古地理学报

序号	井名	深度/m	$δ 13 C P D B$ /‰	$δ 18 O P D B$ /‰
1	Px1	3701.88	-5.334	-10.421
2	Px1	3701.88	-2.202	-13.417
3	Px1	3701.88	-4.210	-14.778
4	Px1	3701.88	-1.281	-13.179
5	Pl3	3358.60	-4.965	-12.848
6	Pl3	3358.60	-2.798	-12.793
7	Pl3	3358.60	-5.949	-9.281
8	Pl3	3358.60	-4.724	-11.105
9	Pl6	3341.51	-6.836	-14.925
10	Pl6	3341.51	-8.764	-12.182
11	Pl6	3341.51	-7.552	-11.480
12	Pl6	3341.51	-7.358	-15.061
13	Pl6	3359.25	-2.753	-9.703
14	Pl6	3359.25	-3.137	-12.036
15	Pl6	3359.25	-3.271	-11.951
16	Pl6	3359.25	-2.650	-9.638
17	Pl7	3570.03	0.448	-5.258
18	Pl7	3570.03	-2.130	-9.070
19	Pl7	3570.03	-2.391	-9.581
20	Pl7	3570.03	-3.427	-6.838

序号

井名

深度/m

δ 13 C P D B

/‰

δ 18 O P D B

/‰

Px1

3701.88

-5.334

-10.421

Px1

3701.88

-2.202

-13.417

Px1

3701.88

-4.210

-14.778

Px1

3701.88

-1.281

-13.179

Pl3

3358.60

-4.965

-12.848

Pl3

3358.60

-2.798

-12.793

Pl3

3358.60

-5.949

-9.281

Pl3

3358.60

-4.724

-11.105

Pl6

3341.51

-6.836

-14.925

Pl6

3341.51

-8.764

-12.182

Pl6

3341.51

-7.552

-11.480

Pl6

3341.51

-7.358

-15.061

Pl6

3359.25

-2.753

-9.703

Pl6

3359.25

-3.137

-12.036

Pl6

3359.25

-3.271

-11.951

Pl6

3359.25

-2.650

-9.638

Pl7

3570.03

0.448

-5.258

Pl7

3570.03

-2.130

-9.070

Pl7

3570.03

-2.391

-9.581

Pl7

3570.03

-3.427

-6.838

序号	井名	深度/m	$δ 13 C P D B$ /‰	$δ 18 O P D B$ /‰
1	Px1	3701.88	-5.334	-10.421
2	Px1	3701.88	-2.202	-13.417
3	Px1	3701.88	-4.210	-14.778
4	Px1	3701.88	-1.281	-13.179
5	Pl3	3358.60	-4.965	-12.848
6	Pl3	3358.60	-2.798	-12.793
7	Pl3	3358.60	-5.949	-9.281
8	Pl3	3358.60	-4.724	-11.105
9	Pl6	3341.51	-6.836	-14.925
10	Pl6	3341.51	-8.764	-12.182
11	Pl6	3341.51	-7.552	-11.480
12	Pl6	3341.51	-7.358	-15.061
13	Pl6	3359.25	-2.753	-9.703
14	Pl6	3359.25	-3.137	-12.036
15	Pl6	3359.25	-3.271	-11.951
16	Pl6	3359.25	-2.650	-9.638
17	Pl7	3570.03	0.448	-5.258
18	Pl7	3570.03	-2.130	-9.070
19	Pl7	3570.03	-2.391	-9.581
20	Pl7	3570.03	-3.427	-6.838

序号

井名

深度/m

δ 13 C P D B

/‰

δ 18 O P D B

/‰

Px1

3701.88

-5.334

-10.421

Px1

3701.88

-2.202

-13.417

Px1

3701.88

-4.210

-14.778

Px1

3701.88

-1.281

-13.179

Pl3

3358.60

-4.965

-12.848

Pl3

3358.60

-2.798

-12.793

Pl3

3358.60

-5.949

-9.281

Pl3

3358.60

-4.724

-11.105

Pl6

3341.51

-6.836

-14.925

Pl6

3341.51

-8.764

-12.182

Pl6

3341.51

-7.552

-11.480

Pl6

3341.51

-7.358

-15.061

Pl6

3359.25

-2.753

-9.703

Pl6

3359.25

-3.137

-12.036

Pl6

3359.25

-3.271

-11.951

Pl6

3359.25

-2.650

-9.638

Pl7

3570.03

0.448

-5.258

Pl7

3570.03

-2.130

-9.070

Pl7

3570.03

-2.391

-9.581

Pl7

3570.03

-3.427

-6.838

自生高岭石形成与保存机制及其对致密砂岩储集层物性的影响: 以川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段为例^*

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李文才 ¹ , 刘明洁 ¹ , 唐大海 ² , 杨迅 ² , 孙志昀 ² , 王旭丽 ² , 金彦忻 ¹ , 黄嵌 ² , 林凯 ³

古地理学报 | 油气地质 2026,28(2): 582-599

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古地理学报 |油气地质 2026 , 28 (2) : 582 -599

自生高岭石形成与保存机制及其对致密砂岩储集层物性的影响: 以川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段为例^*

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李文才¹, 刘明洁¹, 唐大海², 杨迅², 孙志昀², 王旭丽², 金彦忻¹, 黄嵌², 林凯³

