Article(id=1309812585046827096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7605/gdlxb.2026.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748620800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-31, revisedDate=1752249600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790213255415, onlineDateStr=2026-09-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790213255415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790213255415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790213255415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309812542579503925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, year='2026', volume='28', issue='2', pageStart='429', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790213245291, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213366052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309813049133981868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309813049133981869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=782, endPage=789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309812585248153689, articleId=1309812585046827096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=EN, title=Two species of Acer from the Early Miocene in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and their implications for palaeoclimate and palaeogeography, columnId=1309812571910267828, journalTitle=Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), columnName=BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acer Linn. represents a significant component among the northern temperate broad-leaved forests,with a wide geographical distribution across the northern temperate regions and occasionally extending into certain subtropical zones. In this study,we document nine leaf fossils and two samara fossils of Acer from the Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia. These fossils were identified as A. cf. sinense of section Palmata and A. cf. buergerianum of section Oblonga based on detailed morphological observations and comparisons. Furthermore,we reconstructed the dispersal routes of these two sections using the fossil record. During the Paleocene,section Palmata was restricted to East Asia. By the Late Eocene,it expanded into Europe via the Turgai Strait. During the Oligocene and Miocene,this section became widespread across Eurasia. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene,its distribution was again limited to East Asia. However,during the Holocene,section Palmata expanded from East Asia to North America,resulting in the current disjunct distribution between these two continents. Section Oblonga likely migrated from the high latitudes of North America to the mid-latitudes of East Asia via the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Eocene. After the Miocene,this section disappeared from North America and persisted exclusively in East Asia,where it remains widely distributed today. The distinct dispersal histories of sections Palmata and Oblonga highlight the need for further investigation into the biogeographical pathways of Acer species across different sections. Additionally,by integrating the current climatic parameters of the habitats of A. sinense and A. buergerianum with those of the reported Early Miocene plant fossils in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia,we estimate that the mean annual temperature in Chifeng during the Early Miocene ranged from 10.6 to 18.2 ℃,with annual precipitation ranging from 950 to 1492 mm. These data indicate a warm and humid climate in the Early Miocene. This study further enriches the plant diversity in Early Miocene eastern Inner Mongolia and provides new evidence for the climate of this region during the Early Miocene.

, authors=Xiaoyan WANG1, Mingzhe XIA1, Deshuang JI1, Fan YANG1, Ying LIU1, Xiangchuan LI1, 2, 3, Liang XIAO1, 2, 3, authorsList=Xiaoyan WANG, Mingzhe XIA, Deshuang JI, Fan YANG, Ying LIU, Xiangchuan LI, Liang XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingzhe XIA, Liang XIAO, authorNote=

WANG Xiaoyan,born in 2000,is a master’s degree candidate at Chang’an University. She is mainly engaged in research on paleobotany. E-mail: .

, correspAuthorsNote=
XIAO Liang,born in 1980,is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Chang’an University. He is mainly engaged in researches on paleontology and stratigraphy. E-mail: .
XIA Mingzhe,born in 1979,is an associate professor and masteral supervisor at Chang’an University. He is mainly engaged in research on petrology. E-mail: .
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309812586825212008, articleId=1309812585046827096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=CN, title=内蒙古赤峰早中新世两种槭属化石及其古气候、古地理意义*, columnId=1309812572090622902, journalTitle=古地理学报, columnName=生物古地理学及古生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

槭属(Acer Linn.)是现今北温带阔叶林的重要组成分子,广泛分布于北温带和部分亚热带地区。本研究对内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组的9块槭属叶片化石和2块槭属翅果化石进行了系统分类学研究,将其鉴定为鸡爪槭组(section Palmata)的中华槭(相似种)Acer cf. sinense Pax和全缘槭组(section Oblonga)的三角槭(相似种)Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.。依据化石记录,重建了鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径: 鸡爪槭组在古新世时仅生长于东亚地区,至晚始新世越过图尔盖海峡扩散至欧洲地区,渐新世和中新世鸡爪槭组分布于欧亚大陆,上新世和更新世鸡爪槭组退缩到东亚地区,而在全新世,该组从东亚向北美地区扩散,形成当今东亚—北美间断分布的格局。全缘槭组在晚始新世可能通过白令陆桥从北美高纬度地区传播至东亚中纬度地区,自中新世之后,该组在北美地区消失,当前仅在东亚地区广泛分布。鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径存在一定的差异,表明分组对槭属植物传播路径进行研究的必要性。结合现生中华槭和三角槭分布区及内蒙古赤峰已报道的早中新世植物化石的现生亲缘种分布区的气候参数,推测赤峰地区早中新世的年均气温为10.6~18.2 ℃,年均降水量为950~1492 mm,气候温暖湿润。本研究不仅进一步丰富了内蒙古东部早中新世的植物多样性,也为该地区早中新世的气候研究提供了新的证据。

, authors=王孝燕1, 夏明哲1, 纪德爽1, 杨帆1, 刘英1, 李相传1, 2, 3, 肖良1, 2, 3, authorsList=王孝燕, 夏明哲, 纪德爽, 杨帆, 刘英, 李相传, 肖良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=夏明哲, 肖良, authorNote=

王孝燕,女,2000年生,长安大学硕士研究生,主要从事古植物学研究。 E-mail: 。

, correspAuthorsNote=
肖良,男,1980年生,长安大学教授、博士生导师,主要从事古生物学与地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
夏明哲,男,1979年生,长安大学副教授、硕士生导师,主要从事岩石学研究。 E-mail: 。
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WANG Xiaoyan,born in 2000,is a master’s degree candidate at Chang’an University. She is mainly engaged in research on paleobotany. E-mail: .

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WANG Xiaoyan,born in 2000,is a master’s degree candidate at Chang’an University. She is mainly engaged in research on paleobotany. E-mail: .

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王孝燕,女,2000年生,长安大学硕士研究生,主要从事古植物学研究。 E-mail: 。

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王孝燕,女,2000年生,长安大学硕士研究生,主要从事古植物学研究。 E-mail: 。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880160946582087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Stratigraphic histogram of the Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia(modifed from Chen et al., 1992), figureFileSmall=SyUhmcS3TJ2BIYrJ9Qs/WA==, figureFileBig=tYUgVv9PAu4Ky/fsJS7XVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880161273737800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=内蒙古赤峰地区中新统老梁底组地层柱状图(据陈秉麟等,1992;有修改), figureFileSmall=SyUhmcS3TJ2BIYrJ9Qs/WA==, figureFileBig=tYUgVv9PAu4Ky/fsJS7XVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880161340846665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Morphological characteristics of Acer cf. sinense Pax fossil and extant Acer sinense Pax leaves, figureFileSmall=w+vDUWCdptil5ht+pfDMkg==, figureFileBig=461HDlMJu2ZT/ZZqDyEFMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880161403761226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=中华槭(相似种)叶片化石和现生中华槭叶片的形态特征

A—TJG-17-451,比例尺长0.25 cm;B—TJG-17-425,比例尺长0.25 cm;C—TJG-17-64,比例尺长0.25 cm;D—TJG-17-388,比例尺长0.25 cm;E—TJG-17-451脉络,比例尺长0.05 cm;F—TJG-17-451细脉,比例尺长0.05 cm;G—TJG-17-281,比例尺长0.25 cm;H—现生中华槭脉络,比例尺长0.05 cm;I—现生中华槭细脉,比例尺长0.05 cm

, figureFileSmall=w+vDUWCdptil5ht+pfDMkg==, figureFileBig=461HDlMJu2ZT/ZZqDyEFMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880161684779595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Morphological characteristics of Acer cf. buergerianum Miq. fossils and extant Acer buergerianum Miq. Leaves, figureFileSmall=DRg+Jpb5ZsdO979bWEQTtg==, figureFileBig=1bRvH3mSS5I9fF6MCUpTGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162095821388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=三角槭(相似种)叶片化石和现生三角槭叶片的形态特征

A—TJG-17-230,比例尺长0.25 cm;B—TJG-17-294,比例尺长0.25 cm;C—TJG-17-260,比例尺长0.25 cm;D—TJG-17-481,比例尺长0.25 cm;E—TJG-17-230脉络,比例尺长0.05 cm;F—TJG-17-230细脉,比例尺长0.05 cm;G—现生三角槭叶片,比例尺长0.25 cm;H—现生三角槭脉络,比例尺长0.05 cm;I—现生三角槭细脉,比例尺长0.05 cm

