ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ negative excursion marking OAE1a onset and reflecting hot,arid,hypersaline,and anoxic conditions in the Liupanshan Basin. The mass mortality of Lycoptera likely resulted from the combined effects of persistent bottom-water anoxia caused by Early Cretaceous volcanic-induced greenhouse conditions and the toxicological impact of heavy metals and toxic elements enriched in volcanic ash. This research not only sheds light on the response mechanisms of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment within the Liupanshan Basin to global events,but also provides crucial biogeochemical evidence and paleontological records essential for understanding the climatic and environmental evolution of Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and associated biological extinction events.

, authors=Di WEN1, Mingshu XU1, Meng ZHENG2, Kang WEI1, Mingtao SHENG1, Zirui MA1, Liang XIAO1, Yang ZHOU1, Jiwei LIANG1, authorsList=Di WEN, Mingshu XU, Meng ZHENG, Kang WEI, Mingtao SHENG, Zirui MA, Liang XIAO, Yang ZHOU, Jiwei LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiwei LIANG, authorNote=

WEN Di,born in 2001,a master degree candidate,is mainly engaged in researches on sedimentology and basin analysis. E-mail: .

, correspAuthorsNote=
LIANG Jiwei,born in 1968, a professor and Ph D. supervisor, is mainly engaged in teaching and researches on regional geological survey,sedimentology and basin analysis. E-mail: .
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白垩纪发生了许多具有全球性影响的构造和气候事件,这些事件在六盘山盆地也有很好的响应。六盘山盆地白垩系为河流—湖泊相沉积,地层连续性好,分布范围广,尤其重要的是,地层中还保存了完美的狼鳍鱼化石,是研究白垩纪古气候、古环境变化的理想场所。依据沉积学、地层学、古生物学、地球化学等理论,以六盘山盆地白垩系李洼峡组为研究对象,通过有机碳同位素(${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)、主量元素、微量元素、XRF(X射线荧光光谱分析)等分析测试,对狼鳍鱼化石赋存层位的古气候、古环境进行研究,以揭示其与全球性事件的响应关系。地球化学分析结果显示,李洼峡组岩石样品的${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$结果呈现出3个明显的演化阶段: B3-B7层位急剧负偏(-30.21‰~-27.19‰,幅度3.02‰),B11-B15层位显著正偏(-28.05‰~-24.13‰,幅度3.92‰),B17-B25层位转为振荡式正偏移。化石赋存层位中主量元素Ca、Mg和微量元素Sr、Th相较于其上、下层位呈现显著差异。鱼化石骨骼微区XRF分析显示,Mn、Cr、As、S等重金属和有毒元素显著异常。李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石层位记录了OAE1a(Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a,大洋缺氧事件)的C3阶段(OAE1a的起始阶段,${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$呈显著负偏),该阶段六盘山盆地表现为炎热干旱、高盐缺氧的沉积环境。狼鳍鱼大规模死亡主要是由于早白垩世火山活动诱发的温室效应导致底层水体形成持续性缺氧环境,同时叠加火山灰中富集的重金属和有毒元素的毒害作用。该研究不仅揭示了六盘山盆地古气候、古环境对全球事件的响应机制,也为理解白垩纪陆相生态系统的气候环境演变和生物灭绝事件提供了关键的地球化学证据和古生物记录。

, authors=文迪1, 徐明曙1, 郑萌2, 魏康1, 盛明涛1, 马子睿1, 肖良1, 周洋1, 梁积伟1, authorsList=文迪, 徐明曙, 郑萌, 魏康, 盛明涛, 马子睿, 肖良, 周洋, 梁积伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁积伟, authorNote=

文迪,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学和盆地分析的研究工作。E-mail: 。

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梁积伟,男,1968年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质调查、沉积学和盆地分析的教学和科研工作。E-mail: 。
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文迪,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学和盆地分析的研究工作。E-mail: 。

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a—六盘山盆地构造单元简图(据施炜等,2006;修改);b—六盘山盆地白垩系地质简图(据Li et al., 2013;修改);c—六盘山盆地早白垩世综合柱状图(据陈金燕,2018;修改)

, figureFileSmall=UCpwUNGsxjnBQIpgLWoWcg==, figureFileBig=EzY2RSlI9KefIJLeM99fTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816780848198032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Stratigraphic column and outcrop photographs of the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin, figureFileSmall=SO5R9ivG8BSaWDHUMZ/2cg==, figureFileBig=5fOWd/duWniVhFGgu7Hc2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816780944667025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图2, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组化石赋存层位柱状图与露头照片

a—王家沟剖面李洼峡组化石赋存层位柱状图; b—剖面下部暗色泥岩、粉砂岩; c—狼鳍鱼化石埋藏层位;d—剖面上部暗色泥岩夹薄层砖红色黄铁矿

, figureFileSmall=SO5R9ivG8BSaWDHUMZ/2cg==, figureFileBig=5fOWd/duWniVhFGgu7Hc2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781011775890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparative ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ profiles of the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section in Liupanshan Basin with other strata, figureFileSmall=ylH2Dv9yTJdynR7Mr04FRQ==, figureFileBig=lKMlYVX5OKKBSRUnYlR8mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781087273363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图3, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$曲线及其对比, figureFileSmall=ylH2Dv9yTJdynR7Mr04FRQ==, figureFileBig=lKMlYVX5OKKBSRUnYlR8mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781166965140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Paleoclimate,paleoenvironment variations during the depositional period of Liwaxia Formation of Early Cretaceous at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin, figureFileSmall=4dL34ovpJcR7phI6zBwe7A==, figureFileBig=9q4CmrMqQqW0LzCCzJkVrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781234074005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图4, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面早白垩世李洼峡组沉积时期古气候、古环境变化曲线, figureFileSmall=4dL34ovpJcR7phI6zBwe7A==, figureFileBig=9q4CmrMqQqW0LzCCzJkVrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781301182870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ of the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section in Liupanshan Basin with global ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{b}}$, δ18Ocarb and SST records, figureFileSmall=tND9OkmzLJ7BIdfooqR7ug==, figureFileBig=3Pm9MNOm6+L8MfVXgqPkew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781376680343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图5, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$与全球${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{b}}$、δ18Ocarb和海平面温度对比, figureFileSmall=tND9OkmzLJ7BIdfooqR7ug==, figureFileBig=3Pm9MNOm6+L8MfVXgqPkew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781456372120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Typical fish fossil specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section, Liupanshan Basin, figureFileSmall=mtjuOw909Zxx7fr3jtAGKw==, figureFileBig=sWV5+nRILQtiXjIJ5hwliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781544452505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图6, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组代表性鱼化石标本