作者信息

1 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院,四川成都 610500

2 中国石油西南油气田分公司川西北气矿,四川江油 621741

3 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川成都 610059

通讯作者:

刘明洁,男,1985年生,副教授,主要从事油气储层地质学研究。E-mail: mjliu@swpu.edu.cn。

作者简介:

李文才,男,2000年生,硕士研究生,主要从事油气储层地质学研究。E-mail: 15184493494@163.com。

Formation and preservation mechanism of authigenic kaolinite and its impact on tight sandstone reservoir properties: a case study of the Xu 4 Member in Qiongxi-Baimamiao area of southwestern Sichuan Basin

Wencai LI¹, Mingjie LIU¹, Dahai TANG², Xun YANG², Zhiyun SUN², Xuli WANG², Yanxin JIN¹, Qian HUANG², Kai LIN³

Affiliations

1 School of Geoscience and Technology,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610500,China

2 Northwest Sichuan Gasfield,PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company,Sichuan Jiangyou 621741,China

3 College of Geophysics,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China

Corresponding Author:

LIU Mingjie,born in 1985,an associate professor,is mainly engaged in oil and gas reservoir geology. E-mail: mjliu@swpu.edu.cn.

LI Wencai,born in 2000,a master degree candidate,is mainly engaged in oil and gas reservoir geology. E-mail: 15184493494@163.com.

出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.055

文章导航

摘要

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川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段底部致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石发育,为探究其形成与保存机制及与优质储集层分布的关系,综合运用物性分析、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、流体包裹体、阴极发光、原位微区碳氧同位素等资料,对研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石微观特征、期次、形成与保存机制及其对储集层物性的影响进行分析讨论。研究发现,须四段致密砂岩储集层岩性为岩屑砂岩,储集空间以粒内溶孔为主,且主要发育岩屑粒内溶孔。储集层中自生高岭石多呈“蠕虫状”、“手风琴状”充填粒间孔和粒内溶孔; 储集层中发育早、晚2期自生高岭石,且均来源于储集层内含铝硅酸盐岩屑和长石的溶蚀,其中早期溶蚀流体为邻近煤系地层产生的腐殖酸,晚期溶蚀流体来源于泥岩中有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸。须四段砂岩储集层钾长石含量较少,仅能提供极少量K⁺,晚期有机酸充注时地层温度较低,而随着成岩作用的进行,有机酸逐渐被消耗,同时来自泥岩中的Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺大量参与铁白云石沉淀被消耗,因而成岩流体中的K⁺、Fe²⁺和Mg²⁺无法达到自生高岭石大规模伊利石化和绿泥石化所需的含量,地层温度和有机酸浓度无法同时达到自生高岭石地开石化所需的条件,导致自生高岭石无法大量向伊利石、绿泥石和地开石转化并得以保存至今。因此,在强水动力条件下形成的粒度较粗、分选较好的砂岩溶蚀作用较强,储集层内自生高岭石发育且物性较好。研究表明: 研究区须四段自生高岭石独特的保存机制,在一定程度上保持了储集层的孔隙度与渗透率,并使得其含量能够反映溶蚀作用的强弱,进而指示储集层物性的好坏,可作为川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密砂岩优质储集层发育的标志。

关键词

须四段 / 须家河组 / 致密砂岩 / 自生高岭石 / 保存机制 / 四川盆地 / 邛西—白马庙地区

Abstract

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Authigenic kaolinite is developed in the tight sandstone reservoirs at the bottom of Xu 4 Member in the Qiongxi-Baimamiao area of southwestern Sichuan Basin. To investigate its formation and preservation mechanisms and their relationship with high-quality reservoir distribution,we conducted a comprehensive study integrating petrophysical analysis,rock thin sections,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),fluid inclusion analysis,cathodoluminescence(CL),and in-situ micro-scale carbon-oxygen isotope analysis. This research focuses on analyzing the microcharacteristics,formation stages,formation and preservation mechanisms of authigenic kaolinite,and its impact on reservoir quality of the Xu 4 Member tight sandstones. The study reveals that the tight sandstone reservoirs of Xu 4 Member are predominantly composed of lithic sandstones,and the reservoir space is dominated by intragranular dissolution pores,with lithic intragranular dissolution pores being the most prevalent type. Authigenic kaolinite in the reservoirs predominantly exhibits “worm”and “accordion”shapes,filling intergranular pores and intragranular dissolution pores. The reservoir contains two distinct stages of authigenic kaolinite formation,both derived from the dissolution of aluminosilicate lithics and feldspars within the reservoir. The early-stage dissolution was facilitated by humic acids sourced from adjacent coal-bearing strata,while the late-stage dissolution resulted from organic acids generated through decarboxylation of mature organic matter in mudstones. The potassium feldspar content in the sandstone reservoir of the Xu 4 Member is relatively low,providing only a minimal amount of K⁺. When late-stage organic acids are charged,the formation temperature is relatively low. As diagenesis progresses,the organic acids are gradually consumed. Meanwhile,a significant amount of Fe²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from mudstone participate in the precipitation of ankerite and are thus depleted. Consequently,the concentrations of K⁺,Fe²⁺,and Mg²⁺ in the diagenetic fluids are insufficient to facilitate large-scale illitization and chloritization of authigenic kaolinite. The formation temperature and the organic acid concentration can not simultaneously meet the conditions necessary for the transformation of authigenic kaolinite to dickite. As a result,authigenic kaolinite has not been able to convert in significant quantities into illite,chlorite,and dickite,and has been preserved to this day. Therefore,sandstones formed under high-energy hydrodynamic conditions with coarser grain sizes and better sorting exhibit stronger dissolution,resulting in developed authigenic kaolinite and superior reservoir properties. Research indicates that the unique preservation mechanism of authigenic kaolinite in Xu 4 Member has partly maintained reservoir porosity and permeability. Moreover,authigenic kaolinite content can reflect the intensity of dissolution,further indicating the quality of reservoir properties. Consequently,kaolinite content can be used as a reliable marker for identifying high-quality tight sandstone reservoirs in Xu 4 Member of the Qiongxi-Baimamiao area,southwestern Sichuan Basin.

