古地理学报

相组合	相	环境解释	岩性特征	盐度 Sr/Ba	沉积构造/化石	层号
A 海岸平原河流— 湖泊	A1	河道	2~3 m厚、河道化形态的中—细粒(杂)砂岩和泥质砂岩,含少量粉砂岩夹层,通常向上粒度变细	/	底部发育冲刷面,含树干化石,发育交错层理和侧向迁移层理,未见双黏土层和海相化石	8,19,21
	A2	泛滥平原	白色—灰色铝土岩、铁铝质泥岩和泥岩	淡水,<0.2	水平层理、波状层理或块状构造,常见根化石和包粒结构	1-4,12,18顶, 22,27顶
	A3	沼泽	黑色薄层碳质泥岩、碳质页岩和煤		水平层理,丰富的植物叶片,常见根化石和丰富的菱铁质结核或条带	5,6,13,17,28
	A4	湖泊	浅灰色—灰色富有机质页岩、黏土岩和粉砂岩		水平层理,菱铁质结核,少量的碎屑状叶片化石,无根化石	7,9-11,18底, 20,26,27底, 29-31
B滨海	B1	沙坪	灰白色中厚层状—块状中—细粒砂岩	/	条带状形态,发育低角度交错层理,向上粒度变粗,底部渐变接触	14,24-25
	B2	潟湖	深灰色—黑色薄层(碳质)泥岩和页岩、粉砂岩	半咸— 咸水, ≥0.2	水平层理,大量菱铁质结核和中等的植物叶片化石,无根化石	15-16
C浅海	C1	碎屑岩浅海	灰色—土黄色薄层(钙质)页岩		水平层理,海相化石	23
	C2	碳酸盐浅海	青灰色透镜状石灰岩		块状,海相化石

相组合	相	环境解释	岩性特征	盐度 Sr/Ba	沉积构造/化石	层号
A 海岸平原河流— 湖泊	A1	河道	2~3 m厚、河道化形态的中—细粒(杂)砂岩和泥质砂岩,含少量粉砂岩夹层,通常向上粒度变细	/	底部发育冲刷面,含树干化石,发育交错层理和侧向迁移层理,未见双黏土层和海相化石	8,19,21
	A2	泛滥平原	白色—灰色铝土岩、铁铝质泥岩和泥岩	淡水,<0.2	水平层理、波状层理或块状构造,常见根化石和包粒结构	1-4,12,18顶, 22,27顶
	A3	沼泽	黑色薄层碳质泥岩、碳质页岩和煤		水平层理,丰富的植物叶片,常见根化石和丰富的菱铁质结核或条带	5,6,13,17,28
	A4	湖泊	浅灰色—灰色富有机质页岩、黏土岩和粉砂岩		水平层理,菱铁质结核,少量的碎屑状叶片化石,无根化石	7,9-11,18底, 20,26,27底, 29-31
B滨海	B1	沙坪	灰白色中厚层状—块状中—细粒砂岩	/	条带状形态,发育低角度交错层理,向上粒度变粗,底部渐变接触	14,24-25
	B2	潟湖	深灰色—黑色薄层(碳质)泥岩和页岩、粉砂岩	半咸— 咸水, ≥0.2	水平层理,大量菱铁质结核和中等的植物叶片化石,无根化石	15-16
C浅海	C1	碎屑岩浅海	灰色—土黄色薄层(钙质)页岩		水平层理,海相化石	23
	C2	碳酸盐浅海	青灰色透镜状石灰岩		块状,海相化石

晚石炭世冰期—间冰期旋回控制的华北盆地海平面变化与沉积矿产聚集^*

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孟晶 ¹ , 刘昊青 ² , 杨敏芳 ³ , 王雷 ⁴ , 胡晓玉 ² , 王野 ⁵ , 周凯 ² , 邵龙义 ² , 鲁静 ²

古地理学报 | 矿产资源与新能源地质 2026,28(1): 304-317

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古地理学报 |矿产资源与新能源地质 2026 , 28 (1) : 304 -317

晚石炭世冰期—间冰期旋回控制的华北盆地海平面变化与沉积矿产聚集^*

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孟晶¹, 刘昊青², 杨敏芳³, 王雷⁴, 胡晓玉², 王野⁵, 周凯², 邵龙义², 鲁静²

作者信息

1 河北柳江盆地地质遗迹国家级自然保护区管理中心,河北秦皇岛 066000

2 煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083

3 中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083

4 中石油煤层气有限责任公司,北京 100028

5 沈阳建筑大学土木工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110168

通讯作者:

鲁静,男,1976年生,教授、博导,主要从事沉积学、煤系矿产资源评价与开发等方面教学和科学研究。E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn。

作者简介:

孟晶,女,1969年生,主要从事地质遗迹开发与保护方面的科研和管理工作。E-mail: ljmj2024@163.com。

Sea level changes and sedimentary minerals accumulation in the North China Basin controlled by the Late Carboniferous glacial-interglacial cycles