a—完整狼鳍鱼鱼化石; b—狼鳍鱼鱼尾化石; c—狼鳍鱼鱼头化石; d—狼鳍鱼鱼骨化石

, figureFileSmall=mtjuOw909Zxx7fr3jtAGKw==, figureFileBig=sWV5+nRILQtiXjIJ5hwliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781628338586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Micro-XRF elemental distribution mapping of skeletal fossils of Lycoptera in the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin(modified from Liang et al., 2024), figureFileSmall=PTBmN46iajhRFTuDSIpzvQ==, figureFileBig=0wEoUl4Lv/UjrqyCkWUQRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781712224667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图7, caption=六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石骨骼微区XRF元素分布图谱(据梁积伟等,2024;有修改)

a—鱼骨Mn元素异常; b—鱼骨Cr元素异常; c—鱼骨As元素异常; d—鱼骨S元素异常

, figureFileSmall=PTBmN46iajhRFTuDSIpzvQ==, figureFileBig=0wEoUl4Lv/UjrqyCkWUQRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816781993243036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Conceptual model of Lycoptera mass death and oceanic anoxic events(OAEs) of Early Cretaceous in Liupanshan Basin and adjacent areas(modified from Fan et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2021;Liang et al., 2024), figureFileSmall=0E8LFCRqq/IXyo0MHC7HTQ==, figureFileBig=LZBE6sXPBq1IzYlzcnTc9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816782085517725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=图8, caption=六盘山盆地及邻区早白垩世狼鳍鱼大规模死亡与大洋缺氧事件的成因模式(据Fan et al.,2021;Zhang et al., 2021;梁积伟等,2024;有修改), figureFileSmall=0E8LFCRqq/IXyo0MHC7HTQ==, figureFileBig=LZBE6sXPBq1IzYlzcnTc9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309816782387507614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of oceanic anoxic events(modified from Leckie et al., 2002;Li et al., 2008)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件 时期 距今/Ma 持续时间/Myr 碳同位素 全球性 实例
OAEla Early Aptian 120 1.1~1.3 正偏 是 意大利的 Cismon APTICORE
OAElb Late Aptian—Late Albian 112 <1.5 正偏 否 Vocontian 盆地 l’Arboudeysse 剖面
OAElc Late Albian 102 >2.0 正偏 否 藏南地区冷清热组
OAEld Late Albian 100 <1.5 正偏 否 印度洋的曼达岬盆地
OAE2 Cenomanian—Turonian 94 <1.0 正偏 是 塔里木盆地库克拜组
OAE3 Late Coniacian—Early Santonian 86 <1.0 正偏 否 松辽盆地青山口组
), ArticleFig(id=1309816782488170911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大洋缺氧事件基本特征(据Leckie et al., 2002;Li et al., 2008;有修改)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件 时期 距今/Ma 持续时间/Myr 碳同位素 全球性 实例
OAEla Early Aptian 120 1.1~1.3 正偏 是 意大利的 Cismon APTICORE
OAElb Late Aptian—Late Albian 112 <1.5 正偏 否 Vocontian 盆地 l’Arboudeysse 剖面
OAElc Late Albian 102 >2.0 正偏 否 藏南地区冷清热组
OAEld Late Albian 100 <1.5 正偏 否 印度洋的曼达岬盆地
OAE2 Cenomanian—Turonian 94 <1.0 正偏 是 塔里木盆地库克拜组
OAE3 Late Coniacian—Early Santonian 86 <1.0 正偏 否 松辽盆地青山口组
), ArticleFig(id=1309816782836298144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of organic carbon isotope analysis for the Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石样品 层位 ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$/‰ 特征 演化阶段
S1 底界 -24.10 急剧负偏 第1阶段
S3 B3 -27.19
S5 化石层 -29.07
S7 B7 -30.21
S11 B11 -28.05 显著正偏 第2阶段
S13 B13 -25.14
S15 B15 -24.13
S17 B17 -24.23 轻微正偏 第3阶段
S19 B19 -24.35
S21 B21 -24.50
S23 B23 -23.93
S25 顶界 -23.94
), ArticleFig(id=1309816783251534241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