Key words

Xu 4 Member / Xujiahe Formation / tight sandstone / authigenic kaolinite / preservation mechanism / Sichuan Basin / Qiongxi-Baimamiao area

引用本文

李文才, 刘明洁, 唐大海, 杨迅, 孙志昀, 王旭丽, 金彦忻, 黄嵌, 林凯. 自生高岭石形成与保存机制及其对致密砂岩储集层物性的影响: 以川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段为例^*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (2) : 582 -599 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.055

Wencai LI, Mingjie LIU, Dahai TANG, Xun YANG, Zhiyun SUN, Xuli WANG, Yanxin JIN, Qian HUANG, Kai LIN. Formation and preservation mechanism of authigenic kaolinite and its impact on tight sandstone reservoir properties: a case study of the Xu 4 Member in Qiongxi-Baimamiao area of southwestern Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (2) : 582 -599 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.055

正文

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自生高岭石是致密砂岩储集层中常见的一类黏土矿物,因其发育程度与优质储集层关系密切(陈鑫等,2009),受到众多学者的关注。研究发现自生高岭石与储集层物性的关系较为复杂: 在长石溶蚀形成自生高岭石过程中,伴随有次生孔隙和自生高岭石晶间微孔的产生,能够改善储集层物性(张雪芬等,2013),且铝、硅质流体的迁移数量越多对储集层物性的改善越明显(周晓峰等,2019);但与此同时自生高岭石及其蚀变产物伊利石会堵塞孔隙喉道,降低渗透率,对储集层物性会产生负面影响(王亚男等,2019)。前人针对自生高岭石赋存状态、成因机制、转化条件及其对储集层物性的影响开展了大量研究表明,长石等铝硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀能够产生Al³⁺、Si⁴⁺,当孔隙流体中Al³⁺、Si⁴⁺达到饱和后,自生高岭石随即发生沉淀(周晓峰等,2019;蔡来星等,2023)。当地层温度达到120~140 ℃且成岩环境偏碱性时,自生高岭石在储集层所含钾长石的作用下可向伊利石发生转化(黄思静等,2009;王亚男等,2019);在富Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺的碱性环境下自生高岭石可向绿泥石发生转化(赵雷昭等,2018;蔡来星等,2023),在成岩流体为富有机酸或二氧化碳流体、温度在100~130 ℃时,自生高岭石会向地开石转化(赵杏媛,1997;伏美燕等,2012)。一般情况下,自生高岭石主要发育在浅埋藏的相对低地温环境(朱筱敏,2020),但现今经历过深埋藏与相对高地温条件的储集层中仍可见自生高岭石普遍发育,且针对此类经历深埋藏高地温环境自生高岭石的研究主要集中在来源与成因(张雪芬等,2013;王亚男等,2019),缺乏进一步深入探讨其保存机制。

川西地区须四段最大埋深达4500 m,最高地层温度超过160 ℃(陈冬霞等,2016;Chen et al., 2024),此外川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层铁白云石胶结物普遍发育,表明成岩过程中存在较多的Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺来源(王琪等,2010;胡榕等,2022),具备自生高岭石向绿泥石转化的先决条件。但现今该区须四段底部致密砂岩储集层仍发育大量自生高岭石,其形成保存机制未进行系统深入分析,进而导致在保存机制约束下的自生高岭石发育程度与优质储集层分布关系认识不清,严重制约了研究区须四段致密砂岩气的勘探与开发。针对以上问题,本次研究基于9口取心井90张铸体薄片及127张岩屑片镜下观察,综合阴极发光、扫描电镜、包裹体均一温度测试、原位微区碳氧同位素、物性分析等手段,对川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密砂岩储集层岩石学特征、储集空间特征、物性特征及自生高岭石微观特征进行系统表征,并结合自生高岭石伴生矿物特征分析自生高岭石发育期次,明确自生高岭石物质来源及溶蚀流体来源,探讨储集层中自生高岭石的形成及保存机制,进而基于保存机制分析自生高岭石对储集层物性的影响,阐明自生高岭石发育程度与优质储集层分布的关系,以期对川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密气的勘探开发提供理论借鉴。

1 区域地质概况

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四川盆地是基于上扬子克拉通发展起来的典型多旋回叠合含油气盆地(马永生等,2010;何登发等,2011),根据构造特征可将其划分为川西坳陷带、川北坳陷带、川中隆起带、川东高陡构造带、川南低陡构造带等5个构造单元(文龙等,2025)。川西南部邛西—白马庙地区位于四川盆地西南部,构造位置处于川西坳陷带内的川西坳陷低缓构造带(图 1-a)。