Jing MENG¹, Haoqing LIU², Minfang YANG³, Lei WANG⁴, Xiaoyu HU², Ye WANG⁵, Kai ZHOU², Longyi SHAO², Jing LU²

Affiliations

1 Management Center of Liujiang Basin Geological Relics National Nature Reserve,Hebei Qinhuangdao 066000,China

2 National Key Laboratory of Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources,College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China

3 Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China

4 PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited,Beijing 100028,China

5 College of Civil Engineering,Shenyang Jianzhu University,Shenyang 110168,China

Corresponding Author:

LU Jing,born in 1976,is a professor and Ph.D. advisor at China University of Mining & Technology(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research on sedimentology,evaluation and development of coal-bearing mineral resources. E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn.

MENG Jing,born in 1969,is mainly engaged in scientific research and management work in the development and protection of geological relics. E-mail: ljmj2024@163.com.

出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.029

文章导航

摘要

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为了揭示华北盆地晚石炭世冰室期海平面变化的驱动机制,以盆地东北缘的柳江煤田本溪组—太原组为对象,进行了海平面变化恢复及其与同时代高纬度冈瓦纳大陆冰期—间冰期(冰川)旋回联系的研究。结果表明: (1)研究区目标地层发育海岸平原河流—湖泊、滨海和浅海3种相组合,沉积环境变化记录了2个二级海侵—海退旋回(巴什基尔—中莫斯科期和晚莫斯科—早阿瑟尔期)和4个三级海侵—海退旋回(早巴什基尔期、中巴什基尔—早莫斯科期、晚莫斯科期、晚莫斯科—阿瑟尔期)。(2)冰室期的冰期和间冰期分别与研究区二级相对高海平面和低海平面时期的良好对应关系说明,高纬度冰川旋回是晚石炭世华北盆地二级海平面变化的主控因素。(3)煤—富有机质泥岩和铝土岩在冰期发育,指示冰期下降的海平面和降低的温度,有利于陆表海盆地沉积界面暴露、沼泽化,以及有机质的产生和保存。同时,冰期海平面下降还引起干湿交替的泛滥平原环境的盛行。在该环境中,陆源碎屑沉积物经过再风化和淋滤,促进了铝土质泥岩或铝土矿的形成。本次研究深化了对晚石炭世华北盆地海平面变化驱动机制、煤和铝土矿等沉积矿产聚集规律的认识。

关键词

晚石炭世 / 华北盆地 / 海平面变化 / 冰川旋回 / 煤和铝土矿

Abstract

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In order to reveal the driving mechanism of sea level changes in the North China Basin in the low latitudes of the Late Carboniferous. Taking Benxi-Taiyuan Formations in Liujiang Coalfield of North China Basin as an example,the restoration of sea level change in low latitude area and its relationship with glacier cycle in high latitude area are studied. The results show that: (1)Three sedimentary systems of coastal plain river-lake,littoral zone and shallow sea are identified in the target strata of the study area. The changes of sedimentary environment record two secondorder transgression-regression cycles(Bashkir-Middle Moscow period and Late Moscow-Early Assel period)and four third-order transgression-regression cycles(Early Bashkir period,Middle Bashkir-Early Moscow period,Late Moscow period and Late Moscow-Assel period). (2)The highlatitude glacial and interglacial periods correspond to the second-order relative high sea level and low sea level periods in the study area,respectively,indicating that the high-latitude glacial cycle is the main controlling factor of the second-order sea level change in the late Carboniferous low-latitude North China Basin. (3)The coal-organic-rich mudstone and bauxite developed during the glacial period,indicating the falling sea level and temperature during the glacial period,which is conducive to the exposure of sedimentary interfaces,swamping,and the generation and preservation of organicmatter in the epicontinental sea basin. At the same time,the decline of sea level during the glacial period also caused the prevalence of dry-wet alternate flood plain environment. In this environment,terrigenous clastic sediments are reweathered and leached,which promotes the formation of bauxite mudstone or bauxite. This study deepens our understanding of the driving mechanism of sea level change and the accumulation of sedimentary minerals such as coal and bauxite in the late Carboniferous North China Basin.