六盘山盆地王家沟剖面李洼峡组有机碳同位素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石样品 层位 ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$/‰ 特征 演化阶段
S1 底界 -24.10 急剧负偏 第1阶段
S3 B3 -27.19
S5 化石层 -29.07
S7 B7 -30.21
S11 B11 -28.05 显著正偏 第2阶段
S13 B13 -25.14
S15 B15 -24.13
S17 B17 -24.23 轻微正偏 第3阶段
S19 B19 -24.35
S21 B21 -24.50
S23 B23 -23.93
S25 顶界 -23.94
), ArticleFig(id=1309816783343808930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Major element content of fossil-bearing layers in the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin(units: %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 SiO2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 数据来源
B3 53.05 2.14 2.88 15.16 3.41 5.30 0.68 0.08 3.82 梁积伟等,2024
B5 24.52 1.12 10.24 5.94 1.34 20.46 0.30 0.50 4.34
F1 21.33 0.92 11.62 5.03 1.12 21.73 0.26 0.59 3.92
F2 20.10 0.90 10.73 5.69 1.21 22.44 0.27 0.56 4.59
F3 22.34 0.99 11.28 5.30 1.16 21.28 0.28 0.57 4.04
F4 23.42 0.89 10.64 6.18 1.33 20.08 0.29 0.61 4.66
F5 30.22 1.34 8.61 7.56 1.70 17.64 0.38 0.43 4.26
B7 56.12 2.20 2.61 14.42 3.14 5.27 0.70 0.10 4.20
), ArticleFig(id=1309816783436083619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组化石赋存层位岩石样品主量元素分析结果(单位:%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 SiO2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 数据来源
B3 53.05 2.14 2.88 15.16 3.41 5.30 0.68 0.08 3.82 梁积伟等,2024
B5 24.52 1.12 10.24 5.94 1.34 20.46 0.30 0.50 4.34
F1 21.33 0.92 11.62 5.03 1.12 21.73 0.26 0.59 3.92
F2 20.10 0.90 10.73 5.69 1.21 22.44 0.27 0.56 4.59
F3 22.34 0.99 11.28 5.30 1.16 21.28 0.28 0.57 4.04
F4 23.42 0.89 10.64 6.18 1.33 20.08 0.29 0.61 4.66
F5 30.22 1.34 8.61 7.56 1.70 17.64 0.38 0.43 4.26
B7 56.12 2.20 2.61 14.42 3.14 5.27 0.70 0.10 4.20
), ArticleFig(id=1309816783742267812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Trace element concentration of fossil-bearing layers in the Lower Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin(units: μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 Cu Cr Ni Co Sr Ba V U Th 数据来源
B3 39.6 79.5 32.8 15.70 245 455 127 30.4 15.50 梁积伟等,2024
B5 16.4 38.9 18.7 8.07 1020 409 112 49.2 7.10
F1 15.1 33.5 15.2 6.05 1140 479 91 54.4 5.34
F2 15.3 30.5 18.6 6.92 888 372 109 40.5 6.90
F3 14.6 31.6 15.4 6.26 1040 456 88 45.6 5.68
F4 17.3 32.5 18.8 6.58 909 492 94 42.2 6.47
F5 21.3 47.1 21.9 9.38 887 439 125 44.4 9.38
B7 35.3 72.3 37.1 12.20 227 542 111 25.3 15.30
), ArticleFig(id=1309816783838736805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

六盘山盆地王家沟剖面下白垩统李洼峡组化石赋存层位岩石样品微量元素分析结果(单位: μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 Cu Cr Ni Co Sr Ba V U Th 数据来源
B3 39.6 79.5 32.8 15.70 245 455 127 30.4 15.50 梁积伟等,2024
B5 16.4 38.9 18.7 8.07 1020 409 112 49.2 7.10
F1 15.1 33.5 15.2 6.05 1140 479 91 54.4 5.34
F2 15.3 30.5 18.6 6.92 888 372 109 40.5 6.90
F3 14.6 31.6 15.4 6.26 1040 456 88 45.6 5.68
F4 17.3 32.5 18.8 6.58 909 492 94 42.2 6.47
F5 21.3 47.1 21.9 9.38 887 439 125 44.4 9.38
B7 35.3 72.3 37.1 12.20 227 542 111 25.3 15.30
), ArticleFig(id=1309816784119755174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental proxies of the Liwaxia Formation at Wangjiagou section,Liupanshan Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
古环境 判别指标 判别标准 李洼峡组 化石赋存层位
古气候 Sr/Cu 干旱炎热,>10 6.19~75.50/46.70 41.64~75.50/59.79
潮湿温暖,1~10
MgO/CaO 干旱炎热,>0.2 0.48~0.53/2.58 0.48~0.53/0.51
温暖潮湿,<0.2
古盐度 Sr/Ba 淡水,<0.6 0.42~2.49/1.80 1.85~2.49/2.18
半咸水,0.6~1.0
咸水,>1.0
m 淡水,1~10 18.10~231.01/141.00 113.89~231.01/181.81
半咸水,10~500
咸水,>500
古氧化还原条件 V/(V+Ni) 水体分层且底层水体出现
H2S的厌氧,0.84~0.89
0.75~0.86/0.83 0.83~0.86/0.85
水体分层不强的厌氧,0.54~0.82
厌氧,>0.54
贫氧,0.46~0.54
富氧,<0.46
V/Cr 厌氧,>4.25 1.54~3.57/2.58 2.65~3.57/2.92
贫氧,2.0~4.25
富氧,<2.0

U/Th
厌氧,>1.25 1.65~10.19/5.70 4.73~10.19/7.07
贫氧,0.75~1.25
富氧,<0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1309816784497242535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309816754004652344, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

六盘山盆地王家沟剖面早白垩世李洼峡组沉积时期古气候、古环境判别参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
古环境 判别指标 判别标准 李洼峡组 化石赋存层位
古气候 Sr/Cu 干旱炎热,>10 6.19~75.50/46.70 41.64~75.50/59.79
潮湿温暖,1~10
MgO/CaO 干旱炎热,>0.2 0.48~0.53/2.58 0.48~0.53/0.51
温暖潮湿,<0.2
古盐度 Sr/Ba 淡水,<0.6 0.42~2.49/1.80 1.85~2.49/2.18
半咸水,0.6~1.0
咸水,>1.0
m 淡水,1~10 18.10~231.01/141.00 113.89~231.01/181.81
半咸水,10~500
咸水,>500
古氧化还原条件 V/(V+Ni) 水体分层且底层水体出现
H2S的厌氧,0.84~0.89
0.75~0.86/0.83 0.83~0.86/0.85
水体分层不强的厌氧,0.54~0.82
厌氧,>0.54
贫氧,0.46~0.54
富氧,<0.46
V/Cr 厌氧,>4.25 1.54~3.57/2.58 2.65~3.57/2.92
贫氧,2.0~4.25
富氧,<2.0