川西南部邛西—白马庙地区上三叠统须家河组主要发育辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系(图 1-b),发育1套以砂岩、泥岩、页岩为主的煤系地层(李熙喆等,2008;郑荣才等,2008;孟昊等,2016),自下而上可划分为须一段、须二段、须三段、须四段和须五段,研究区须四段主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,岩性以深灰色、灰色细砂岩为主,夹灰黑色、黑色泥岩和页岩,是须家河组主要的储集层和产层,自下而上可划分为3个亚段(须四1、须四2、须四3),本次研究的主要对象为须四1亚段,即须四段底部致密砂岩储集层(图 1-b)。前人对川西地区须四段埋藏史及热演化史研究表明,须四段在晚三叠世沉积后快速沉降,并在早白垩世末期达到最大埋深4500 m,晚白垩世以来地层开始抬升,现阶段埋深仍超过3000 m,且埋藏过程中最高地温超过160 ℃(李嵘等,2011;陈冬霞等,2016)。

2 储集层基本特征

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2.1 岩石学特征

川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层主要发育岩屑砂岩(图 2-a),其中石英含量介于39.6%~70.7%之间(平均含量55.1%),长石含量介于0%~5.3%之间(平均含量1.5%),岩屑含量介于27.4%~60.4%之间(平均含量43.4%)(图 2-b)。整体上,研究区须四段砂岩储集层粒度以细粒为主(图 2-c),分选中等—好,磨圆度以次圆状—圆状为主,支撑类型为颗粒支撑型,颗粒间主要呈线—凹凸接触关系,整体上砂岩的成分成熟度较低,结构成熟度中等。此外,胶结物主要类型为碳酸盐胶结物、石英胶结物和自生高岭石,其中碳酸盐胶结物平均含量为6.3%,石英胶结物平均含量为3.8%,自生高岭石含量介于0%~12%之间,平均含量为1.9%(图 2-d)。

2.2 储集空间特征

通过铸体薄片镜下观察发现,研究区须四段砂岩储集层储集空间主要为粒内溶孔,且以岩屑粒内溶孔为主,常见岩屑颗粒内部不完全溶蚀残余部分岩屑(图 3-a),当岩屑颗粒溶蚀程度较强时可形成具原始颗粒轮廓外形的铸模孔(图 3-b)。同时可见长石颗粒沿解理缝溶蚀形成少量粒内溶孔(图 3-c),以及自生高岭石晶体沉淀析出形成的晶间孔(图 3-d)。此外,偶见局部发育剩余粒间孔(图 3-e)和裂缝(图 3-f)。

2.3 物性特征

川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段岩心物性测试数据统计分析结果表明: 须四段砂岩储集层孔隙度分布范围为0.43%~5.51%,平均值2.83%,主要分布在1%~5%之间(图 4-a)。

渗透率分布范围为(0.000119~1.15)×10^-3 μm²,平均值0.0224×10^-3 μm²,主要分布在(0.000119~0.1)×10^-3 μm²之间(图 4-b)。整体上,研究区须四段砂岩储集层属典型的致密砂岩储集层,且以孔隙型储集层为主,孔隙度与渗透率具有一定的正相关关系(图 4-c),局部发育裂缝-孔隙型储集层。

3 自生高岭石特征

收起

3.1 自生高岭石微观特征

研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石在扫描电镜下单晶呈假六方片状,集合体呈书页状(图 5-a),铸体薄片镜下主要呈蠕虫状、手风琴状(图 5-b至5-d),在阴极发光下主要发靛蓝色和浅靛蓝色光(图 5-d,5-e)。常见自生高岭石充填粒间孔和粒内溶孔,并与碳酸盐胶结物(图 5-f至5-i)和石英胶结物伴生(图 5-j),局部可见自生高岭石集合体中心单晶向外发生卷曲、变薄(图 5-k),以及自生高岭石与伊利石共生现象(图 5-l)。

3.2 自生高岭石发育期次

3.2.1 伴生矿物流体包裹体特征

研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物、石英次生加大边普遍发育原生盐水包裹体,整体上包裹体呈气液两相,形态以椭圆状为主,长轴直径介于4~9 μm之间(图 6-a,6-b)。通过对包裹体进行均一温度测试发现,碳酸盐胶结物内部盐水包裹体均一温度介于68~132 ℃之间(平均值99.97 ℃),石英次生加大边内部盐水包裹体均一温度介于66~141 ℃之间(平均值104.68 ℃)。对2类胶结物中盐水包裹体均一温度作分布直方图发现,碳酸盐胶结物包裹体均一温度峰值区间分别为70~80 ℃和100~120 ℃,石英次生加大边包裹体均一温度峰值区间分别为70~80 ℃和90~140 ℃(图 6-c)。由此可见,碳酸盐胶结物包裹体均一温度与石英次生加大边包裹体均一温度分布特征相似,均存在2个峰值区间,表明研究区须四段砂岩储集层发育2期碳酸盐胶结物及2期石英胶结物。此外,根据峰值区间的均一温度范围(图 6-c),可推测早期、晚期胶结物(碳酸盐胶结物和石英胶结物)分别形成于早成岩B期(古温度范围为65~85 ℃)和中成岩A期(古温度范围为85~140 ℃)(刘创新等,2024)。