Key words

Late Carboniferous / North China Basin / sea level change / glacier cycle / coal and bauxite

引用本文

孟晶, 刘昊青, 杨敏芳, 王雷, 胡晓玉, 王野, 周凯, 邵龙义, 鲁静. 晚石炭世冰期—间冰期旋回控制的华北盆地海平面变化与沉积矿产聚集^*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (1) : 304 -317 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.029

Jing MENG, Haoqing LIU, Minfang YANG, Lei WANG, Xiaoyu HU, Ye WANG, Kai ZHOU, Longyi SHAO, Jing LU. Sea level changes and sedimentary minerals accumulation in the North China Basin controlled by the Late Carboniferous glacial-interglacial cycles[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (1) : 304 -317 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.029

正文

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晚古生代冰室期是地球上持续时间最长的冰室期(Lu et al., 2022;Wang et al., 2023),记录了维管植物登陆以来唯一一次表层地球冰室气候的“深时”变化过程和模式,并以南半球冈瓦纳大陆冰原广泛发育为特征。当前,该冰室期气候变化特征和模式被认为与人类生活的第四纪冰室期具有一定的相似性(Lu et al., 2021a;Zhang et al., 2022),并表现在气候变化模式(冰期—间冰期旋回)、气候变化直接驱动机制(温室气体浓度)、表层地球有植被覆盖、与造山带隆升伴生(冈瓦纳和劳亚大陆汇聚拼合形成的海西中央造山带与印度和欧亚大陆汇聚拼合引起的喜马拉雅造山带)、与火山活动伴生等方面(Torsvik et al., 2008;Lu et al., 2021b)。并且,晚古生代冰室期并非单一寒冷气候,而是由多个持续时间约为1~8 Ma的寒冷冰期和几乎等时的较温暖的间冰期构成(Xiang et al., 2015;杜远生和余文超,2020)。

当前,这些高纬度冰川记录在新南威尔士、昆士兰及东澳大利亚等地区最为详细。从晚石炭世至早二叠世早期,冰积物共记录了4次寒冷的冰期(C3: 317.0—315.0 Ma;C4: 313.5—308.0 Ma;P1: 299.0—290.0 Ma;P2: 287—280 Ma)和3次相对温暖的间冰期,而在南极洲和阿拉伯地区仅有1~2个冰期记录(Fielding et al., 2023)。当前,多种指标(如δ¹⁸O,δ¹³C和CIA等)指示,高纬度地区这些冰期—间冰期旋回引起了全球气候的显著波动(Veevers and Powell,1987;Frakes and Francis,1988;Isbell et al., 2003;Fielding et al., 2008;Fielding et al., 2023;Zhang et al., 2023)。但关于这些冰原生长(冰期)和消融(间冰期)吸收和排放的水量是否会引起全球海平面的变化,目前存在较大的争议。传统观念认为冈瓦纳冰原的生长和消融是晚古生代海平面变化的主要驱动机制,并引起了60~200 m之间的高频海平面升降(40~412 kyr),而与冈瓦纳冰期—间冰期旋回联系的海平面升降被认为是晚古生代美国内陆盆地沉积物分配、形成旋回层的主要控制因素(Wanless and Shepard,1936;Veevers and Powell,1987;Fielding et al., 2020)。然而,一些学者通过冈瓦纳大陆冰川记录的重新评价及冰川体积的模拟计算(Isbell et al., 2003),认为石炭纪冈瓦纳大陆主要发育范围有限的高山冰川,其质量平衡变化产生的海平面升降幅度显著小于通过旋回层推断的规模,只有石炭纪末至二叠纪初的大陆冰原(P1冰期)的生长和消融可以产生被旋回地层记录的海平面变化。

晚石炭华北陆表海盆地位于赤道低纬度地区,盆地构造(基底沉降均匀、缓慢和稳定)和沉积物供应稳定,主要为1套非海相碎屑岩、煤、铝土岩夹海相灰岩和钙质泥岩的海陆交互相沉积。该时期是中国最重要的5大聚煤期之一,同时也是煤系黑色页岩重要发育时期。前人在华北石炭纪—二叠纪岩矿、沉积、地层和构造等方面的研究基础较好(Xiang et al., 2015),是开展晚古生代高纬度冰川旋回与低纬度地区海平面变化关系,以及沉积矿产(如煤、铝土矿)聚集规律研究的理想场所。本次研究以华北盆地东北部河北省秦皇岛市柳江煤田本溪组—太原组下段为研究对象,根据前人建立的年代地层格架,利用相和相组合特征确定沉积环境,使用沉积期水体古盐度、氧化—还原性等数据辅助论证和识别沉积环境,建立和恢复本溪组—太原组下段沉积期的沉积模式和海平面变化曲线。通过研究区海平面曲线与冈瓦纳大陆冰川旋回的对比,揭示高纬度冈瓦纳大陆冰川旋回与华北盆地晚石炭世海平面变化之间的关系。

1 地质背景

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晚石炭世华北盆地位于北纬10°~20°、古特提斯洋的东北缘,其北面和南面分别为内蒙古隆起和北秦岭造山带(或伏牛古陆),如图 1-a所示。该时期沉积物主要来自北面的阴山古陆(尚冠雄,1997;Frisch et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2014;Dong and Santosh,2016)。