U/Th
厌氧,>1.25 1.65~10.19/5.70 4.73~10.19/7.07
贫氧,0.75~1.25
富氧,<0.75
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六盘山盆地白垩纪狼鳍鱼化石与大洋缺氧事件*
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文迪 1 , 徐明曙 1 , 郑萌 2 , 魏康 1 , 盛明涛 1 , 马子睿 1 , 肖良 1 , 周洋 1 , 梁积伟 1
古地理学报 | 古地理学 2026,28(4): 1322-1336
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古地理学报 |古地理学 2026 , 28 (4) : 1322 -1336
六盘山盆地白垩纪狼鳍鱼化石与大洋缺氧事件*
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文迪1 , 徐明曙1, 郑萌2, 魏康1, 盛明涛1, 马子睿1, 肖良1, 周洋1, 梁积伟1
作者信息
  • 1 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 长安大学地球科学与资源学院, 陕西西安 710054
  • 2 西安市地震局地震监测预警中心, 陕西西安 710021
通讯作者:
梁积伟,男,1968年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质调查、沉积学和盆地分析的教学和科研工作。E-mail: 。
作者简介:

文迪,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学和盆地分析的研究工作。E-mail: 。

Cretaceous Lycoptera fossils and Oceanic Anoxic Events(OAEs) in Liupanshan Basin
Di WEN1 , Mingshu XU1, Meng ZHENG2, Kang WEI1, Mingtao SHENG1, Zirui MA1, Liang XIAO1, Yang ZHOU1, Jiwei LIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education,School of Earth Science and Resources,Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2 Xi’an Earthquake Monitoring and Early Warning Center, Xi’an 710021, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIANG Jiwei,born in 1968, a professor and Ph D. supervisor, is mainly engaged in teaching and researches on regional geological survey,sedimentology and basin analysis. E-mail: .

    WEN Di,born in 2001,a master degree candidate,is mainly engaged in researches on sedimentology and basin analysis. E-mail: .

出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.036
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白垩纪发生了许多具有全球性影响的构造和气候事件,这些事件在六盘山盆地也有很好的响应。六盘山盆地白垩系为河流—湖泊相沉积,地层连续性好,分布范围广,尤其重要的是,地层中还保存了完美的狼鳍鱼化石,是研究白垩纪古气候、古环境变化的理想场所。依据沉积学、地层学、古生物学、地球化学等理论,以六盘山盆地白垩系李洼峡组为研究对象,通过有机碳同位素(${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)、主量元素、微量元素、XRF(X射线荧光光谱分析)等分析测试,对狼鳍鱼化石赋存层位的古气候、古环境进行研究,以揭示其与全球性事件的响应关系。地球化学分析结果显示,李洼峡组岩石样品的${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$结果呈现出3个明显的演化阶段: B3-B7层位急剧负偏(-30.21‰~-27.19‰,幅度3.02‰),B11-B15层位显著正偏(-28.05‰~-24.13‰,幅度3.92‰),B17-B25层位转为振荡式正偏移。化石赋存层位中主量元素Ca、Mg和微量元素Sr、Th相较于其上、下层位呈现显著差异。鱼化石骨骼微区XRF分析显示,Mn、Cr、As、S等重金属和有毒元素显著异常。李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石层位记录了OAE1a(Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a,大洋缺氧事件)的C3阶段(OAE1a的起始阶段,${\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$呈显著负偏),该阶段六盘山盆地表现为炎热干旱、高盐缺氧的沉积环境。狼鳍鱼大规模死亡主要是由于早白垩世火山活动诱发的温室效应导致底层水体形成持续性缺氧环境,同时叠加火山灰中富集的重金属和有毒元素的毒害作用。该研究不仅揭示了六盘山盆地古气候、古环境对全球事件的响应机制,也为理解白垩纪陆相生态系统的气候环境演变和生物灭绝事件提供了关键的地球化学证据和古生物记录。

大洋缺氧事件  /  狼鳍鱼  /  李洼峡组  /  白垩纪  /  六盘山盆地

The Cretaceous period was characterized by numerous globally significant tectonic and climatic events that are well preserved in the Liupanshan Basin,where the exceptionally continuous and widely distributed Cretaceous strata,predominantly composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits,host exquisitely preserved Lycoptera fossils,making this basin an ideal site for studying paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes during the Cretaceous. Through an integrated approach combining sedimentology,stratigraphy,paleontology,and geochemistry,this study investigates the Liwaxia Formation in the Liupanshan Basin,employing organic carbon isotope(${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)analysis,major and trace element geochemistry,and X-ray fluorescence(XRF)to examine the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Lycoptera-bearing intervals and to assess their relationship to global events. Geochemical results reveal three distinct ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ evolutionary stages: a significant negative excursion(from-30.21‰ to-27.19‰,amplitude 3.02‰)in intervals B3-B7,a sharp positive shift(from-28.05‰ to-24.13‰,amplitude 3.92‰)in intervals B11-B15,followed by an oscillatory positive trend in intervals B17-B25. The fossil-bearing horizons exhibit notable geochemical anomalies,including marked fluctuations in major elements(Ca,Mg)and trace elements(Sr,Th)relative to adjacent strata,while micro-XRF analysis of fish fossil bones reveals marked enrichments of heavy metals and toxic elements(Mn,Cr,As,S). These Lycoptera-bearing strata record lacustrine environmental conditions during the C3 stage of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a(OAE1a),characterized by the diagnostic ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$ negative excursion marking OAE1a onset and reflecting hot,arid,hypersaline,and anoxic conditions in the Liupanshan Basin. The mass mortality of Lycoptera likely resulted from the combined effects of persistent bottom-water anoxia caused by Early Cretaceous volcanic-induced greenhouse conditions and the toxicological impact of heavy metals and toxic elements enriched in volcanic ash. This research not only sheds light on the response mechanisms of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment within the Liupanshan Basin to global events,but also provides crucial biogeochemical evidence and paleontological records essential for understanding the climatic and environmental evolution of Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and associated biological extinction events.