3.2.2 碳酸盐胶结物原位碳氧同位素特征

碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征能够反映其形成时的环境(尤丽等,2021)。其中氧同位素主要受温度控制,在不受其他条件影响的情况下,碳酸盐胶结物形成温度越高,

δ 18 O P D B

值越低; 而碳同位素值主要受碳酸盐胶结物的碳源所控制,

δ 13 C P D B

值越偏负,通常表明在碳酸盐胶结物形成过程中受有机碳的影响越大(付锁堂等,2015;贾业等,2024)。本次研究共测试20组原位微区碳、氧同位素数据,其中

δ 13 C P D B

值介于-8.764‰~0.448‰之间(平均值-4.064‰),

δ 18 O P D B

值介于-15.061‰~-5.258‰之间(平均值-11.277‰)(表 1)。

通过绘制研究区须四段砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素数据交会图发现,碳氧同位素呈现2期分布特征,早期碳氧同位素略负偏,晚期碳氧同位素较负偏(图 7)。基于碳酸盐胶结物

δ 13 C P D B

、

δ 18 O P D B

值的分布特征,同时结合碳酸盐胶结物中盐水包裹体均一温度分布特征,可将研究区须四段砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物划分为2期(图 7)

(张庄等,2022)。综上所述,川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密砂岩储集层发育2期碳酸盐胶结物,分别为早期温度相对较低时(早成岩B期)形成的碳酸盐胶结物和晚期温度相对较高(中成岩A期)时形成的碳酸盐胶结物。

3.2.3 自生高岭石期次

通过分析不同类型胶结物相互接触关系发现,研究区须四段底部砂岩储集层早期自生高岭石形成于铁白云石胶结之前(图 5-f),晚期自生高岭石形成于铁白云石胶结之后(图 5-h),在阴极发光下,自生高岭石也呈现出2种发光特征,分别为靛蓝色和浅靛蓝色(图 5-e),表明2类自生高岭石的Fe/Mn值差异较大(宋进,2017),进而说明2类自生高岭石形成的时间不同,以上岩相学证据表明研究区须四段底部砂岩储集层发育2期自生高岭石。此外,通过前文对自生高岭石伴生矿物流体包裹体均一温度及碳氧同位素分析,表明自生高岭石伴生矿物发育2期,且分别形成于早成岩B期和中成岩A期,即自生高岭石同样具有早晚2期发育特征。综上所述可知,川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段底部致密砂岩储集层发育2期自生高岭石,且早期自生高岭石形成于早成岩B期,晚期自生高岭石形成于中成岩A期。

4 自生高岭石形成及保存机制

收起

4.1 自生高岭石物质来源

前人研究表明,自生高岭石的物质来源主要为长石等铝硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀(张永旺等,2015;陈思芮等,2019;王亚男等,2019)。此外,硅、铝离子在沉积盆地地层水中的溶解度极低,仅百万分之一量级,很难进行长距离迁移(Bjørlykke and Jahren,2012;Gao et al., 2022),对研究区须四段3套单砂体内自生高岭石含量与距强溶蚀段纵向距离作交会图,发现两者呈明显负相关关系(图 8),即在单套砂体内距强溶蚀段越远,自生高岭石含量越低,表明二氧化硅、铝离子没有发生长距离迁移,并且据单砂体厚度(1.54~2.46 m)分析,二氧化硅、铝离子最大迁移距离仅为纵向米级尺度。川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层岩性为岩屑砂岩,碎屑组分中岩屑颗粒较多,长石颗粒较少(图 2-b),通过铸体薄片镜下观察发现,研究区须四段底部致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石的沉淀常与岩屑颗粒、长石颗粒溶蚀现象伴生,多见自生高岭石充填岩屑粒内溶孔(图 9-a),局部见自生高岭石充填长石粒内溶孔(图 9-b),研究区须四段砂岩储集层总溶蚀量可用溶蚀孔隙度(孔隙度×溶蚀面孔率/面孔率)定量表征(周晓峰等,2019),研究发现溶蚀孔隙度与自生高岭石百分含量呈一定的正相关关系(图 9-c),即岩屑、长石溶蚀量越大,自生高岭石含量越高,表明自生高岭石的形成与岩屑、长石的溶蚀有关。综上所述,川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段储集层自生高岭石的物质来源为储集层内部含铝硅酸盐岩屑及少量长石的溶蚀。

4.2 酸性流体来源

长石等铝硅酸盐类矿物在酸性条件下易发生溶蚀,前人研究认为砂岩储集层中与铝硅酸盐类矿物溶蚀有关的酸性流体主要包括: 砂岩储集层近地表经受的大气淡水、邻近煤系地层腐殖酸以及烃源岩中有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸(黄思静等,2003;邹华耀等,2005;丁晓琪等,2014)。

根据前人对川西地区须四段埋藏及热演化史的研究表明,须四段在晚三叠世埋深迅速增加,在早白垩世末期达到最大埋深(约4500 m),自晚白垩世地层开始抬升,现今埋藏深度仍超过3000 m(李嵘等,2011;陈冬霞等,2016;Chen et al., 2024)。因此,川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段地层在埋藏过程中并未抬升至近地表,故可排除大气淡水作为酸性流体来源(张雪芬等,2013;Gao et al., 2022)。同时川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层2期碳酸盐胶结物