, figureFileSmall=DRg+Jpb5ZsdO979bWEQTtg==, figureFileBig=1bRvH3mSS5I9fF6MCUpTGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162217456205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Morphological characteristics of Acer cf. buergerianum Miq. fossil and extant Acer buergerianum Miq. samara, figureFileSmall=yl4VSWHueMpyOEsAotcFPQ==, figureFileBig=Yq+vZ85S3yvZrjvkRdAZ5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162578166351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=三角槭(相似种)翅果化石和现生三角槭翅果的形态特征

A—TJG-17-249A,比例尺长0.25 cm;B—TJG-17-249B,比例尺长0.25 cm;C—现生三角槭翅果,比例尺长0.25 cm;D—TJG-17-249B小坚果,比例尺长0.05 cm;E—TJG-17-249B翅脉,比例尺长0.05 cm;F—现生三角槭小坚果,比例尺长0.05 cm;G—现生三角槭翅脉,比例尺长0.05 cm

, figureFileSmall=yl4VSWHueMpyOEsAotcFPQ==, figureFileBig=Yq+vZ85S3yvZrjvkRdAZ5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162645275216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in species numbers of sections Palmata and Oblonga in each era(statistics of species from Table 5), figureFileSmall=PYWewsv35KcT88tBkIxsng==, figureFileBig=Z7Ed0ihLc8S4OriRACoEhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162699801169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组各地质时期物种数量变化(数据源自表 5)

长方形—物种数量; 虚线—物种数量变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=PYWewsv35KcT88tBkIxsng==, figureFileBig=Z7Ed0ihLc8S4OriRACoEhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162762715730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Global fossils distribution of sections Palmata and Oblonga, figureFileSmall=dRghmy75ENTRsSf2XfxTpg==, figureFileBig=m7ZPxxh0N8TH9Ng3teDI4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880162930487891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的全球化石记录分布

A—鸡爪槭组; B—全缘槭组

, figureFileSmall=dRghmy75ENTRsSf2XfxTpg==, figureFileBig=m7ZPxxh0N8TH9Ng3teDI4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309880163001791060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Comparison between fossil leaves of Acer from the Miocene Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and selected modern species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 叶形 叶缘 叶基 叶尖 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 裂片形状 裂片数量 凹缺
中华槭
(相似种)
近圆形 全缘 心形 渐尖 6.6 7 披针形 5 锐尖
元宝槭 近圆形 全缘 截形或近心形 长渐尖 5~10 8~12 三角卵形或披针形 5 锐尖或钝尖
色木槭 近圆形 全缘 截形或近心形 渐尖 6~8 9~11 三角形或卵形 5 锐尖
五裂槭 近圆形 具细锯齿 截形或近心形 渐尖 5~8 5~9 三角卵形或披针形 深5 钝尖
台湾
五裂槭
近圆形 重圆锯齿 心形 渐尖 3.5~12 4.5~16.5 三角卵形或披针形 深5 锐尖
稀花槭 近圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 4~5.5 2.5~7.5 披针形 深5 锐尖
中华槭 近圆形 全缘或具不
显著的圆齿
心形 渐尖 9~14 9~15 长圆卵形或披针形 深5 锐尖
三角槭
(相似种)
倒卵形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 5 4.8 披针形 3 锐尖
长柄槭 近圆形 全缘 近心形 长渐尖 6~14 7~15 三角卵形 3 钝尖
三峡槭 卵形 全缘 圆形 长渐尖 7~12 9~12 长圆卵形、三角卵形
或披针形
3 锐尖
川甘槭 宽卵形 全缘或微浅波状 圆形或钝形 钝尖 3~7 2~2.5 三角卵形或披针形 3 锐尖或钝尖
三角槭 倒卵形、卵形
或圆形
全缘 圆形、楔形
或近心形
渐尖或钝尖 3~10 3~6 三角卵形或披针形 3 锐尖或钝尖
秦岭槭 卵形或近圆形 近全缘或浅波状 圆形或近心形 渐尖 4~9.5 4~11 长圆卵形或三角卵形 3 锐尖
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163077288533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组叶片化石与槭属部分现生种的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 叶形 叶缘 叶基 叶尖 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 裂片形状 裂片数量 凹缺
中华槭
(相似种)
近圆形 全缘 心形 渐尖 6.6 7 披针形 5 锐尖
元宝槭 近圆形 全缘 截形或近心形 长渐尖 5~10 8~12 三角卵形或披针形 5 锐尖或钝尖
色木槭 近圆形 全缘 截形或近心形 渐尖 6~8 9~11 三角形或卵形 5 锐尖
五裂槭 近圆形 具细锯齿 截形或近心形 渐尖 5~8 5~9 三角卵形或披针形 深5 钝尖
台湾
五裂槭
近圆形 重圆锯齿 心形 渐尖 3.5~12 4.5~16.5 三角卵形或披针形 深5 锐尖
稀花槭 近圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 4~5.5 2.5~7.5 披针形 深5 锐尖
中华槭 近圆形 全缘或具不
显著的圆齿
心形 渐尖 9~14 9~15 长圆卵形或披针形 深5 锐尖
三角槭
(相似种)
倒卵形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 5 4.8 披针形 3 锐尖
长柄槭 近圆形 全缘 近心形 长渐尖 6~14 7~15 三角卵形 3 钝尖
三峡槭 卵形 全缘 圆形 长渐尖 7~12 9~12 长圆卵形、三角卵形
或披针形
3 锐尖
川甘槭 宽卵形 全缘或微浅波状 圆形或钝形 钝尖 3~7 2~2.5 三角卵形或披针形 3 锐尖或钝尖
三角槭 倒卵形、卵形
或圆形
全缘 圆形、楔形
或近心形
渐尖或钝尖 3~10 3~6 三角卵形或披针形 3 锐尖或钝尖
秦岭槭 卵形或近圆形 近全缘或浅波状 圆形或近心形 渐尖 4~9.5 4~11 长圆卵形或三角卵形 3 锐尖
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163148591702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Comparison between selected fossil species of Acer from the Miocene Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and other fossil species of Acer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 叶形 叶缘 叶基 叶尖 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 裂片形状 裂片数量 凹缺 时代 产地 出处
中华槭(相似种) 近圆形 全缘 心形 渐尖 6.6 7.0 披针形 5 锐尖 早中新世 中国赤峰 本文
Acer nordenskioeldi Nathorst 近圆形 具锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 5~7 锐尖 中新世 日本、朝鲜 Tanai,1983
Acer protomatsumurae Tanai 圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 5.5~6 7.0 披针形 7~9 锐尖 晚中新世 日本鸟取县、韩国 Tanai,1983
Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe 近圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 9~11 锐尖 早中新世 日本、朝鲜 Tanai,1983
Acer subpictum Saporta 近圆形 全缘 截形或
浅心形
渐尖或
长渐尖
6.2~12.5 5.7~15 三角卵形 半5 钝尖 中新世 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer kushiroanum Tanai 近圆形 具锯齿 浅心形 渐尖 10.3 13.0 矩圆形 深5 锐尖 早渐新世 日本北海道 Tanai,1970
Acer chiharae Huzioka et Nishida. 近圆形 细锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 5~7 钝尖 早中新世 日本新澙 Tanai,1983
Acer rotundatum Huzioka 近圆形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 三角卵形 5~7 钝尖 早中新世 韩国 Tanai,1983
Acer macrophyllum Geng 近圆形 全缘 心形 长渐尖 7.0~11.0 7.0~10.0 披针形 半5 锐尖 晚中新世至
早上新世
中国小龙潭 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
三角槭(相似种) 倒卵形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 5.0 4.8 披针形 半3 锐尖 早中新世 中国赤峰 本文
Acer huziokae Tanai 近圆形 全缘 圆形至
近心形
渐尖 3.6~9.5 4.2~9.7 三角形 3 钝尖 晚中新世 日本鸟取县 Tanai,1983
Acer florinii Hu et Chaney 阔三角形 全缘 圆形或
近心形
渐尖 3.0~6.9 3.4~7.0 卵形 3 钝尖 中新世 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer paxii Franch 卵形或椭
圆状卵形
全缘 圆形 渐尖 5.0 3.3~4.0 卵形 浅3 晚上新世 中国洱源 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer pilosum Maxim. 三角形 钝锯齿 圆形 钝尖或
急尖
2.4~3.3 3.6~4.4 披针形 深3 锐尖 早更新世 中国太谷 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer miofranchetii Hu et Chaney 阔三角形 细锯齿 阔圆形或
近心形
渐尖 6.8~8.0 7.6~9.0 卵形 浅3 锐尖 早中新世晚期 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163362501207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=