柳江煤田位于华北盆地的东北部区域(图 1-b),本溪组、太原组和山西组的地层格架、岩石类型、植物化石(含孢粉)和标志层如图 1-c所示。本溪组平行不整合覆盖在奥陶系马家沟组灰岩之上,本溪组之上连续了沉积了太原组和山西组。目标地层自下而上分别发育了6层煤(#6-#1)和6层黏土岩(G-B层,图 1-c)。本溪组由黄灰—灰绿色粉砂质页岩、灰黑色碳质页岩、黄绿色钙质页岩夹石英细砂岩、铝土质页岩及泥灰岩组成。太原组底部为灰色中粗粒石英砂岩,具球形风化外貌。下部为灰色薄—中厚层中细粒石英砂岩、碳质页岩和煤层; 中上部为灰黄色薄层铁质粉砂岩、灰黑色碳质页岩夹薄层细砂岩和煤层,局部夹灰岩透镜体。研究区G至B层黏土岩在野外呈块状或粉末状,层理和化石不发育,含大量分选好、自形和环带结构发育、火山来源的锆石颗粒,指示该时期有部分火山灰物质(Yang et al., 2020)和其他黏土矿物一起,被沉积在海岸平原河道间暴露或静水环境(如覆水沼泽等)。因此,它们也被称为含凝灰质黏土岩。根据从这些黏土岩中获得的锆石年龄(G: 322.7±3.1 Ma;F: 316.3±4.4 Ma;E: 310.0±4.0 Ma;D: 301.2±3.3 Ma;C: 290.1±3.0 Ma;B: 282.9±3.4 Ma;)(Lu et al., 2021c),结合植物孢粉化石(王自强,1989),可以将研究区本溪组和太原组分别约束为巴什基尔—莫斯科期和卡西莫夫—萨克马尔期(图 1-c)。

2 研究材料与方法

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本次研究从柳江煤田石门寨剖面(40.1°N,119.6°E)本溪组和太原组下段,共采集新鲜泥岩样品59件、砂岩样品15件和灰岩样品3件。砂岩和灰岩样品进行岩石薄片制作和岩矿鉴定。泥岩样品破碎至200目并缩分为2份,在煤炭精细勘探与智能开采全家重点实验室分别进行总有机碳(TOC)和微量元素分析。对于TOC测试,首先用磷酸处理泥岩样品以去除无机碳,然后使用碳—硫分析仪(型号CS580、最低检测限100 mg/g和绝对分析误差±0.2%)、根据国标(GB/T-19145-2003)进行TOC含量测量。微量元素分析时,首先将泥岩样品用酸溶解,然后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(型号Finmigan-MAT,相对分析误差±5%)测量。

本次研究利用锶元素与钡元素的比值(后文中使用Sr/Ba表示)识别古水体盐度。水体盐度和氧化—还原性是划分潮湿气候背景下沉积环境的重要依据之一,从陆相到过渡相和海相,水体盐度一般呈淡水到半咸水和咸水的变化趋势。当淡水与海水混合时,淡水中的Ba与海水中的

SO 4 2 +

结合成BaSO₄沉淀下来,而SrSO₄的溶解度很大,可以继续向远海迁移。因此,由陆到海Sr/Ba值一般呈升高趋势。但不同地区和时代各种水体盐度的Sr/Ba比值界限存在差异(刘宝珺,1985)。如在西伯利亚西北部侏罗纪—白垩纪地层,淡水、半咸水和咸水的Sr/Ba值平均值分别为0.148、0.462和0.575,而在同时代沿里海凹陷,相应的数值分别为0.35、0.714和0.818(刘宝珺,1985)。在石炭纪—二叠纪的鄂尔多斯盆地,淡水、半咸水和咸水的界线被确定分别为0.2和0.5(Wei and Algeo,2020)。此外,对于海(湖)平面或潜水面以上沉积的碎屑沉积物,潜流带和渗流带交替控制区域(干湿交替环境)沉积物,由于它们在埋藏进入潜水面以下之前的淋滤作用,会使沉积物中Sr、Ba元素再次差异迁移,故而该环境沉积物不适合用Sr/Ba值指示水体盐度(吕荐阔等,2021;Wang et al., 2021)。

本次研究利用钒元素与镍元素比值(后文中使用V/(V+Ni)表示)来指示沉积水介质氧化还原性。在氧化水介质(O₂>2.0 mL/L,H₂S=0 mL/L),V主要呈溶解离子态存在; 在缺氧水介质(O₂<0.2 mL/L,H₂S=0 mL/L),V被还原为