Oceanic Anoxic Events  /  Lycoptera  /  Liwaxia Formation  /  Cretaceous  /  Liupanshan Basin
文迪, 徐明曙, 郑萌, 魏康, 盛明涛, 马子睿, 肖良, 周洋, 梁积伟. 六盘山盆地白垩纪狼鳍鱼化石与大洋缺氧事件*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (4) : 1322 -1336 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.036
Di WEN, Mingshu XU, Meng ZHENG, Kang WEI, Mingtao SHENG, Zirui MA, Liang XIAO, Yang ZHOU, Jiwei LIANG. Cretaceous Lycoptera fossils and Oceanic Anoxic Events(OAEs) in Liupanshan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (4) : 1322 -1336 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.036
白垩纪发生了多起全球性的地质事件,最显著的是恐龙灭绝事件(Brusatte et al., 2015),此外还有大火成岩省(Bond and Grasby,2017)、大洋缺氧(Charbonnier and Föllmi,2017)、大洋红层(Hu et al., 2005)等事件。大洋缺氧事件(Oceanic Anoxic Events,简称OAEs)是地质史中全球碳循环剧烈扰动的典型事件(胡修棉等,2020),白垩纪至少发生6次明显的大洋缺氧事件,从早到晚为OAE1a(Selli事件)、OAE1b、OAE1c、OAE1d、OAE2(Bonarelli事件)、OAE3,其中OAE1a和OAE2分别发生在Early Aptian和Cenomanian-Turonian,已于全球范围内发现了明显的富有机质黑色页岩(Schlanger and Jenkyns,1976;Leckie et al., 2002;胡修棉,2005;Li et al., 2008)(表1)。OAE1a以有机碳同位素(${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)的显著波动为标志,早期表现为明显的${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$负偏移,继而转为持续约1 Myr的正偏移(Li et al., 2024)。碳同位素之所以发生这样变化,是因为大火成岩省喷发初期,火山喷发与海底甲烷水合物分解释放的富12C气体,导致碳同位素负偏移与全球增温(Svensen et al., 2004); 同时,大陆风化和来自火山的营养盐促进藻类勃发,协同火山释放的还原性金属进一步消耗氧气; 此外,当火山喷发释放的有毒元素达到一定阈值时,不仅抑制了底栖生物生存,还延缓了微生物对有机质的分解,使得死亡生物中的12C无法返回无机碳库,最终造成富12C有机质大规模埋藏,造成海相碳酸盐岩记录下显著的δ13C正偏移特征(王成善和胡修棉,2005;邹艳荣等,2008)。
对OAEs的研究始于海相沉积(万晓樵等,2003;王立成等,2009),其中OAE1a的典型特征之一是发育大规模的优质烃源岩(Yang et al., 2014)。随着研究的深入,发现该事件在陆相地层,尤其是在相对稳定和连续的陆相湖盆中也有良好的响应(戴霜等,2012;Zhang and Li, 2020;Song et al., 2024)。例如,Zhang等(2016)通过将辽西热河群有机碳同位素数据与同期海相沉积记录对比,识别出义县组和九佛堂组为OAE1a的陆相沉积响应。Xu等(2023)基于阜新盆地沙海组与阜新组总有机碳含量的显著波动和有机碳同位素的负偏特征,提出该套地层是Early Albian时期OAE1b在陆相环境中的沉积响应,并指出气候变化是识别此类事件的关键因素。Fan等(2021)对红庙子盆地下白垩统下桦皮甸子组泥岩样品的分析表明,火山活动引发CO2浓度上升,造成碳同位素显著负异常,并伴随气温明显升高、气候由温润转为干热。在此环境下,湖泊水体蒸发加剧,导致盐度上升与分层现象增强,最终形成缺氧环境。
六盘山盆地白垩系李洼峡组(K1l)岩性为细碎屑岩夹薄层火山灰,发育河流—湖泊沉积,保存有丰富的动植物化石(张明震等,2012;李海峰等,2019),从而使该盆地成为研究白垩纪温室气候变化和湖泊生态系统演变的宝贵场所。因此,本研究从沉积学、地层学、古生物学、无机地球化学以及有机地球化学中的有机碳同位素分析等方面,分析了六盘山盆地白垩纪沉积物对大洋缺氧事件的响应。
六盘山盆地位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘,为受区域挤压作用形成的拉分盆地,构造格局上受到鄂尔多斯地块、阿拉善地块与秦岭—祁连褶皱带构造作用的显著影响(屈红军等,2003;施炜等,2006;崔红庄等,2013)(图1-a)。六盘山盆地演化可划分为2个阶段: 早白垩世早期受区域近E-W向拉张应力作用触发断陷,促使六盘山地区发育独立断陷湖盆; 早白垩世晚期受NW-SE向挤压发生构造反转,湖盆萎缩、局部地层抬升剥蚀(施炜等,2006;钟福平等,2014)(图1-b)。六盘山盆地白垩系仅存早白垩世沉积,统称为六盘山群,自下而上包括三桥组、和尚铺组、李洼峡组、马东山组和乃家河组,岩性特征显示冲积扇—河流相粗碎屑沉积与湖泊相细粒物质交替出现(郑德文等,2005;陈金燕,2018)(图1-c)。
其中,李洼峡组沉积时期气候由炎热干旱转向温暖湿润,岩性以灰绿色泥岩与暗色泥岩互层为主,夹砂质泥岩、泥灰岩及薄层细砂岩,整体显示向上粒度变细的沉积序列特征(李海峰等,2019); 可见水平层理与沙纹层理交替发育,厚度达百米级,地层中产出的叠层石普遍含黄铁矿与白云石晶体(钟福平等,2014)。甘肃省华亭市王家沟剖面李洼峡组中保存了完美的狼鳍鱼化石,这类特异埋藏化石的形成依赖于突发地质事件或极端环境提供的快速埋藏条件,其产出层位常记录了古气候、古环境的剧烈波动(张嘉良等,2017)。