内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组叶片化石与槭属其他化石种的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 叶形 叶缘 叶基 叶尖 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 裂片形状 裂片数量 凹缺 时代 产地 出处
中华槭(相似种) 近圆形 全缘 心形 渐尖 6.6 7.0 披针形 5 锐尖 早中新世 中国赤峰 本文
Acer nordenskioeldi Nathorst 近圆形 具锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 5~7 锐尖 中新世 日本、朝鲜 Tanai,1983
Acer protomatsumurae Tanai 圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 5.5~6 7.0 披针形 7~9 锐尖 晚中新世 日本鸟取县、韩国 Tanai,1983
Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe 近圆形 重锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 9~11 锐尖 早中新世 日本、朝鲜 Tanai,1983
Acer subpictum Saporta 近圆形 全缘 截形或
浅心形
渐尖或
长渐尖
6.2~12.5 5.7~15 三角卵形 半5 钝尖 中新世 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer kushiroanum Tanai 近圆形 具锯齿 浅心形 渐尖 10.3 13.0 矩圆形 深5 锐尖 早渐新世 日本北海道 Tanai,1970
Acer chiharae Huzioka et Nishida. 近圆形 细锯齿 心形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 披针形 5~7 钝尖 早中新世 日本新澙 Tanai,1983
Acer rotundatum Huzioka 近圆形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 6.2~12.5 三角卵形 5~7 钝尖 早中新世 韩国 Tanai,1983
Acer macrophyllum Geng 近圆形 全缘 心形 长渐尖 7.0~11.0 7.0~10.0 披针形 半5 锐尖 晚中新世至
早上新世
中国小龙潭 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
三角槭(相似种) 倒卵形 全缘 圆形 渐尖 5.0 4.8 披针形 半3 锐尖 早中新世 中国赤峰 本文
Acer huziokae Tanai 近圆形 全缘 圆形至
近心形
渐尖 3.6~9.5 4.2~9.7 三角形 3 钝尖 晚中新世 日本鸟取县 Tanai,1983
Acer florinii Hu et Chaney 阔三角形 全缘 圆形或
近心形
渐尖 3.0~6.9 3.4~7.0 卵形 3 钝尖 中新世 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer paxii Franch 卵形或椭
圆状卵形
全缘 圆形 渐尖 5.0 3.3~4.0 卵形 浅3 晚上新世 中国洱源 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer pilosum Maxim. 三角形 钝锯齿 圆形 钝尖或
急尖
2.4~3.3 3.6~4.4 披针形 深3 锐尖 早更新世 中国太谷 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
Acer miofranchetii Hu et Chaney 阔三角形 细锯齿 阔圆形或
近心形
渐尖 6.8~8.0 7.6~9.0 卵形 浅3 锐尖 早中新世晚期 中国临朐 《中国新生代植物》
编写组,1978
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163446387288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Comparison between samaras fossiles of Acer from the Miocene Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and selected modern species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 总长
/cm
总宽
/cm
小坚果 槽 张开角
长/cm 宽/cm 膨大度 形状 脉
三角槭(相似种) 2.2~2.5 0.7~0.8 0.6~0.7 0.6~0.7 膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角
稀花槭 2.0~2.5 0.4~1.0 0.4 0.3 显著膨胀 椭圆形 脊脉 不发育 近直立
中华槭 3.0~3.5 1.0 0.5~0.7 0.3~0.4 显著膨胀 椭圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
锡金槭 2.0~2.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 扁平至轻微膨胀 椭圆形 不明显 不发育 锐角或近直立
毛叶槭 3.0~3.5 1.0~1.2 0.8~1.0 0.8~1.0 适度膨胀 卵圆形 脊脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
三角槭 1.5~2.5 0.6~0.7 显著膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163786125913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组翅果化石与槭属部分现生种的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 总长
/cm
总宽
/cm
小坚果 槽 张开角
长/cm 宽/cm 膨大度 形状 脉
三角槭(相似种) 2.2~2.5 0.7~0.8 0.6~0.7 0.6~0.7 膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角
稀花槭 2.0~2.5 0.4~1.0 0.4 0.3 显著膨胀 椭圆形 脊脉 不发育 近直立
中华槭 3.0~3.5 1.0 0.5~0.7 0.3~0.4 显著膨胀 椭圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
锡金槭 2.0~2.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 扁平至轻微膨胀 椭圆形 不明显 不发育 锐角或近直立
毛叶槭 3.0~3.5 1.0~1.2 0.8~1.0 0.8~1.0 适度膨胀 卵圆形 脊脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
三角槭 1.5~2.5 0.6~0.7 显著膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角或近直立
), ArticleFig(id=1309880163895177819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Comparison between fossil samaras from the Miocene Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and other fossil species of Acer(Wolfe and Tanai,1987)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 总长
/cm
总宽
/cm
小坚果 槽 张开角 时代 产地
长/cm 宽/cm 膨大度 形状 脉
三角槭(相似种) 2.2~2.5 0.7~0.8 0.6~0.7 0.6~0.7 膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角 中新世 中国,赤峰
Acer stewarti Wolfe et Tanai. 2.2~3.2 1~1.6 0.7~0.9 0.3~0.5 适度膨胀 圆形 平行脉 不发育 锐角 始新世 加拿大,不列颠哥伦比亚省
Acer alvordense Axelrod 3.3~5.5 1~1.8 0.8~0.9 0.5~0.7 显著膨胀 宽卵形 不明显 发育 锐角 晚始新世 美国,俄勒冈州和蒙大拿州
Acer oregonianum Knowlton 3.8~5.7 1.6~2.8 0.7~1.4 0.6~1.1 显著膨胀 宽卵形 不明显 发育 锐角 晚渐新世至
晚中新世
美国,俄勒冈州和华盛顿州
Acer oligomedianum
Wolfe et Tanai.
2.1~3.7 1.0~1.6 0.7~1.0 0.5~0.7 适度膨胀 椭圆形 近平行脉 不发育 锐角 早始新世 美国,俄勒冈州
Acer medianum Knowlton 4.7~5.3 1.6~2.8 1.2~1.5 0.7~1.2 适度膨胀 椭圆形 近平行脉 不发育 锐角 中新世 美国,华盛顿州、
俄勒冈州和内华达州
), ArticleFig(id=1309880164201362012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=

内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组翅果化石与槭属其他化石种(Wolfe and Tanai,1987)的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名 总长
/cm
总宽
/cm
小坚果 槽 张开角 时代 产地
长/cm 宽/cm 膨大度 形状 脉
三角槭(相似种) 2.2~2.5 0.7~0.8 0.6~0.7 0.6~0.7 膨胀 近圆形 网状脉 不发育 锐角 中新世 中国,赤峰
Acer stewarti Wolfe et Tanai. 2.2~3.2 1~1.6 0.7~0.9 0.3~0.5 适度膨胀 圆形 平行脉 不发育 锐角 始新世 加拿大,不列颠哥伦比亚省
Acer alvordense Axelrod 3.3~5.5 1~1.8 0.8~0.9 0.5~0.7 显著膨胀 宽卵形 不明显 发育 锐角 晚始新世 美国,俄勒冈州和蒙大拿州
Acer oregonianum Knowlton 3.8~5.7 1.6~2.8 0.7~1.4 0.6~1.1 显著膨胀 宽卵形 不明显 发育 锐角 晚渐新世至
晚中新世
美国,俄勒冈州和华盛顿州
Acer oligomedianum
Wolfe et Tanai.
2.1~3.7 1.0~1.6 0.7~1.0 0.5~0.7 适度膨胀 椭圆形 近平行脉 不发育 锐角 早始新世 美国,俄勒冈州
Acer medianum Knowlton 4.7~5.3 1.6~2.8 1.2~1.5 0.7~1.2 适度膨胀 椭圆形 近平行脉 不发育 锐角 中新世 美国,华盛顿州、
俄勒冈州和内华达州
), ArticleFig(id=1309880164293636701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table5, caption=

Known fossil records of sections Palmata and Oblonga

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组名 时代 种名 材料 产地 出处
Section
Palmata
更新世 Acer palmatum Thunb. 孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994
叶 日本,盐原 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
翅果 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 日本,熊本 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
Acer micranthum Sieb. et Zucc. 叶 日本,盐原 Endo,1963