VO 2 2 +

,与有机制络合发生沉淀; 在硫化水介质(O₂=0.0 mL/L,H₂S>0 mL/L),V被进一步还原为难溶的V₂O₃和V(OH)₃而进一步沉淀。与V相似,Ni在氧化水介质以离子形式存在(Ni²⁺)或以碳酸盐(NiCO₃)形式被有机质吸附; 在硫化水介质,Ni形成不溶性硫化物(NiS),可以在固溶态被自生黄铁矿缓慢吸收。与Ni相比,从氧化到硫化水介质,V会优先沉淀,故前人研究发现V/(V+Ni)值可以指示水介质氧的相对含量,并将正常、氧化、次氧化、缺氧和缺氧硫化水介质的划分界线确定为0.45、0.6、0.82和0.84(吕荐阔等,2021)。本次沉积环境分析中,相、相组合、海岸平原、滨海、浅海等概念以及沉积相描述和解释方法等均来自前人研究(Li et al., 2021;Fielding et al., 2022;Morales,2022)。

3 研究结果与分析

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3.1 古盐度

研究地层Sr和Ba浓度、以及Sr/Ba值如图 2所示。Sr浓度值为34.4~215.0 μg/g(平均81.3 μg/g),其中4层黏土岩样品值为34.4~215.0 μg/g(平均124.5 μg/g),其他样品值为45.8~127.0 μg/g(平均71.1 μg/g)。垂向上Sr的浓度在C1-4(G层黏土岩)、C5、C15和C18层出现4个相对高值区。Ba元素浓度值为210.0~782.0 μg/g(平均401.33 μg/g),其中4层黏土岩样品值为210.00~215.00 μg/g(平均328.00 μg/g),其他样品浓度值为216.0~782.0 μg/g(平均421.9 μg/g)。Ba的浓度在剖面中下部波动变化,但总体较稳定,在C5、C10、C15和C18层出现4个峰值; 在剖面上部,Ba的浓度总体呈升高趋势。

除了G层黏土岩,Sr与Ba元素垂向上浓度变化趋势相似(去除3个异常点后相关系数r=0.78,n=29),说明两者具有相似的赋存状态和来源(图 2)。G层黏土岩Sr/Ba值为0.12~1.00(平均0.46),根据前人确定的不同盐度水体Sr/Ba值范围,推断G层黏土岩沉积水介质为淡水—半咸水。同时考虑到G层黏土岩对应于华北盆地广泛存在的本溪组底部的G层铝土矿,其成因被认为是碎屑沉积物在风化壳长期风化淋滤形成,因此,本次研究认为G层黏土岩为淡水介质环境。其他样品Sr/Ba值为0.10~0.33(平均0.18),指示淡水—半咸水沉积环境。垂向上在C15、C16和C23层出现2个Sr/Ba值大于0.2的相对高值区,指示存在2个半咸水环境(Wei and Algeo,2020)。同时,C23层为灰白色钙质页岩夹灰岩透镜体的浅海相沉积(见3.3小节),这进一步证实了研究区Sr/Ba值0.2作为淡水和半咸水界线的可靠性(图 3)。

3.2 氧化—还原性

研究地层泥岩V/(V+Ni)值为0.34~0.93(平均0.79,图 3)。其中,G层黏土岩为0.34~0.75(平均0.79),指示氧化—次氧化的环境,这与G层黏土岩的成因一致,即碎屑沉积物在风化壳长期风化淋滤形成。其他样品值为0.74~0.93(平均0.81),指示缺氧—缺氧硫化的环境。垂向上在C7-C9、C18、C26-C27层出现3个V/(V+Ni)>0.84的相对高值区,指示存在3个缺氧硫化环境。水体深度是水介质氧化—还原性重要控制因素之一,随着水体加深、水体能量减弱、溶解氧浓度降低、还原性增强。从研究剖面缺氧硫化环境分布看,它们大部分位于相对海平面较低的时期(图 3),说明水体深度不是研究区沉积水介质氧化还原性主控因素。另一个控制氧化还原性的因素是有机质含量,在富有机质的水介质中,由于有机质氧化对溶解氧的消耗,即使在很浅、甚至暴露的环境,水介质也呈还原性(如沼泽环境)。研究剖面下部1个硫化环境(C7-9)与相对高的TOC含量对应区域一致,说明还原性的水介质是TOC富集主控因素。而C18-C20和C27-C29层硫化环境对应于相对低的TOC含量,说明TOC含量的升高,除了受还原的水介质影响外,还与其他因素有关(如高的有机质的供给速率和低的陆源碎屑供给速率)。

3.3 泥质岩总有机碳

研究地层泥岩总有机碳(TOC)数值如图 3所示。TOC含量为0.08%~2.00%(平均0.5%),其中4层黏土岩样品含量较低,为0.10%~0.26%(平均0.19%),其他样品为0.08%~2.00%(平均0.60%)。垂向上TOC含量在C6-C7、C18-C20层出现3个相对高值区,其TOC含量平均值分别为1.63、1.41和0.80,分别对应巴什基尔晚期、莫斯科晚期和阿瑟尔早期。