δ 13 C P D B

值均表现出负偏特征,说明2期碳酸盐胶结物均受到有机碳的影响(刘四兵等,2014),且晚期碳酸盐胶结物

δ 18 O P D B

较早期明显偏轻(图 7),表明早期碳酸盐胶结物形成温度相对较低,而晚期碳酸盐胶结物形成温度相对较高,这一结果与碳酸盐胶结物中盐水包裹体均一温度分布特征也较为一致(图 6-c)。据此可推测研究区须四段砂岩储集层经历了2期有机酸性流体充注,即早期温度相对较低时和晚期温度相对较高时分别充注的有机酸性流体。此外,由于川西南上三叠统须家河组煤系地层发育,在低温条件下煤系地层中的腐殖型有机质氧化反应能够产生腐殖型有机酸(李熙喆等,2008;郑荣才等,2008;黄思静等,2009)。

据此推测早期有机酸为邻近煤系地层产生的腐殖酸; 晚期碳酸盐胶结物碳氧同位素均较轻,其形成与有机质热脱羧作用有关(张庄等,2022),即晚期有机酸为泥岩中有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸。综上所述,川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层中溶蚀铝硅酸盐类矿物的酸性流体共有2期,早期为邻近煤系地层产生的腐殖酸,晚期为泥岩层段中有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸。

4.3 自生高岭石形成及保存机制

4.3.1 自生高岭石形成机制

基于前述自生高岭石物质来源以及酸性流体来源分析,本次研究认为早成岩阶段A期,砂岩处于半固结状态,碎屑组分中岩屑含量较多,长石含量较少,碎屑颗粒主要呈点—线接触(图 10-a)。早成岩阶段B期,邻近煤系地层浅埋藏低温条件下产生的腐殖酸进入储集层(黄思静等,2009),部分岩屑与长石颗粒在腐殖酸的作用下发生溶蚀(图 10-b)。在此情况下,偏基性的斜长石(如钙长石)因在低温条件下发生溶解反应的吉布斯自由能增量较钾长石低,相对更不稳定因而更易与酸性流体作用发生溶蚀(反应式(1)),而钾长石在此阶段相对稳定,不易发生溶蚀(史基安等,1994;黄思静等,2009;曹斌风和孙卫,2011)。因此,在早成岩阶段B期,少量偏基性的斜长石及含铝硅酸盐岩屑的溶蚀提供了二氧化硅和铝离子,进而形成早期自生高岭石(张永旺等,2015),同时与之伴生早期碳酸盐胶结物和早期石英胶结物。中成岩阶段A期,随着埋深增大,压实作用变强,此时邻近泥岩层段中黏土矿物转化产生的Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺等离子,在压实作用下随有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸充注进入储集层(Huang et al., 2024)。在此阶段,储集层内岩屑与长石在有机酸的作用下发生进一步溶蚀,并提供二氧化硅和铝离子,形成晚期自生高岭石,并同时伴生晚期碳酸盐胶结物和晚期石英胶结物(图 10-c)。

(1)

C a A l 2 S i 2 O 8 (钙 长 石) + 2 H + + H 2 O = A l 2 S i 2 O 5 (O H) 4 (高 岭 石) + C a 2 +

4.3.2 自生高岭石保存机制

1)钾长石含量较少仅能提供极为有限的K⁺。大量研究表明,自生高岭石可向伊利石发生转化(黄思静等,2009;韩信等,2016;蔡来星等,2023),且该反应主要受K⁺/H⁺活度比及地层温度控制(黄思静等,2009;黄可可等,2012;Zhu et al., 2022)。据扫描电镜观察,研究区须四段储集层局部存在自生高岭石集合体中心单晶向外发生卷曲、变薄(图 5-k),以及自生高岭石与伊利石共生现象(图 5-l),表明部分自生高岭石发生了伊利石化(陈朝兵等,2021;蔡来星等,2023)。中成岩A期(图 10-c),有机酸进入储集层后溶蚀钾长石产生K⁺(反应式(2)),但此时地层中H⁺浓度较大且地层温度未达到阈值温度(120~140 ℃),因此自生高岭石不易发生伊利石化。随着溶蚀作用的进行,埋藏深度的增加,H⁺浓度降低、K⁺/H⁺活度比增大,且温度达到阈值温度(120~140 ℃)(黄思静等,2009),自生高岭石在中成岩A末期发生伊利石化(反应式(3))(图 10-d)。由于此时地层因较大埋深已经处于封闭状态(黄思静等,2009),自生高岭石伊利石化所需的钾离子只能由储集层中钾长石的溶蚀提供,且自生高岭石伊利石化反应一旦发生,将持续进行直至储集层中钾长石或自生高岭石全部耗尽(黄思静等,2009;孟万斌等,2011)。川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层中长石含量较少(平均百分含量1.29%),在自生高岭石发育位置(最大百分含量12%),钾长石含量远低于自生高岭石含量(图 2-b)。因此,可推测须四段致密砂岩储集层中的钾长石基本消耗殆尽,仅极少量自生高岭石发生了伊利石化,大部分自生高岭石未向伊利石转化得以保存。