上新世
Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe 叶 日本,北海道 Suzuki,1963
Acer nordenskioldi Nathorst 叶,翅果 日本,长崎 Tanai,1976

中新世
Acer sinense Pax 叶 中国,赤峰 本文
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996

Acer sanctae-crucis Stur
叶 乌克兰东部 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 罗马尼亚 Boulter et al.,1996
叶 德国 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer integrilobum C.O. Weber
叶 奥地利 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 德国 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 土耳其西南部 Güner et al., 2017
叶 希腊,克里特岛 Zidianakis et al., 2020

Acer nordenskioldi Nathorst
叶 中国,临朐 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 朝鲜 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 日本 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe
叶 日本,东京 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 罗马尼亚 Boulter et al., 1996
叶,翅果 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶,翅果 日本,长崎 Tanai,1983
叶,翅果 日本,北海道 Tanai and Suzuki,1960

Acer protomatsumurae Tanai
叶 日本,鸟取县 Tanai,1983
叶 韩国 Tanai,1983
叶 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer lebedevii Akhmet. 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 中国,临朐 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer miocaudatum Hu et Chaney
叶 中国,临朐 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996

渐新世
Acer integrilobum C.O. Weber 叶 奥地利 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 格鲁吉亚,高加索 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 捷克共和国,拉貝河畔烏斯季 Kvaček and Walther,1998

Acer ablaevii Akhmet.
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer miocaudatum Hu et Chaney 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer sinense Pax 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
古新世 cer terneicum Akhmet. 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Section
Oblonga
更新世 Acer pilosum Maxim. 叶 中国,太谷 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978

上新世
cer paxii Franch 叶 中国,洱源 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978

Acer buergerianum Miq.
孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994
孢粉 日本,三重县 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
Acer oblongum Wall. 孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994

中新世
cer buergerianum Miq. 叶,翅果 中国,赤峰 本文

Acer prototrifidium Tanai
叶 日本,长崎 Tanai,1983
叶 日本,北海道 Tanai and Suzuki,1960
叶 日本,山口县 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶,翅果 韩国,项浦 Tanai,1983
叶,翅果 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996
Acer florinii Hu et Chaney 叶 中国,山东 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
Acer subginnala Guo 翅果 中国,青海 郭双兴,1980
Acer hilgendorfi Nathorst 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996

渐新世
er prototrifidium Tanai 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996
Acer ashwilli Wolfe et Tanai 叶,翅果 美国,俄勒冈州 Wolfe and Tanai,1987
Acer hilgendorfi Nathorst 叶,翅果 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
始新世 cer sp. 翅果 美国,阿拉斯加州 Wolfe and Tanai,1987
), ArticleFig(id=1309880164620792414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=

鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的已有化石记录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组名 时代 种名 材料 产地 出处
Section
Palmata
更新世 Acer palmatum Thunb. 孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994
叶 日本,盐原 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
翅果 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 日本,熊本 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
Acer micranthum Sieb. et Zucc. 叶 日本,盐原 Endo,1963

上新世
Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe 叶 日本,北海道 Suzuki,1963
Acer nordenskioldi Nathorst 叶,翅果 日本,长崎 Tanai,1976

中新世
Acer sinense Pax 叶 中国,赤峰 本文
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996

Acer sanctae-crucis Stur
叶 乌克兰东部 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 罗马尼亚 Boulter et al.,1996
叶 德国 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer integrilobum C.O. Weber
叶 奥地利 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 德国 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 土耳其西南部 Güner et al., 2017
叶 希腊,克里特岛 Zidianakis et al., 2020

Acer nordenskioldi Nathorst
叶 中国,临朐 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 朝鲜 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 日本 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe
叶 日本,东京 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 罗马尼亚 Boulter et al., 1996
叶,翅果 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶,翅果 日本,长崎 Tanai,1983
叶,翅果 日本,北海道 Tanai and Suzuki,1960

Acer protomatsumurae Tanai
叶 日本,鸟取县 Tanai,1983
叶 韩国 Tanai,1983
叶 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer lebedevii Akhmet. 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 中国,临朐 Boulter et al., 1996

Acer miocaudatum Hu et Chaney
叶 中国,临朐 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996

渐新世
Acer integrilobum C.O. Weber 叶 奥地利 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 格鲁吉亚,高加索 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 捷克共和国,拉貝河畔烏斯季 Kvaček and Walther,1998

Acer ablaevii Akhmet.
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer miocaudatum Hu et Chaney 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Acer sinense Pax 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
古新世 cer terneicum Akhmet. 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
Section
Oblonga
更新世 Acer pilosum Maxim. 叶 中国,太谷 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978

上新世
cer paxii Franch 叶 中国,洱源 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978

Acer buergerianum Miq.
孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994
孢粉 日本,三重县 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
Acer oblongum Wall. 孢粉 日本,九州 Iwauchi,1994

中新世
cer buergerianum Miq. 叶,翅果 中国,赤峰 本文

Acer prototrifidium Tanai
叶 日本,长崎 Tanai,1983
叶 日本,北海道 Tanai and Suzuki,1960
叶 日本,山口县 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶 日本,福岛 Japan Paleobiology Database,2025
叶,翅果 韩国,项浦 Tanai,1983
叶,翅果 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996
Acer florinii Hu et Chaney 叶 中国,山东 《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978
Acer subginnala Guo 翅果 中国,青海 郭双兴,1980
Acer hilgendorfi Nathorst 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996

渐新世
er prototrifidium Tanai 叶 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al.,1996
Acer ashwilli Wolfe et Tanai 叶,翅果 美国,俄勒冈州 Wolfe and Tanai,1987
Acer hilgendorfi Nathorst 叶,翅果 俄罗斯远东地区,滨海边疆区 Boulter et al., 1996
始新世 cer sp. 翅果 美国,阿拉斯加州 Wolfe and Tanai,1987
), ArticleFig(id=1309880164700484191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=EN, label=Table6, caption=

Climatic data of the closest living relatives of the Early Miocene flora in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia (data cited from Fang et al., 2011)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科名 属名 种名 年均气温/℃ 年降雨量/mm
平均值 范围 平均值 范围
Cupressaceae Glyptostrobus Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunton ex D.Don)K.Koch 18.8 10.6~23.0 1526 950~2148
Malvaceae Tilia Tilia chinensis Maxim. 11.6 1.9~18.9 913 341~1492
Ulmaceae Ulmus Ulmus pumila L. 10.4 -5.8~21.6 672 21~1770
Betulaceae Betula Betula luminifera H. J. P. Winkl. 15.8 2.2~23.9 1312 626~2435
Salicaceae Populus Populus davidiana Dode 8.4 -5.8~22.2 631 58~2208
Fagaceae Quercus Quercus variabilis Blume 14.7 2.6~22.2 1088 397~3496
Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold et Zucc. 11.5 2~18.2 860 367~1992
Sapindaceae Acer Acer sinense Pax 17 2.6~23.6 1378 626~2435
Acer buergerianum Miq. 16.1 7.4~22.1 1285 70~2993
), ArticleFig(id=1309880164801147489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812585046827096, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=

内蒙古赤峰早中新世植物群的现生亲缘种气候参数(数据引自Fang et al., 2011)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科名 属名 种名 年均气温/℃ 年降雨量/mm
平均值 范围 平均值 范围
Cupressaceae Glyptostrobus Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunton ex D.Don)K.Koch 18.8 10.6~23.0 1526 950~2148
Malvaceae Tilia Tilia chinensis Maxim. 11.6 1.9~18.9 913 341~1492
Ulmaceae Ulmus Ulmus pumila L. 10.4 -5.8~21.6 672 21~1770
Betulaceae Betula Betula luminifera H. J. P. Winkl. 15.8 2.2~23.9 1312 626~2435
Salicaceae Populus Populus davidiana Dode 8.4 -5.8~22.2 631 58~2208
Fagaceae Quercus Quercus variabilis Blume 14.7 2.6~22.2 1088 397~3496
Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold et Zucc. 11.5 2~18.2 860 367~1992
Sapindaceae Acer Acer sinense Pax 17 2.6~23.6 1378 626~2435
Acer buergerianum Miq. 16.1 7.4~22.1 1285 70~2993
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内蒙古赤峰早中新世两种槭属化石及其古气候、古地理意义*
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王孝燕 1 , 夏明哲 1 , 纪德爽 1 , 杨帆 1 , 刘英 1 , 李相传 1, 2, 3 , 肖良 1, 2, 3
古地理学报 | 生物古地理学及古生态 2026,28(2): 782-789
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古地理学报 |生物古地理学及古生态 2026 , 28 (2) : 782 -789
内蒙古赤峰早中新世两种槭属化石及其古气候、古地理意义*
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王孝燕,女,2000年生,长安大学硕士研究生,主要从事古植物学研究。 E-mail: 。