3.4 沉积相与沉积特征

本次研究中,识别出砂岩、泥质岩、铝土岩、泥灰岩和煤等5种岩石类型,以及河道、泛滥平原、沼泽、湖泊、沙坪、潟湖、碎屑岩浅海和碳酸盐浅海等8种相,将它们归纳为海岸平原河流—湖泊(A)、滨海(B)和浅海(C)等3种相组合。

识别的基本依据包括岩性、厚度、垂向粒度变化、物理和生物沉积构造等(表 1)。每种相组合都被确定为代表一个明确且有成因联系的沉积背景,这些沉积背景从海岸平原河流—湖泊到滨海和浅海。

3.4.1 相组合A: 海岸平原河流—湖泊

相组合A包括河道(A₁)、泛滥平原(A₂)、沼泽(A₃)和湖泊(A₄)等4种相,是研究剖面最主要的相类型。相A₁为2~3 m厚、底部发育冲刷面、向上粒度变细的灰白色中—细粒(杂)砂岩,含少量灰色薄层波状层理粉砂岩。砂岩杂基含量较高(一般在10%~25%),骨架颗粒分选性和磨圆性较差,含植物树干化石、发育交错层理和侧向迁移层理(图 4-a至4-d)。相A₂主要为白色—灰色铝土岩、铁铝质泥岩和泥岩,水平层理、波状层理或块状构造发育,根化石常见,在铝土岩(泥岩)中常见包粒结构(图 4-g)。相A₃为黑色薄层碳质泥岩(页岩)和煤。碳质泥(页)岩发育水平层理、波状层理或块状构造,含丰富完整的叶、茎和根化石。相A₄为浅灰—灰色富有机质页岩、黏土岩和粉砂岩,发育水平—波状层理,含少量碎屑状叶片化石(无根化石)。

根据研究剖面识别出的4种相、泥页岩沉积(Sr/Ba<0.2)淡水的古盐度特征,结合前人对华北晚石炭世陆表海盆地沉积的研究成果(李增学等,2003),相组合A被解释为海岸平原河流—湖泊沉积。

由于河道化的砂体形态,相A₁被解释为海岸平原河道沉积。由于河道内没有发现双(单)黏土层、海相化石,但常与古土壤(如包粒结构发育的铝土质泥岩氧化土、有机土煤等)相邻或伴生(图 4-f,4-g),指示相A₁为发育在最大高潮面以上、没有受到海水影响的海岸平原环境。

相A2古土壤广泛发育,其中铝土质泥岩、铝土岩和铁质泥岩中的包粒结构,被认为是湿热气候条件下、海(湖)平面以上潜流带和渗流带交替控制区的产物(杜远生等,2014;成龙等,2024),指示碎屑沉积物经历了强烈风化和淋滤作用。因此,相A2被解释为泛滥平原环境,它位于海岸平原泛滥盆地中地势稍高的位置,且只在洪水期接受沉积物(陈钟惠,1988)。

相A₃被解释为海岸平原泛滥盆地支流河道间、低洼的沼泽环境(有植被生长和有机质积累的湿地)。其中碳质泥页岩为受陆源碎屑显著影响的矿物沼泽环境,煤为轻微受陆源碎屑影响的泥炭沼泽环境。相A₄普遍发育的水平层理指示悬浮载荷的细碎屑沉积物在重力作用下的垂向加积,再加上缺少植物根和完整的植物叶片化石,相A₄被解释为海岸平原浅水湖泊沉积。这些湖泊通常为浅水、小面积湖泊,容易淤浅沼泽化,并与泛滥盆地沼泽一起,形成区域广泛分布的泥炭沼泽(煤)。随着气候变湿,湖泊环境盛行并淹没沼泽,使湖相沉积成为煤层顶板。

3.4.2 相组合B: 滨海

识别出沙坪(B₁)和潟湖(B₂)2种相图 5,它们是研究剖面比较次要的相,仅分布在第11、12层与第24、25层。相B₁为灰白色中—厚层状—块状中—细砂岩,砂岩骨架颗粒分选性和磨圆性较好。砂体呈带状、发育低角度交错层理,底部与下伏地层渐变接触,向上粒度变粗。相B₂为深灰—黑色薄层(碳质)泥岩和页岩、粉砂岩,发育水平层理,含丰富的完整植物叶片化石和菱铁质结核,无植物根系化石。根据相组合B中相B₂泥页岩半咸水—咸水的古盐度(Sr/Ba>0.2)沉积特征,以及缺乏实体海相化石和古土壤不发育等系列证据,将相组合B解释为介于最大高潮面和正常天气浪基面的滨海沉积。因为条带状砂体形态、底部渐变接触、向上粒度变细、良好的砂岩骨架颗粒分选和磨圆性等特征,相B₁被解释为潮间与潮下带过渡区的沙坪沉积。

3.4.3 相组合C: 浅海(远滨—陆棚)