狼鳍鱼化石赋存层位剖面位于甘肃省华亭市武村铺村王家沟,厚度约2.5 m,岩性为灰黑色泥岩,夹灰色粉砂岩,可见多层黄铁矿和黏土矿物薄层(图2-a)。岩层中普遍可见水平层理构造,沿裂隙和部分层面分布有暗色有机质薄膜。泥岩中发育泥质和钙质结核,结核内可见细小的黄铁矿颗粒,单层厚度多在15~18 cm之间,少数不足10 cm。黄铁矿层在风化表面常呈砖红色,厚1~4 mm。黏土矿物层多呈灰白色,质地细腻,单层厚度为3~10 mm,主要成分为蒙脱石和高岭石,是由火山灰蚀变而来。整个剖面上,沉积物粒度呈向上由粗到细的旋回性变化。
化石赋存剖面依据岩性差异共划分为25层,自下而上为B1-B25。每个层位各采集1块岩石样品,对应的样品编号为S1-S25(图2-a)。剖面下部岩性组合主要为暗色泥岩与粉砂岩互层(图2-b)。狼鳍鱼化石产于B5层,该层岩性为剖面中粒度最粗的灰色粉砂岩(图2-c)。在化石赋存层位共采集5块岩石样品,自下而上记为F1-F5。剖面上部岩性组合以暗色泥岩为主,夹薄层砖红色黄铁矿(图2-d)。
样品有机碳同位素(${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)由中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室测试,仪器为气体同位素质谱仪(MAT-251)。样品前处理步骤为: 研磨至粒径小于40 μm,经2 mol/L 的HCl处理24 h去除碳酸盐,之后蒸馏水清洗并于40 ℃烘干; 置于真空石英管中(含CuO/Cu/Pt),加热至850 ℃燃烧2.5 h,生成CO2;采用分步冷冻纯化(-80 ℃除H2O,-196 ℃收集CO2)与小体积无脂管(1.4 mL)收集,实验室温度20~25 ℃,湿度40%。各类样品的测试精度使用实验室工作标准控制,每批样品至少带1个工作标准,标准样品的重复分析误差小于0.2‰。
在王家沟李洼峡组剖面上,选取B1、B3、B5等12个层位的岩石样品进行${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$测试(图2-a)。因样品前处理异常,将B1层位岩石样品的${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$数据剔除。样品${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$值变化范围在-30.21‰~-23.93‰之间,平均值为-25.89‰(表2)。根据垂向上的${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$变化特征,李洼峡组有机碳同位素自下而上可划分为3个演化阶段: 第1阶段对应于B3-B7层位,${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$值为-27.19‰~-30.21‰,发生显著负偏移,负偏幅度达3.02‰;第2阶段对应于B11-B15层位,${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$值为-28.05‰~-24.13‰,发生显著正偏移,正偏幅度达3.92‰;第3阶段为B17-B25层位,${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$值呈振荡式正偏移。这种“急剧负偏—显著正偏—振荡波动”的演化序列与早白垩世OAE1a的全球碳同位素记录(Jenkyns,2010)高度吻合。
Menegatti 等(1998)在Cismon与Rotter Sattel剖面的研究中,将OAE1a的${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$曲线细分为8段(C1-C8)。
OAE1a 始于C3段,以富有机质黑色页岩和${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$显著负偏为标志,止于 C7段底部。王家沟剖面李洼峡组有机碳同位素记录可划分为5个阶段,即C3至C7阶段,其中B3-B11层位的岩石样品解释为C3段, B11-B13层位的岩石样品解释为C4段, B13-B21层位的岩石样品解释为C5段, B21-B23层位的岩石样品识别为C6段, B23-B25层位的岩石样品识别为C7段。李洼峡组的磁性地层年龄为121.00—113.46 Ma(戴霜等,2009),其碳同位素(${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$)具有负偏特征,据此认为王家沟剖面李洼峡组为早白垩世大洋缺氧事件(OAE1a)的陆相沉积记录,化石产出层位碳同位素负偏段属于OAE1a的C3段。
通过将王家沟剖面李洼峡组与典型海-陆剖面的碳同位素曲线对比,可以揭示海-陆环境对全球碳循环扰动的沉积响应。李洼峡组${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$在C3段之后显示出2次显著正向漂移现象(图3-a),首次正漂移发生于C4段,幅度达5.70‰;随后在C6段出现第2次正漂移,幅度为0.64‰。综合C3至C7段变化,整体正漂移量达3.25‰。这一碳同位素演化模式与同时代红庙子盆地下桦皮甸子组高度吻合,后者整体正偏移幅度为3.40‰(Fan et al., 2021)(图3-b)。值得注意的是,在已证实记录OAE1a的陆相湖盆之间,有机质储库${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$正偏幅度存在显著差异。灵山岛法家营组C4段正偏2.15‰,C6段正偏0.21‰,整体升幅仅1.62‰(Zhang et al., 2021)(图3-c)。尽管与法家营组的数值偏移程度存在差异,但是其有机碳同位素曲线均呈现相同的演化形态。进一步对比海相记录发现,李洼峡组δ13Corg曲线形态与典型海相剖面同样具有显著相似性: 意大利Cismon剖面显示C4段正偏约2.00‰,C6段正偏3.20‰,整体升幅3.00‰(Menegatti et al., 1998)(图3-d);西班牙Carbonero剖面C4段正偏4.00‰,C6段正偏4.50‰,整体升幅3.00‰(Castro et al., 2019)(图3-e)。这种碳同位素正偏差异源于有机碳埋藏速率的增加,缺氧水体与高生产力共同驱动了富含12C的有机碳埋藏通量上升,进而造成有机质储库的${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$值升高(Gröcke et al., 1999)。