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王孝燕1 , 夏明哲1 , 纪德爽1, 杨帆1, 刘英1, 李相传1, 2, 3, 肖良1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西西安 710054
  • 2 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,江苏南京 210008
  • 3 陕西省早期生命与环境重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710069
通讯作者:
肖良,男,1980年生,长安大学教授、博士生导师,主要从事古生物学与地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
夏明哲,男,1979年生,长安大学副教授、硕士生导师,主要从事岩石学研究。 E-mail: 。
作者简介:

王孝燕,女,2000年生,长安大学硕士研究生,主要从事古植物学研究。 E-mail: 。

Two species of Acer from the Early Miocene in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and their implications for palaeoclimate and palaeogeography
Xiaoyan WANG1 , Mingzhe XIA1 , Deshuang JI1, Fan YANG1, Ying LIU1, Xiangchuan LI1, 2, 3, Liang XIAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering,Ministry of Education, School of Earth Science and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China
  • 2 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment of Shaanxi Province,Northwest University,Xi’an 710069,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XIAO Liang,born in 1980,is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Chang’an University. He is mainly engaged in researches on paleontology and stratigraphy. E-mail: .
    XIA Mingzhe,born in 1979,is an associate professor and masteral supervisor at Chang’an University. He is mainly engaged in research on petrology. E-mail: .

    WANG Xiaoyan,born in 2000,is a master’s degree candidate at Chang’an University. She is mainly engaged in research on paleobotany. E-mail: .

出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.028
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槭属(Acer Linn.)是现今北温带阔叶林的重要组成分子,广泛分布于北温带和部分亚热带地区。本研究对内蒙古赤峰中新统老梁底组的9块槭属叶片化石和2块槭属翅果化石进行了系统分类学研究,将其鉴定为鸡爪槭组(section Palmata)的中华槭(相似种)Acer cf. sinense Pax和全缘槭组(section Oblonga)的三角槭(相似种)Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.。依据化石记录,重建了鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径: 鸡爪槭组在古新世时仅生长于东亚地区,至晚始新世越过图尔盖海峡扩散至欧洲地区,渐新世和中新世鸡爪槭组分布于欧亚大陆,上新世和更新世鸡爪槭组退缩到东亚地区,而在全新世,该组从东亚向北美地区扩散,形成当今东亚—北美间断分布的格局。全缘槭组在晚始新世可能通过白令陆桥从北美高纬度地区传播至东亚中纬度地区,自中新世之后,该组在北美地区消失,当前仅在东亚地区广泛分布。鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径存在一定的差异,表明分组对槭属植物传播路径进行研究的必要性。结合现生中华槭和三角槭分布区及内蒙古赤峰已报道的早中新世植物化石的现生亲缘种分布区的气候参数,推测赤峰地区早中新世的年均气温为10.6~18.2 ℃,年均降水量为950~1492 mm,气候温暖湿润。本研究不仅进一步丰富了内蒙古东部早中新世的植物多样性,也为该地区早中新世的气候研究提供了新的证据。

槭属  /  古地理  /  古气候  /  老梁底组  /  中新世  /  内蒙古

Acer Linn. represents a significant component among the northern temperate broad-leaved forests,with a wide geographical distribution across the northern temperate regions and occasionally extending into certain subtropical zones. In this study,we document nine leaf fossils and two samara fossils of Acer from the Laoliangdi Formation in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia. These fossils were identified as A. cf. sinense of section Palmata and A. cf. buergerianum of section Oblonga based on detailed morphological observations and comparisons. Furthermore,we reconstructed the dispersal routes of these two sections using the fossil record. During the Paleocene,section Palmata was restricted to East Asia. By the Late Eocene,it expanded into Europe via the Turgai Strait. During the Oligocene and Miocene,this section became widespread across Eurasia. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene,its distribution was again limited to East Asia. However,during the Holocene,section Palmata expanded from East Asia to North America,resulting in the current disjunct distribution between these two continents. Section Oblonga likely migrated from the high latitudes of North America to the mid-latitudes of East Asia via the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Eocene. After the Miocene,this section disappeared from North America and persisted exclusively in East Asia,where it remains widely distributed today. The distinct dispersal histories of sections Palmata and Oblonga highlight the need for further investigation into the biogeographical pathways of Acer species across different sections. Additionally,by integrating the current climatic parameters of the habitats of A. sinense and A. buergerianum with those of the reported Early Miocene plant fossils in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia,we estimate that the mean annual temperature in Chifeng during the Early Miocene ranged from 10.6 to 18.2 ℃,with annual precipitation ranging from 950 to 1492 mm. These data indicate a warm and humid climate in the Early Miocene. This study further enriches the plant diversity in Early Miocene eastern Inner Mongolia and provides new evidence for the climate of this region during the Early Miocene.