识别出碎屑岩浅海(C1)和碳酸盐浅海(C2)2种相图 6,它们仅分布在第C23层。相C1为灰色—土黄色(钙质)页岩,发育水平层理,含腕足(如网格长身贝)、Chonetes sp.)和双壳类(如古尼罗蛤、裂齿蛤、隔板几束蛤)等海相实体化石(河北省地质矿产局区调大队,1987)。相C2为青灰色透镜状石灰岩,块状构造,含与相C1类似的海相实体动物化石。由于半咸水—咸水的沉积水体性质、发育海相腕足和双壳类实体化石、悬浮载荷垂向加积形成的水平层理、以及不存在指示陆相环境的相标志(如根土岩、古土壤等),相组合C被解释为浪基面以下的浅海(远滨—陆棚)沉积。其中C1为碎屑岩浅海,C2为碳酸盐浅海。

3.5 沉积模式与相对海平面变化

根据研究剖面相、相组合类型及其特征,在前人对华北晚石炭世陆表海沉积环境分析工作基础上(尚冠雄,1997;河北省地质矿产局区调大队,1987;陈世悦,2000;邵龙义等,2006),根据关键沉积界面(最大高潮面、平均高潮面、平均低潮面和浪基面等)重建的研究剖面沉积模式如图 7所示。

根据前人恢复的晚石炭世华北盆地古地理,该时期盆地北边的阴山古陆和南边的伏牛—秦岭古陆分别为主要和次要物源区,西部的乌兰格尔隆起不提供物源(尚冠雄,1997;Frisch et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2014;Dong and Santosh,2016)。

该时期盆地整体为一向东倾斜的陆表海盆地。研究剖面所处位置整体沉积倾向为北北西—南南东向。由于研究剖面泥页岩主要为淡水环境沉积,再加上河道和古土壤(如铝土岩、煤)的广泛发育,指示研究剖面主要为海岸平原的中上部沉积(河流—湖泊)。根据地下水位与沉积界面关系,河流湖泊环境可以进一步划分为地势相对较高的河道与泛滥平原(向北)和地势相对较低的河道与湖泊沼泽亚环境(向南)(陈钟惠,1988)。前者位于潜水面以上或附近(干地或干湿交替),属于大气降水渗流带或渗流带—潜流带过渡区。后者为排水条件差的湿地沼泽和浅水湖泊环境,煤、富有机质泥页岩广泛发育。再向南为半咸水—咸水的滨海和浅海环境,但两者是研究剖面次要沉积,厚度约占地层厚度20%。从垂向上沉积环境变化看,第22和第23层间存在明显的“跳相”(图 6-f),即由海岸平原河道—泛滥平原相突变为浅海相。两者之间为沉积突变接触,中间缺少过渡相沉积记录,这与陆表海盆地海陆交互相沉积和海侵的突发性特征一致(何起祥等,1991)。此外,本次在研究剖面没有发现典型的三角洲沉积(如向上变粗、变浅的沉积序列),再加上河道经常与古土壤(铝土岩等氧化土)伴生,这进一步支持研究剖面沉积背景是海岸平原而不是三角洲平原。

根据相和相组合的垂向变化,研究剖面识别出CI和CII 2个级别的相对海平面变化(图 8),前者CI包括4个完整的海侵—海退旋回(CI1早巴什基尔期、CI2中巴什基尔—早莫斯科期、CI3晚莫斯科期、CI4晚莫斯科—阿瑟尔期),后者为由4个CI级别旋回叠置而成的2个海侵—海退旋回(CII1巴什基尔—中莫斯科期、CII2晚莫斯科—阿瑟尔期)。

由于研究剖面晚石炭世持续了约20 Ma,则CI和CII级别海平面变化持续时间分别为5.0 Ma和10.0 Ma,大致对应于三级和二级相对海平面变化。由于研究剖面识别出的不同级别旋回中的标志层(如G-D层铝土(质泥岩)矿、煤层)都是区域性广泛分布(陈钟惠等,1988),并且横跨不同沉积体系,说明这些旋回的成因主要受控于外部因素,属于异旋回而非自旋回成因。

4 讨论

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本次恢复晚石炭世相对海平面变化曲线,与前人对华北盆地恢复结果具有良好的相似性。如在鄂尔多斯盆地,类似的4个三级海平面旋回和2个二级海平面旋回被识别出,并且2次二级海平面高位期也分别位于早莫斯科期和莫斯科—卡西莫夫过渡期(陈钟惠,1989)。这也进一步支持了本次研究中相对海平面变化恢复结果的可靠性和代表性。在美国,Ross和Ross(1905)恢复的三级海平面变化曲线与华北的差异显著,但在晚巴什基尔期、晚莫斯科期也出现2次与华北类似的相对海平面下降。其二级海平面曲线表现为上升(巴什基尔期—莫斯科期)、下降(卡西莫夫期—格舍尔期)和上升(阿瑟尔期)的变化模式,与华北盆地类似,其最高海平面时期出现在莫斯科—卡西莫夫过渡期(CII2海泛期)。Haq和Schutter(2008)恢复的二级海平面曲线在巴什基尔期—早卡西莫夫期呈上升趋势,之后(晚卡西莫夫期—阿瑟尔期)呈下降趋势,整体与研究区恢复的相对海平面曲线变化规律相似。全球海平面变化、盆地基底沉降和沉积物供给速率是控制陆表海盆地海平面变化主要因素。晚石炭世古亚洲洋向南部华北板块的俯冲,引起华北盆地北缘阴山古陆缓慢隆生,并成为主要物源区(尚冠雄,1997;李增学等,2003)。