2)晚期碳酸盐胶结物消耗大量的Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺。自生高岭石在Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺富集的碱性环境下会发生绿泥石化(陈鑫等,2009;蔡来星等,2023)(反应式(4))。根据铸体薄片及扫描电镜观察,研究区须四段砂岩储集层不发育绿泥石,表明在成岩过程中,自生高岭石的绿泥石化作用并未发生。研究区须四段砂岩储集层Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来自于泥岩层段,又因晚期碳酸盐胶结物主要发育铁白云石(图 5-f至5-i),且靠近泥岩层段的砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物异常发育(图 11-a),表明随有机酸一同进入砂岩储集层中的Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺参与了铁白云石的沉淀,且铁白云石形成早于晚期高岭石胶结(图 5-h)。在此情况下,因Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺参与形成铁白云石大量被消耗,导致Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺无法富集达到自生高岭石绿泥石化所需的环境条件,故须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石未向绿泥石转化并得以保存。

3)有机酸性流体进入储集层时地层温度较低。在较高温度(100~130 ℃)的富酸性流体作用下,自生高岭石会向地开石发生转化(赵杏媛,1997;伏美燕等,2012)。据前人研究成果,川西地区须四段致密砂岩储集层不发育地开石(王亚男等,2019),此外通过铸体薄片及扫描电镜观察,邛西—白马庙地区须四段储集层不发育地开石,表明研究区须四段自生高岭石没有发生地开石化。据前文分析,研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层成岩过程中经历了2期有机酸性流体充注,早期为煤系地层产生的腐殖酸(图 10-b),晚期为泥岩中有机质成熟产生的有机酸(图 10-c),石英胶结物均一温度分布特征表明晚期有机酸充注时的地层温度在80~90 ℃之间(图 6-c),晚期有机酸充注时地层温度未达到自生高岭石地开石化所需的温度条件(100 ℃),因此早期自生高岭石未发生地开石化,而随着成岩作用的进行,酸性流体逐渐被消耗,晚期自生高岭石沉淀,当地层温度达到100 ℃时,成岩流体不再具有富酸性,因此研究区须四段储集层早晚2期自生高岭石均没有发生地开石化。

综上所述,川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石保存机制为: (1)碎屑组分中钾长石含量少,仅部分自生高岭石发生了伊利石化; (2)Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺不断被消耗参与形成晚期铁白云石,导致Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺无法富集,不能达到自生高岭石向绿泥石转化所需要的环境条件; (3)地层温度和有机酸浓度未能同时达到自生高岭石地开石化条件,因而自生高岭石得以大部分保存。

(2)

2 K A l S i 3 O 8 (钾 长 石) + 2 H + + H 2 O = A l 2 S i 2 O 5 (O H) 4 (高 岭 石) + 2 K + + 4 S i O 2

(3)

3 A l 2 S i 2 O 5 (O H) 4 (高 岭 石) + 2 K + + O H - = 2 K A l 3 S i 3 O 10 (O H) 2 (伊 利 石) + 2 H + + 3 H 2 O

(4)

3.5 F e 2 + + 3.5 M g 2 + + 9 H 2 O + 3 A l 2 S i 2 O 5 (O H) 4 = F e 3.5 M g 3.5 A l 6.0 S i 6.0 O 20 (O H) 16 (绿 泥 石) + 14 H +

5 自生高岭石对储集层物性的影响

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伊利石、绿泥石充填孔隙会堵塞孔隙喉道,降低储集层渗透率(孟万斌等,2011;田建锋等,2014),此外孔隙充填式绿泥石对储集层孔隙还具有破坏作用(陈国松等,2021)。川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层自生高岭石仅极少量伊利石化且无绿泥石化,其独特的保存机制在一定程度上保持了储集层的孔隙度与渗透率。

研究区须四段底部砂岩储集层自生高岭石发育,且整体上其含量与储集层物性呈正相关(图 11-b,11-c)。同时,自生高岭石在纵向上的分布也与储集层物性密切相关,表现为自生高岭石发育部位储集层物性较好,且相对优质储集层主要分布在水下分流河道正旋回砂体底部和河口坝反旋回砂体顶部(图 11-a)。

据前文分析可知,自生高岭石物质来源为储集层中含铝硅酸盐岩屑与长石的溶蚀,且由于研究区须四段砂岩储集层自生高岭石独特的保存机制,绝大部分自生高岭石得以保存,即自生高岭石含量能够反映长石、岩屑的溶蚀量,进而反映溶蚀作用的强弱。自生高岭石的含量越多表明溶蚀作用越强,产生的次生孔隙越多。因此,整体上研究区须四段砂岩储集层自生高岭石含量与储集层物性呈正相关关系(图 11-b,11-c)。

此外,因辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道和河口坝沉积环境水动力较强,所形成的砂岩粒度较粗、分选较好,且粒间孔喉条件较好,为酸性溶蚀流体的迁移与改造提供了有利条件(张永旺等,2015),进而有利于早期腐殖酸和晚期有机酸在粒度较粗的水下分流河道底部和河口坝顶部发生大量溶蚀,形成较多溶蚀孔且显著改善储集层物性的同时,沉淀较多的自生高岭石和石英胶结物(图 11-a)。

综上所述可知,川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层自生高岭石含量一定程度上能反映溶蚀作用的强弱,同时指示储集层物性的好坏,可作为研究区须四段优质致密砂岩储集层段的识别标志。