为重建六盘山盆地白垩纪古气候、古环境演化,基于梁积伟等(2024)的王家沟剖面李洼峡组主量、微量元素数据(表3,表4),选取关键地球化学指标建立大洋缺氧事件(OAEs)与陆相湖盆响应的关联机制(表5): (1)采用古气候指标(Sr/Cu、MgO/CaO)反演干湿变化与温度波动(刘刚和周东升,2007;Liang et al., 2020);(2)古盐度指标以镁铝比值(m=100×MgO/Al2O3)为核心(张士三,1988),Sr/Ba指标因剖面CaO含量大于20%,受碳酸盐干扰明显,故其仅作辅助参考(李浩等,2017)。(3)依据氧化还原指标(V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、U/Th)分析水体缺氧与分层程度(Rimmer,2004;苗建宇等,2004;熊小辉和肖加飞,2011;郑鸣宇等,2024)。
李洼峡组化石赋存层位岩石样品(S5、F1-F5)的Sr/Cu值为41.64~75.50,均值为46.70,MgO/CaO值介于0.48~0.54之间,显著高于炎热干旱气候判别阈值(>0.20),指示极端炎热干旱环境。而相邻层位的岩石样品(S3、S7)具有较低的Sr/Cu值(Sr/Cu<10),反映温暖潮湿环境。同时化石层位Sr/Ba值分布范围为1.85~2.49,均值为2.23,m值范围为113.90~231.01,表明沉积水体为咸水环境,与上、下层淡水环境(Sr/Ba<0.6,m<20)形成鲜明对比。氧化还原指标显示,化石层位U/Th值(4.73~10.19,均值7.05)与V/Cr值(2.65~3.57,均值2.92)均指示持续缺氧环境, 且V/(V+Ni)值(0.83~0.86,均值0.85)进一步证实分层水体存在,其底层为富H2S的强厌氧环境。相邻层位虽同为缺氧环境,但分层较弱(图4)。
Early Aptian(~120 Ma),Ontong Java高原的大规模火山活动释放巨量二氧化碳,导致全球大气CO2浓度显著升高,引发了OAE1a(Bottini et al., 2012)。这一极端温室气候在王家沟剖面李洼峡组有很好的沉积响应,其C3段在时间跨度上完整覆盖了王家沟剖面李洼峡组化石赋存层位。此外,全球碳氧同位素记录在C3段显示${\delta }^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{b}}$、${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{b}}$的显著负偏,且基于古温度计TEX86恢复的海平面温度(SST)也记录到明显升温,这些数据共同支持该时期发生了快速升温事件(Weissert and Erba,2004;Hu et al., 2012;Naafs and Pancost,2016)(图5)。这一结论与李洼峡组化石层位的地球化学特征完全吻合(图4)。李洼峡组化石层位表现出明确的炎热干旱气候信号: Sr/Cu平均值达到46.70,最高可达75.50,MgO/CaO范围在0.48~0.54之间; Sr/Ba平均值为2.23,m值超过113.90,最高达231.01,证实了当时水体处于高盐度状态; U/Th平均值为5.70,V/Cr平均值为2.58,V/(V+Ni)平均值为0.83,明确指示了强分层的厌氧水体环境,底层富含H2S。
相比之下,相邻上、下层位B3和B7样品的地球化学特征则反映了温暖潮湿的淡水环境和贫氧环境。这是因为CO2浓度骤升导致湖水蒸发加剧和溶解氧下降,促进了藻类勃发,促使富有机质黑色泥、页岩的发育。随着OAE1a缓解,蒸发作用减弱,湖水盐度和缺氧程度逐渐降低,沉积环境转变为温暖潮湿的低盐状态。因此,王家沟剖面李洼峡组化石层位的地球化学特征生动记录了OAE1a期间陆相湖盆受极端气候环境变化影响的详细过程。
另外,Xu等(2023)建立的OAE1a海平面变化显示,海退起始于C3段并延续至C4段,C5段海平面稳定,C6段发生渐进海侵,至C7段早期达到最大海泛面。李洼峡组湖相沉积旋回与该模式基本吻合,狼鳍鱼化石赋存的B5层位对应C3段,该层位以剖面最粗粒的粉砂岩为特征,且狼鳍鱼化石指示浅水环境,共同指向湖退峰值期,而向上粒度持续变细则记录后续湖进过程,具体的响应幅度和时限可能受区域构造-气候的影响。
在李洼峡组中发现了保存极为完好的狼鳍鱼化石。鱼体骨骼完整,鳍、眼、口皆清晰可辨。如图6-a所示,狼鳍鱼化石整体保存极为完整,鱼身平直; 头部上、下颌骨轮廓分明,鳃盖闭合完整; 背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍保存完整,甚至可见鱼鳞; 尾部呈叉形。图6-b重点呈现尾部细节,叉形尾鳍条呈辐射状; 背、腹鳍和支鳍骨保存无缺。图6-c聚焦头部精细构造,鳃盖保存完整,口部保持张开状态,显露尖锥形牙齿,眼部轮廓清晰,胸鳍肩带和肋骨衔接完整,鱼鳞清晰可见。图6-d为完整鱼骨化石,椎骨平直无畸变,两侧肋骨对称无缺失,臀鳍与背鳍形态完整。鱼化石表面普遍存在的黑色覆盖物表明其埋藏环境具有缺氧和封闭的特征,导致微生物对软组织的分解不彻底。这种高完整度的化石记录指示狼鳍鱼遭受突发地质事件死亡后,在强还原性封闭水体中被快速埋藏,从而有效抑制了有机质分解。该层位对应OAE1a的C3阶段,为白垩纪极端气候事件下的生物-环境协同响应提供了直观证据。
李建国和杜宝安(2006)在甘肃平凉安国镇剖面发现,李洼峡组中耐旱孢粉Schizaeoisporites、Ephedripites和Jugella丰度低于其下伏和尚铺组,但同属干旱指示种的Classopollis在该组部分层位显著富集。研究表明,Classopollis的高峰值常与大洋缺氧事件期间的炎热干旱气候相关联(Jin et al., 2020),因此李洼峡组孢粉化石组合特征反映了半湿润背景下的周期性干旱事件。
生物的大规模非正常死亡现象往往是外界环境剧烈变动等突发性灾难事件的结果(Pan et al., 2015)。白垩纪发生了多种不同类型的气候、环境等灾难性事件(Vajda and Bercovici,2014;Bond and Grasby,2017;Freymueller et al., 2019),这是导致狼鳍鱼大规模死亡并完美保存的主要原因。