Acer  /  palaeogeography  /  palaeoclimate  /  Laoliangdi Formation  /  Miocene  /  Inner Mongolia
王孝燕, 夏明哲, 纪德爽, 杨帆, 刘英, 李相传, 肖良. 内蒙古赤峰早中新世两种槭属化石及其古气候、古地理意义*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (2) : 782 -789 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.028
Xiaoyan WANG, Mingzhe XIA, Deshuang JI, Fan YANG, Ying LIU, Xiangchuan LI, Liang XIAO. Two species of Acer from the Early Miocene in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and their implications for palaeoclimate and palaeogeography[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (2) : 782 -789 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.028
槭属(Acer L.)属于无患子科(Sapindaceae)(The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group,2016),但传统分类学将其归类于槭树科(Aceraceae)(方文培,1981)。目前槭属全球共有19个组约129个现生种,广泛分布于北温带和部分亚热带地区。
中国是槭属的现代地理分布中心和物种多样性中心,约有99种,分属于14个组(De Jong et al., 1994;徐廷志,1996;Xu et al., 2008)。最早的槭属化石记录报道见于北美和东亚地区上白垩统(Newberry,1898;Boulter et al., 1996),之后的古新统中也分别发现了槭属化石记录(Wolfe and Tanai,1987;Kvaček,1994;Boulter et al., 1996);自始新世开始,槭属一直生长于北半球各大陆。前人对槭属的传播路径一直存在争议,主要有以下3种观点: Wolfe和 Tanai(1987)、Huang(2002)主张槭属自北美起源之后沿2个方向扩散,分别是向西通过白令陆桥到达东亚和向东通过北大西洋陆桥进入欧洲。徐廷志(1998)认为槭属起源于侏罗纪东亚山区,而后沿3个方向扩散,一是向西通过西亚进入欧洲和非洲东北缘,再通过大西洋到北美东海岸; 二是向东北沿亚洲内陆山脉经大兴安岭进入北美西海岸; 三是向南经马来半岛进入印尼地区。Kvaček(1994)、Boulter等(1996)提出在中始新世部分槭属植物从北美向东传播至欧洲,自渐新世部分槭属植物从东亚向西迁移到欧洲。产生上述争议的原因之一可能是采用了不同组的植物去还原整个槭属的传播路径,因此,分组研究槭属植物的传播路径是有必要的(Dong et al.,2025)。笔者从内蒙古赤峰市元宝山区铁匠沟中新统老梁底组采集到丰富的槭属翅果和叶片化石,通过形态学研究,可以将其归于槭属的鸡爪槭组(section Palmata)和全缘槭组(section Oblonga)。
鸡爪槭组约有35个现生种,仅1种为北美特有种,其余集中分布于东亚,是该区域槭属植物的代表类群(方文培,1981;De Jong et al., 1994;Xu et al., 2008)。鸡爪槭组的化石记录均出现在欧亚大陆中纬度地区,最早的化石记录是俄罗斯远东地区古新统的Acer terneicum Akhmet.(Boulter et al., 1996);在渐新世和中新世,该组植物都生长在欧亚大陆,以中新统的化石记录最为丰富(Tanai and Suzuki,1960;《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978;Tanai,1983;Boulter et al., 1996;Kvaček and Walther,1998;Güner et al., 2017;Zidianakis et al., 2020;Japan Paleobiology Database,2025);在上新统和更新统,鸡爪槭组的化石记录显著减少,仅分布在东亚地区(Suzuki,1963;Tanai,1976)。Wolfe和Tanai(1987)依据化石记录分析了鸡爪槭组的起源及其现生种出现于北美地区的原因,但是对于该组的传播路径未进行研究。高健等(2020)基于分子系统学对鸡爪槭组的起源、分化和物种扩散路径进行了分析。
全缘槭组约有15个现生种,分布于中国及毗邻的东亚其他地区(Xu et al., 2008)。全缘槭组的化石记录出现在北美和东亚地区,但北美的化石记录较少,仅有阿拉斯加州始新统的Acer sp.和俄勒冈州渐新统的Acer ashwilli Wolfe et Tanai(Wolfe and Tanai,1987);自渐新世以来,全缘槭组在东亚地区持续生长,延续至更新世,以中新统的化石记录最多,上新统和更新统的化石记录有所减少(Tanai and Suzuki,1960;《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978;郭双兴,1980;Tanai,1983;Iwauchi,1994;Boulter et al., 1996;Japan Paleobiology Database,2025)。由于全缘槭组的化石记录较少,因此目前关于该组的起源和传播路径未有深入研究。
本研究选择了内蒙古赤峰地区中新统老梁底组保存完整的11块槭属化石,依据详细的形态对比,将其鉴定为鸡爪槭组的中华槭(相似种)(Acer cf. Sinense Pax)和全缘槭组的三角槭(相似种)(Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.)。结合化石记录、现生物种的数目与地理分布,分析了鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径及物种多样性变化,重建了槭属的生物地理演化过程。此外,根据2种槭属植物现生亲缘种生长的气候特征,推测了赤峰地区早中新世的古气候。
研究区位于内蒙古自治区东部赤峰市宁城县铁匠沟(41° 35'N,119° 32'E)。赤峰市境内地势西高东低,北、西、南三面环山,以西部地势为最高,海拔达2067 m,而东部最低,海拔不足300 m(图1)。赤峰地处内陆,属温带大陆性半干旱季风气候区,大部分地区年平均气温为0~7 ℃;年平均降水量为381 mm,且自西南向东北逐渐减少。 主要植被类型有森林、灌丛草原、草甸草原、干草原、草甸、沼泽、砂生等。
所研究的化石采集自研究区老梁底组的粉砂质页岩夹层中。老梁底组下部为暗灰色页岩、粉砂岩及粉砂质页岩,局部含砾,上部为灰黄色粗砂岩夹灰色细砂岩、泥岩及砾岩,厚25~51 m,富含孢粉和植物化石等(陈秉麟等,1992;内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1996)(图2)。老梁底组与其上覆地层汉诺坝组和下伏地层元宝山组均呈不整合接触(陈秉麟等,1992;商平等,2001)。罗修泉等(1990)对赤峰地区的玄武岩进行了K-Ar同位素年代学研究,获得的地质年龄为20.39±0.49 Ma。内蒙古自治区地质矿产局(1991)曾在赤峰老梁底组发现大量植物化石,陈秉麟等(1992)依据老梁底组的植物化石和孢粉组合,将其时代定为早中新世。因此,笔者将内蒙古赤峰地区老梁底组的地质时代置于早中新世。
本次研究的11块化石标本采集自赤峰地区铁匠沟老梁底组粉砂质页岩中,现生槭属叶片标本于2025年4月采自南京中山植物园。现生和化石标本均保存于长安大学地质博物馆。
对于叶片和翅果化石,首先用蒸馏水和酒精清理化石表面杂质,然后利用VHX-1000超景深三维显微镜观察其形态特征并拍照,最后采用Image J软件对化石进行形态学测量。对于现生槭属叶片,在使用蒸馏水清理杂质后,通过Leica M165FC显微镜观察叶片形态并拍照。
槭属 Acer Linn.,1753
鸡爪槭组 Palmata Pax,1885
中华槭 Acer cf. sinense Pax
标本号: TJG-17-451(图 3-A),TJG-17-425(图 3-B),TJG-17-64(图 3-C),TJG-17-388(图 3-D),TJG-17-281(图 3-G)。
时代和层位 早中新世,老梁底组
化石描述 单叶,近圆形,中部、基部都对称。叶掌状深5裂,不具齿。叶顶角呈锐角,叶尖渐尖; 叶基角呈优角,叶基心形; 裂片披针形,近中脉的侧裂片长度近等于中裂片,近基部的侧裂片较短小,裂片间凹缺锐尖。主脉基部掌状,有5条基出脉,中脉直伸; 近中脉的左侧主脉下部微向外弯曲,右侧主脉直伸,与中脉夹角为38°~44°;近基部的侧主脉下部较粗,上部渐变细,与中脉夹角为80°,在叶缘附近向外弯曲。粗二级脉为简单弓形脉,具内二级脉。粗二级脉间距不规则,直伸连接中脉,与中脉夹角不一致。间二级脉平均在每个二级脉间区少于1条,长于下端相邻的二级脉的一半,基部平行于粗二级脉,顶部垂直于下端相邻的1条粗二级脉或呈网状。二级脉间的三级脉为不规则网状脉,中脉上的三级脉呈网状,边缘三级脉为环状。四级脉呈不规则网状,五级脉末端分支。脉间区发育良好(图 3-A,3-E,3-F)。
比较与讨论 本研究的叶片化石在形态上与梧桐科梧桐属(Firmiana Marsili)、枫香科枫香树属(Liquidambar Linn.)、无患子科槭属较为相似。梧桐属通常具1或2对侧主脉,主脉上有很多分支,叶脉仅有少数伸达叶缘,裂片宽; 枫香树属叶片具腺齿或腺锯齿,侧脉弧状弯曲并相连成环,脉环上生出的细枝伸入叶齿,裂片较窄(王云峰等,2015;杨涛,2018)。本次研究的叶片化石呈掌状深5裂,叶边缘不具齿,侧主脉数目与裂片数目相同,且裂片较尖,与槭属叶片形态一致,因此将其归类为槭属。