现有许多证据表明,晚石炭华北盆地具有基底沉降和陆源碎屑供应相对均匀和稳定的特征,尤其是该时期华北盆地宽阔的海岸平原与临滨—浅海的泥质岩、碳酸盐岩夹煤层沉积盛行的特征(吕大炜等,2009;Allen et al., 2014)。因此,全球(绝对)海平面变化是引起华北陆表海盆地海平面变化的主控因素。冰室期两极冰原(川)消融和增长是引起大洋盆地水体积变化的重要因素,也是引起全球(绝对)海平面变化的主要原因,即间冰期全球变暖,冈瓦纳冰原融化,造成海水体积增加,海平面上升; 在冰期,气候变冷、冈瓦纳冰原生长,海水体积减小,引起海平面下降。

研究剖面海平面变化曲线与同时期前人通过冰积物建立的高纬度冰期—间冰期旋回的对比如图 8所示。海平面变化曲线在巴什基尔晚期、莫斯科期早期和阿瑟尔期的3次海平面的下降分别与冈瓦纳大陆记录的3次冰期(C3、C4和P1)具有良好的对应关系,说明高纬度冰川旋回是低纬度华北盆地海平面变化的主控因素。

相似的,从泥岩TOC含量、煤层和铝土矿分布与高纬度冰期—间冰期旋回对比看,它们均倾向于在冰期或冰期—间冰期过渡期聚集。说明冰期下降的海平面和降低的温度,有利于陆表海盆地沉积界面暴露、沼泽化,以及有机质的产生和保存(尚冠雄,1997;Cleal and Thomas,2005;付秀清和王正东,2009;Li et al., 2021;Wu et al., 2021;Flores and Moore,2024)。同时,冰期海平面下降还引起干湿交替的海岸泛滥平原环境的盛行,在该环境陆源碎屑沉积物经过再风化和淋滤,促进了铝土质泥岩或铝土矿的形成。

5 结论与认识

收起

1)利用古盐度(Sr/Ba值)和水介质氧化—还原性(V/(V+Ni)值)数据以及岩相识别结果将华北盆地晚石炭世地层划分为8种相和海岸平原河流湖泊、滨海和浅海3种相组合,恢复了研究剖面2个二级海侵—海退旋回和4个三级海侵—海退旋回。

2)研究发现高纬度冰期和间冰期分别大致与研究区二级相对高海平面时期和低海平面时期相对应,说明高纬度冈瓦纳大陆冰川旋回是华北盆地晚石炭世二级海平面变化的主控因素。

3)煤、富有机质泥岩和铝土岩在冰期发育的特征,指示冰期下降的海平面和较低的温度,有利于陆表海盆地沉积界面暴露、沼泽化,以及有机质的产生和保存。同时,冰期海平面下降还引起干湿交替的海岸泛滥平原环境的盛行,在该环境陆源碎屑沉积物经过再风化和淋滤,促进了铝土质泥岩或铝土矿的形成。

基金

收起

*国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800200)
国家自然科学基金项目(42172196)
国家自然科学基金项目(42472227)
国家自然科学基金项目(42402179)
河北柳江盆地地质遗迹保护项目(Z1303002403442001)

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2026年第28卷第1期

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文章信息

doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.029

接收时间：2024-09-29
首发时间：2026-09-22
出版时间：2026-02-01

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文章信息

作者

出版历史

收稿日期：2024-09-29
修回日期：2025-06-01

基金

National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFF0800200)

*国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800200)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172196)

国家自然科学基金项目(42172196)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472227)

国家自然科学基金项目(42472227)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(42402179)

国家自然科学基金项目(42402179)

Hebei Liujiang Basin Geological Relics Protection Project(Z1303002403442001)

河北柳江盆地地质遗迹保护项目(Z1303002403442001)

作者信息

1 河北柳江盆地地质遗迹国家级自然保护区管理中心,河北秦皇岛 066000

2 煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083

3 中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083

4 中石油煤层气有限责任公司,北京 100028

5 沈阳建筑大学土木工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110168

通讯作者:

鲁静,男,1976年生,教授、博导,主要从事沉积学、煤系矿产资源评价与开发等方面教学和科学研究。E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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