对李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石鱼骨进行微区XRF元素分布测试发现,部分元素(如Cu、Zn)未表现出异常。笔者仅对重金属和有毒元素的异常分布进行说明: 化石骨骼中,Mn元素在椎骨、鱼头、鱼鳍和肋骨等关键部位均呈现强异常(图7-a);Cr元素也在这些骨骼部位(椎骨、鱼头、鱼鳍和肋骨)显示出强异常(图7-b);相比之下,As元素在整个化石中仅表现为中等强度异常,异常信号主要出现在椎骨(图7-c),这与其在自然界中的低丰度、强毒性的特性相符; S元素则在整条鱼化石上均表现出显著异常(图7-d),反映出S来源的多样性,包括生物的硫、火山喷发和热液活动释放的硫(梁积伟等,2024)。这些重金属和有毒元素的富集指示火山喷发释放的SO2、HCl、HF和火山灰等物质进入湖泊,一方面通过直接毒性与水体酸化导致鱼类死亡,另一方面可能引发藻类勃发和有机质降解,进而消耗溶解氧。并且,火山物质携带的营养成分促使浮游生物大量繁殖,其死后分解进一步加剧水体耗氧,最终引发鱼类集群死亡。研究层位的地球化学证据(U/Th>1.25、V/Cr>0.45)所反映的部分层位极度还原缺氧,进一步支持了大洋缺氧事件的沉积响应。此外,火山活动加剧的温室效应干热化、湖泊蒸发加强、盐度升高,超出鱼类生理耐受阈值,成为死亡事件的另一关键诱因(Fan et al., 2021)。李洼峡组狼鳍鱼的大规模死亡,正是这一系列环境剧变的直接结果。
狼鳍鱼化石以完整骨骼、颌部张开、无机械损伤且无定向排列为典型特征,指示鱼群因缺氧死亡后迅速被细粒沉积物原地埋藏。在化石表面普遍覆盖的黑色有机质残留,揭示了鱼体死亡后基本没有经历分解,鱼体被完整保存(图6)。这一现象反映出当时水底环境为相对封闭的缺氧还原状态,微生物活性受到抑制,从而减缓了软组织分解过程。这一保存特征与李洼峡组沉积物的氧化还原指标高度吻合,即V/(V+Ni)>0.84,指示沉积时水体分层且湖底出现H2S的厌氧环境,且埋藏过程与火山活动驱动的古气候、古环境剧变密切相关。
六盘山盆地李洼峡组完好的地层剖面与狼鳍鱼化石,清晰记录了Early Aptian火山作用诱发的湖泊环境发生3个阶段演变。(1)火山爆发前,六盘山盆地处于半温暖湿润气候条件下,发育淡水湖泊沉积,持续的地表径流向湖泊输送陆源碎屑物质、含氧量充足的水体和丰富的浮游生物,为底栖动物和鱼类生存提供了条件(图8-a)。(2)火山爆发期间,释放大量CO2导致大气温度迅速升高,湖盆蒸发作用显著增强,水体盐度异常升高。同时,喷发释放的H2S、火山灰等重金属和有毒元素,通过水体酸化、直接毒性与消耗溶解氧,最终导致鱼类集群死亡(图8-b)。(3)火山活动后期,大气CO2浓度降低导致气温下降与蒸发减弱,增强的径流携带粗粒陆源碎屑注入湖泊,突发的洪水事件携带碎屑物质将完整的鱼骨快速原地埋藏,经压实固结最终形成保存完好的鱼化石(图8-c)。
通过沉积学、地层学、古生物学证据,结合地球化学指标分析,揭示了六盘山盆地早白垩世沉积环境和化石埋藏对大洋缺氧事件(OAEs)的响应机制,阐明了狼鳍鱼大规模死亡的主控因素。
1)王家沟剖面李洼峡组${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}}$结果显示出OAE1a的典型特征(C3段显著负偏移、C4段大幅正偏移、C6段小幅正偏移)。通过与典型海相剖面(意大利Cismon、西班牙Carbonero)、陆相湖盆(红庙子盆地下桦皮甸子组、灵山岛法家营组)的碳同位素曲线对比,李洼峡组在C3-C7段呈现的2次正向漂移(C4段+5.70‰、C6段+0.64‰)与全球海-陆碳同位素记录表现出一致的演化形态,证实了海-陆环境对全球碳循环扰动的沉积响应。
2)李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石层完整记录了OAE1a的C3段陆相响应特征。该阶段全球碳氧同位素同步负偏现象与剖面地球化学结果精确吻合,表现为Sr/Cu和MgO/CaO值指示炎热干旱气候,Sr/Ba、m值反映高盐度水体,V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、U/Th值显示缺氧分层环境,与上、下层位形成明显差异。
3)六盘山盆地早白垩世受到OAE1a期间全球碳循环扰动显著影响,湖水温度升高、蒸发作用增强、水体底层形成大规模的缺氧和硫化环境,狼鳍鱼鱼骨化石出现Mn、Cr、As、S等元素异常,但因火山喷发物质的大气扩散范围有限,故此类异常更可能是六盘山盆地局地火山作用的产物。最终因气候环境剧变和缺氧、毒害作用,引发鱼类大规模死亡并在缺氧环境中完好保存。
  • *第二次青藏高原科学考察研究专题 “碰撞以来高原古地理格局与构造地貌演化”(2019QZKK0704)
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2026年第28卷第4期
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doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.036
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-01
  • 修回日期:2025-08-07
基金
Palaeogeographic Pattern and Tectonic Geomorphology Evolution since the Collision(2019QZKK0704)
*第二次青藏高原科学考察研究专题 “碰撞以来高原古地理格局与构造地貌演化”(2019QZKK0704)
作者信息
    1 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 长安大学地球科学与资源学院, 陕西西安 710054
    2 西安市地震局地震监测预警中心, 陕西西安 710021

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梁积伟,男,1968年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质调查、沉积学和盆地分析的教学和科研工作。E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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