笔者将该化石与现生槭属的叶片进行对比,根据叶片化石整体形态、掌状5裂等特征,筛选出与本研究的化石形态相似的槭属现生种,包括桐状槭组(section Platanoidea)的元宝槭(Acer truncatum Bunge)、色木槭(Acer pictum Thunb.)、鸡爪槭组的五裂槭(Acer oliverianum Pax)、台湾五裂槭(Acer serrulatum Hayata)、稀花槭(Acer pauciflorum W. P. Fang)和中华槭(表 1)。首先,根据裂片形状和裂片先端形状可以排除色木槭和元宝槭,因为本次研究的化石裂片呈披针形且有渐尖裂片先端,而色木槭的裂片呈三角形或卵形,元宝槭的裂片先端为长渐尖。其次,五裂槭、台湾五裂槭、稀花槭的叶缘均具锯齿,这与该化石全缘叶缘有着显著差异,因此将它们排除。最后发现中华槭与本研究的化石最为相似,其叶缘为全缘或具不显著的圆齿,叶基呈心形,叶片深5裂,裂片为长圆卵形或披针形,先端渐尖,裂片间凹缺为锐尖,以上特征均与本次研究的化石相似。将本次研究的化石与中华槭进一步对比发现,二者主要叶结构特征一致: 粗二级脉均不达缘,为简单弓形脉,具内二级脉; 粗二级脉间距不规则,直伸连接中脉; 间二级脉基部平行于粗二级脉,顶部网状,平均在每个二级脉间区少于1条,长于下端相邻的二级脉的一半; 二级脉间三级脉为不规则网状脉,中脉上的三级脉呈网状,边缘三级脉为环状; 四级脉呈不规则网状,五级脉末端分支(图 3-H,3-I)。
将该化石与已报道的槭属化石对比,发现与下列8个化石种较为相似: Acer subpictum Saporta、Acer macrophyllum Geng(《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978)、Acer kushiroanum Tanai(Tanai,1970)、Acer chiharae Huzioka et Nishida.、Acer rotundatum Huzioka、Acer protomatsumurae Tanai、Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe、Acer nordenskioeldi Nathorst(Tanai,1983)(表 2)。首先,根据凹缺的特征,可以将A. subpictum、A. chiharae、A. rotundatum(钝尖)与本次研究的化石(锐尖)相区别。其次,根据裂片的形状可以排除A. kushiroanum,因为A. kushiroanum裂片呈矩圆形,而本次研究的化石裂片呈披针形。然后,根据叶缘类型将A. protomatsumurae、A. protojaponicum、A. nordenskioeldi排除,因为这3种叶缘具锯齿,而本次研究的化石叶缘为全缘。最后,A. macrophyllum因裂片先端呈长渐尖而与本次研究的化石相区别,因此将其排除。
综上所述,本次研究的化石不能归入已建立的任何一个化石种,其与槭属现生种中华槭最为相似,因此将该化石命名为中华槭(相似种)Acer cf. Sinense Pax。
槭属 Acer Linn.,1753
全缘槭组 Oblonga (Hu & W. C. Cheng)Delendick,1982
三角槭 Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.
标本号
叶片: TJG-17-230(图 4-A),TJG-17-294(图 4-B),TJG-17-260(图 4-C),TJG-17-481(图 4-D);
翅果: TJG-17-249(图 5-A,5-B),TJG-17-78。
时代和层位 早中新世,老梁底组
化石描述 单叶,倒卵形,中部、基部都对称。叶掌状半3裂,不具齿,叶顶角呈锐角,叶尖渐尖; 叶基角呈钝角,叶基圆形; 裂片披针形,侧裂片长度小于中裂片,裂片间凹缺锐尖。主脉基部掌状,有3条基出脉,中脉下部略微弯曲; 侧主脉与中脉夹角约为34°,微向外弯曲。粗二级脉达缘,为简单弓形脉,有内二级脉。粗二级脉间距不规则,直伸连接中脉,与中脉夹角不一致。间二级脉平均在每个二级脉间区少于1条,长于下端相邻的二级脉的一半,基部平行于粗二级脉,顶部垂直于下端相邻的1条粗二级脉或网状。二级脉间三级脉为不规则网状脉,中脉上的三级脉呈网状,边缘三级脉为环状。四级脉呈不规则网状,五级脉末端分支。脉间区发育良好(图 4-A,4-E,4-F)。
翅果为双聚单翅果的一半,翅不对称,基部有小坚果。总长2.2~2.5 cm,总宽0.7~0.8 cm,长宽比3.1~3.2。小坚果长0.6~0.7 cm,宽0.6~0.7 cm,长宽比约1;轮廓为近圆形,顶端宽圆,基部较窄、外凸; 膨大度模糊,非扁平; 小坚果的腹缘超过翅的腹缘; 连接痕在小坚果基部、翅果腹侧,长0.7 mm;有5条脉从连接痕伸出,沿着背缘直接向翅的顶端延伸; 小坚果具网状脉,粗细相近; 连接角为29°,小坚果角为32°。槽不发育。果翅呈倒卵形,从小坚果顶端伸出,长1.6~1.9 cm,宽0.6~0.7 cm;腹缘广而浅、外凸,近基部笔直; 背缘笔直,顶端略弯曲; 翅尖为窄圆形; 愈合近基脉有14~16条,翅脉弯曲角为10°~30°,急剧弯曲,在60°~70°处不规则分叉,见许多网结,小脉分支(图 5-A,5-B,5-D,5-E)。
比较与讨论 将本次研究的化石标本与现生槭属叶片进行对比,筛选出了5个与本化石种相似的槭属现生种,分别为桐状槭组的长柄槭(Acer longipes Franch.)、鸡爪槭组的三峡槭(Acer wilsonii Rehder)、坚果槭组(section Litbocarpa)的秦岭槭(Acer tsinglingense Fang et Hsieh)、全缘槭组的川甘槭(Acer yui W. P. Fang)和三角槭(表 1)。首先,根据叶缘类型和裂片形状,秦岭槭被排除,因为秦岭槭的叶缘近全缘或浅波状,裂片呈长圆卵形或三角卵形,这与本化石标本的全缘叶缘和披针形裂片有所差异。其次,根据裂片先端的特征,可以排除长柄槭(长渐尖)、三峡槭(长渐尖)、川甘槭(钝尖)。最后,发现三角槭与本次研究的化石标本最为相似,其叶形呈倒卵形、卵形或圆形,叶基呈圆形、楔形或近心形,叶缘为全缘,裂片三角卵形或披针形,先端渐尖或钝尖,裂片间凹缺锐尖或钝尖(图 4-G)。进一步将三角槭与本化石标本对比,二者均有以下特征: 粗二级脉达缘,为简单弓形脉,有内二级脉; 粗二级脉间距不规则,直伸连接中脉; 间二级脉平均在每个二级脉间区少于1条,长于下端相邻的二级脉的一半; 二级脉间三级脉为不规则网状脉,中脉上的三级脉呈网状; 四级脉呈不规则网状,五级脉末端分支(图 4-H,4-I)。
对比本次研究的化石标本与已报道的槭属化石记录,笔者筛选出的与本次研究的化石标本形态较为相似的化石种: Acer huziokae Tanai、 Acer florinii Hu et Chaney、 Acer paxii Franch、Acer pilosum Maxim.、Acer miofranchetii Hu et Chaney(《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978;Tanai,1983)(表 2)。首先,根据裂片凹缺的特征将A. huziokae、A. florinii排除,二者因凹缺呈钝尖,与化石标本的锐尖凹缺相区别。然后,根据叶缘类型可以排除A. pilosum和A. miofranchetii,因为A. pilosum的叶缘具钝锯齿,A. miofranchetii的叶缘具细锯齿,而本次研究的化石标本叶缘为全缘。最后,根据裂片形状将A. paxii排除,因为A. paxii的裂片呈卵形,而化石标本的裂片呈披针形。经上述详细对比后发现,本次研究的化石标本不能直接归为已建立化石种,其与槭属现生种三角槭最为相似,故将其定为三角槭(相似种)Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.。
当前化石的翅果为双聚单翅果的一半,单翅不对称,未见副翅,小坚果基部可见连接痕,连接痕在翅果腹侧。此类不对称的翅果约有11科39属,仅金虎尾科异翅藤属(Heteropterys Kunth)、Ectopopterys W. R. Anderson和无患子科槭属的连接痕在翅果腹侧,其中Heteropterys和Ectopopterys都可见副翅(Mirle and Burnham,1999;谭珂等,2018),因此将当前化石归类于槭属。将本次研究的翅果化石与现生槭属翅果相比较,根据小坚果的膨胀、槽不发育和张开角为锐角等特征,笔者筛选出了与本次研究的翅果化石较为相似的5个现生种进行对比,5个现生种分别为: 鸡爪槭组的稀花槭(Acer pauciflorum W. P. Fang)和中华槭、大花槭组(section Macrantha)的锡金槭(Acer sikkimense Miq.)、尖齿槭组(section Arguta)的毛叶槭(Acer stachyophyllum Hiern)、全缘槭组的三角槭(表 3)。
首先,根据小坚果脉类型可以将稀花槭(脊脉)、锡金槭(脉不明显)、毛叶槭(脊脉)排除,三者与本次研究的翅果化石的网状小坚果脉具明显差异。其次,根据小坚果形状可以排除中华槭,因其小坚果呈椭圆形,而本次研究的翅果化石小坚果呈近圆形。最后,认为三角槭与本次研究的翅果化石最为相似,小坚果呈近圆形,小坚果脉为网状脉,槽不发育,张开角为锐角或近直立(图 5-C)。
将本次研究的翅果化石同三角槭进一步比较,二者均有以下特征: 果翅呈倒卵形; 腹缘广而浅、外凸,背缘笔直,顶端略弯曲; 翅尖为窄圆形; 翅脉弯曲角为10°~30°,急剧弯曲,在60°~70°处不规则分叉,许多网结,小脉分支(图 5-F,5-G)。
接着对比已报道的化石记录,本次研究的翅果化石与下列化石种较为相似: Acer stewarti Wolfe et Tanai.、Acer alvordense Axelrod、Acer oregonianum Knowlton、Acer oligomedianum Wolfe et Tanai.、Acer medianum Knowlton(Wolfe and Tanai,1987)(表 4)。首先,根据槽的发育情况可以排除A. alvordense、A. oregonianum,二者的槽发育与本次研究的翅果化石槽不发育有显著差异。其次,根据小坚果的形状排除了A. oligomedianum、A. medianum,二者的小坚果均呈椭圆形,而本次研究的翅果化石的小坚果呈近圆形。最后,根据小坚果脉的类型可以将A. stewarti排除,因Acer stewarti表面呈平行脉,与本次研究的翅果化石网状小坚果脉明显相异。综合上述特征,本次研究的翅果化石不能归于已建立的化石种,其与槭属现生种三角槭最为相似,因此将本研究的翅果化石也鉴定为三角槭(相似种)。