6 结论

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1)川西南邛西—白马庙地区须四段砂岩储集层岩性为岩屑砂岩,碎屑组分中长石含量较少,岩屑含量较多; 储集空间类型主要为粒内溶孔,以岩屑粒内溶孔为主,见少量长石粒内溶孔,局部发育剩余粒间孔和裂缝; 孔隙度分布范围为0.43%~5.51%,渗透率分布范围为(0.000119~1.15)×10^-3 μm²,主要分布在(0.000119~0.1)×10^-3 μm²之间。属典型的致密储集层,孔渗相关性较好。

2)须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石在扫描电镜下单晶呈假六方片状,集合体呈书页状,铸体薄片镜下呈蠕虫状、手风琴状,在阴极发光下呈靛蓝色和浅靛蓝色。主要充填粒间孔和粒内溶孔,常与碳酸盐胶结物、石英胶结物伴生。整体上发育2期自生高岭石,分别为早期相对低温条件下(早成岩B期)形成的自生高岭石和晚期相对高温条件下(中成岩A期)形成的自生高岭石。

3)研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层2期自生高岭石的物质来源为储集层内含铝硅酸盐岩屑以及长石颗粒的溶蚀。早期酸性流体来源为邻近煤系地层产生的腐殖酸,晚期酸性流体来源为泥岩层段中有机质成熟脱羧产生的有机酸。晚期有机酸充注时,地层温度较低,随着地层温度升高,有机酸也逐渐被消耗,导致自生高岭石未向地开石转化,中成岩A期末,自生高岭石发生伊利石化,但储集层中钾长石含量少,仅极少量自生高岭石转化成伊利石,并且由于注入储集层中的Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺不断被消耗参与形成铁白云石,无法富集,导致自生高岭石未发生绿泥石化,因此大部分自生高岭石得以保存。

4)研究区须四段致密砂岩储集层自生高岭石独特的保存机制在一定程度上保持了储集层的孔隙度与渗透率。此外,在强水动力条件下形成的粒度较粗、分选较好的砂岩溶蚀作用较强、自生高岭石较发育、对应的储集层物性较好。自生高岭石含量能够在一定程度上反映溶蚀作用的强弱,进而指示储集层物性的好坏,可作为川西南部邛西—白马庙地区须四段致密砂岩优质储集层段发育的标志。

基金

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* 国家自然科学基金项目(41872154)

参考文献

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2026年第28卷第2期

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doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.055

接收时间：2025-07-14
首发时间：2026-09-24
出版时间：2026-04-01

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收稿日期：2025-07-14
修回日期：2025-10-20

基金

National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872154)

* 国家自然科学基金项目(41872154)

作者信息

1 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院,四川成都 610500

2 中国石油西南油气田分公司川西北气矿,四川江油 621741

3 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川成都 610059

通讯作者:

刘明洁,男,1985年生,副教授,主要从事油气储层地质学研究。E-mail: mjliu@swpu.edu.cn。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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序号	井名	深度/m	$δ 13 C P D B$ /‰	$δ 18 O P D B$ /‰
1	Px1	3701.88	-5.334	-10.421
2	Px1	3701.88	-2.202	-13.417
3	Px1	3701.88	-4.210	-14.778
4	Px1	3701.88	-1.281	-13.179
5	Pl3	3358.60	-4.965	-12.848
6	Pl3	3358.60	-2.798	-12.793
7	Pl3	3358.60	-5.949	-9.281
8	Pl3	3358.60	-4.724	-11.105
9	Pl6	3341.51	-6.836	-14.925
10	Pl6	3341.51	-8.764	-12.182
11	Pl6	3341.51	-7.552	-11.480
12	Pl6	3341.51	-7.358	-15.061
13	Pl6	3359.25	-2.753	-9.703
14	Pl6	3359.25	-3.137	-12.036
15	Pl6	3359.25	-3.271	-11.951
16	Pl6	3359.25	-2.650	-9.638
17	Pl7	3570.03	0.448	-5.258
18	Pl7	3570.03	-2.130	-9.070
19	Pl7	3570.03	-2.391	-9.581
20	Pl7	3570.03	-3.427	-6.838

序号

井名

深度/m

δ 13 C P D B

/‰

δ 18 O P D B

/‰

Px1

3701.88

-5.334

-10.421

Px1

3701.88

-2.202

-13.417

Px1

3701.88

-4.210

-14.778

Px1

3701.88

-1.281

-13.179

Pl3

3358.60

-4.965

-12.848

Pl3

3358.60

-2.798

-12.793

Pl3

3358.60

-5.949

-9.281

Pl3

3358.60

-4.724

-11.105

Pl6

3341.51

-6.836

-14.925

Pl6

3341.51

-8.764

-12.182

Pl6

3341.51

-7.552

-11.480

Pl6

3341.51

-7.358

-15.061

Pl6

3359.25

-2.753

-9.703

Pl6

3359.25

-3.137

-12.036

Pl6

3359.25

-3.271

-11.951

Pl6

3359.25

-2.650

-9.638

Pl7

3570.03

0.448

-5.258

Pl7

3570.03

-2.130

-9.070

Pl7

3570.03

-2.391

-9.581

Pl7

3570.03

-3.427

-6.838