本次研究在内蒙古赤峰老梁底组发现的6块化石标本均分离保存,未见叶片和翅果化石同枝相连。在经过系统分类学的详细对比研究之后,发现叶片和翅果化石都与现生三角槭的形态最相似,同时这6块化石均采自同一地点同一层位,因此将6块化石统一鉴定为三角槭(相似种)。
鸡爪槭组最早的化石记录是俄罗斯远东地区古新统的Acer terneicum Akhmet.(Boulter et al., 1996)(表 5),说明该组植物可能起源于古新世。目前,全球缺少始新统鸡爪槭组的化石记录。渐新世和中新世,该组植物都生长在欧亚大陆(Tanai and Suzuki,1960;《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978;Tanai,1983;Boulter et al., 1996;Kvaček and Walther,1998;Güner et al., 2017;Zidianakis et al., 2020;Japan Paleobiology Database,2025)(表 5),推测是因为图尔盖海峡在晚始新世至渐新世闭合(Tiffney and Manchester,2001),为鸡爪槭组向欧洲地区传播提供了通道; 另外,相较于渐新世,鸡爪槭组在中新世的物种丰度有所增加(图 6),这可能是因为中新世全球气候较为温暖(Zachos et al., 2001;Westerhold et al., 2020),适宜该组植物的生长。上新世和更新世,鸡爪槭组分布范围缩小,集中分布在东亚地区(Suzuki,1963;Tanai,1976)(表 5),并且该组的物种数量从9种降低到2种(图 6),推测原因是进入上新世之后,欧洲大陆的中西部被冰川覆盖(Hsu,1983),全球气温急剧下降,可能导致了鸡爪槭组向气候适宜的东亚“避难所”退缩。目前,鸡爪槭组呈东亚、北美间断分布(图7-A),这可能是该组在全新世向北美地区进行扩散而形成的。
全缘槭组最早的化石记录Acer sp.(Wolfe and Tanai,1987)(表 5)翅果化石出现在美国阿拉斯加州始新统,且分子系统学研究显示,全缘槭组约在距今37.1 Ma发生分化(Areces-Berazain et al., 2021),因此该组可能起源于始新世。渐新世,全缘槭组分布在北美和东亚中纬度地区(Wolfe and Tanai,1987;Boulter et al., 1996)(表 5),原因可能是全球温度在始新世中期至末期的下降导致了槭属植物由高纬度向中纬度地区迁移(Boulter et al., 1996),同时白令陆桥从古近纪早期至上新世一直对陆地生物开放,是两地植物重要的交流通道(Tiffney and Manchester,2001),因此该组可能在晚始新世通过白令陆桥从北美地区传播至东亚地区。中新世至更新世,该组植物分布范围缩小至东亚地区(Tanai and Suzuki,1960;《中国新生代植物》编写组,1978;郭双兴,1980;Tanai,1983;Iwauchi,1994;Boulter et al., 1996;Japan Paleobiology Database,2025)(表 5),且中中新世之后,北美西部夏季温度下降和降水量变小,槭属也基本在北美西部消失(Wolfe and Tanai,1987)。
与渐新世相比,全缘槭组在中新世的物种丰度增大(图 6),可能是该时期全球气温有所回升(Zachos et al.,2001;Westerhold et al., 2020),有利于该组植物的生长; 上新世和更新世,全缘槭组的物种数量持续下降(图 6),可能是因为第四纪冰期全球气候急剧恶化的缘故(Zachos et al., 2001;Westerhold et al., 2020),全缘槭组中仅有一些适应能力较强的物种得以生存。目前,全缘槭组仍然分布在东亚地区。
根据化石记录的变化,笔者推测鸡爪槭组可能起源于古新世东亚地区; 在渐新世之前该组从东亚地区扩散至欧洲地区,渐新世和中新世鸡爪槭组分布在欧亚大陆; 上新世和更新世,鸡爪槭组已经退出欧洲地区,仅生存在东亚地区; 全新世该组从东亚向北美地区扩散,从而形成了当今东亚—北美间断分布的格局(图 7-B)。
全缘槭组可能起源于始新世北美高纬度地区; 晚始新世该组可能通过白令陆桥从北美扩散至东亚地区,至渐新世生长在北美和东亚地区; 中新世,全缘槭组已经在北美地区消失,目前该组仅在东亚地区广泛分布。
结合上述鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径,笔者发现不同组的传播路径有较大差异,因此分组讨论槭属的传播路径十分必要。
内蒙古赤峰属温带大陆性半干旱季风气候区,大部分地区年均气温为0~7 ℃,年均降水量为350~450 mm(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1996)。前人报道了赤峰地区中新世植物群的杉科(Taxodiaceae)、柏科(Cupressaceae)、榆科(Ulmaceae)、桦木科(Betulaceae)、杨柳科(Salicaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)等植物化石(商平等,2001;Guo et al., 2023,2024)。商平等(2001)分析了内蒙古赤峰平庄盆地早中新世为温暖湿润的暖温带—亚热带气候,初步推测该地可能发育常绿落叶阔叶混交林与落叶阔叶混交林之间的过渡类型。Guo等(2023)在赤峰铁匠沟发现了赤峰刺柏(Juniperus chifengensis),反映该地区早中新世气候较温暖湿润。随后,Guo等(2024)报道了铁匠沟北侧平庄盆地的细柳藓化石(Platydictya cf. jungermannioides),进一步证实了该地区早中新世存在潮湿的微环境。
中华槭生长在年均降水量626~2435 mm、年均温2.6~23.6 ℃的地区,主要分布于中国华中、华南及西南地区海拔1200~2000 m的混交林中; 三角槭则分布在年均降水量70~2993 mm、年均气温7.4~22.1 ℃的地区,在中国主要见于华东、华中及华南地区,在日本亦有分布,常生长于海拔300~1000 m的阔叶林中(方文培,1981;徐廷志,1996;Fang et al., 2011)。作为喜欢温暖湿润环境的物种,中华槭和三角槭目前在赤峰地区未见分布(Fang et al., 2011),这可能与该地区气候相对干旱有关。根据表 6所示,内蒙古赤峰已报道的早中新世植物,其现生亲缘种多分布于温带或亚热带的湿润地区。基于这些化石现生亲缘种分布区气候参数,笔者恢复出赤峰地区早中新世的年均气温为10.6~18.2 ℃,年均降水量为950~1492 mm。将其与该地区当前气候对比发现,赤峰地区早中新世较现今更为温暖湿润。
1)详细研究了内蒙古赤峰老梁底组的9块槭属叶片化石和2块槭属翅果化石,根据系统分类学特征将其鉴定为中华槭(相似种)(Acer cf. sinense Pax)和三角槭(相似种)(Acer cf. buergerianum Miq.)。
2)鸡爪槭组和全缘槭组的传播路径存在一定的差异。鸡爪槭组可能起源于古新世东亚地区,始新世从东亚扩散至欧洲地区,在欧亚大陆持续生存至中新世; 上新世和更新世,鸡爪槭组仅生存于东亚地区; 至全新世该组从东亚向北美地区扩散,在东亚—北美呈间断分布。全缘槭组可能起源自始新世北美高纬度地区,晚始新世通过白令陆桥从北美传播至东亚地区; 中新世全缘槭组在北美地区消失,目前该组仅在东亚地区广泛分布。
3)依据内蒙古赤峰老梁底组的植物化石,推测该地区早中新世年均气温为10.6~18.2 ℃,年均降水量为950~1492 mm,气候比现今更加温暖湿润。
  • * 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2025JC-YBMS-272)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102272206)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41872017)
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2026年第28卷第2期
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doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.028
  • 接收时间:2025-05-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-31
  • 修回日期:2025-07-12
基金
Natural Science Basic Research Program in Shaanxi Province of China(2025JC-YBMS-272)
* 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2025JC-YBMS-272)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chang'an University(300102272206)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102272206)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872017)
国家自然科学基金项目(41872017)
作者信息
    1 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西西安 710054
    2 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,江苏南京 210008
    3 陕西省早期生命与环境重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710069

通讯作者:

肖良,男,1980年生,长安大学教授、博士生导师,主要从事古生物学与地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
夏明哲,男,1979年生,长安大学副教授、硕士生导师,主要从事岩石学研究。 E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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