Article(id=1309196839719624841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309196716851687705, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7605/gdlxb.2026.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762358400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-06, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790066450289, onlineDateStr=2026-09-22, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790066450289, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790066450289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790066450289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309196716851687705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, year='2026', volume='28', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='428', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790066420995, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790156970446, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309576508830740850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309196716851687705, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309576508830740851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309196716851687705, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309196841527369867, articleId=1309196839719624841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=EN, title=The earliest glacial record on Earth: sedimentary characteristics and implications of the Archean glaciation in South Africa, columnId=1309196841393152138, journalTitle=Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), columnName=SPECIAL TOPIC ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR FENG ZENGZHAO, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The Earth’s evolutionary history has witnessed six major glaciations or glacial events,among which the earliest is believed to be the Pongola glaciation in South Africa,occurring approximately 2.9 billion years ago. A number of papers have been published on the last five major glaciations,yet understanding of the Pongola glacier remains limited. This raises key questions: did glaciation exist in the Archean,and how to identify it?By analyzing the characteristics of diamictites in the Mozaan Group(2.9 Ga)of the Pongola Supergroup in the Kaapvaal Craton,South Africa,this study summarizes the diagnostic markers of glacial deposits,and discusses whether the diamictites of the Archean Pongola Supergroup are glacial origin. Meanwhile,it aims to draw more attention from peers to the establishment and development of glacial sedimentology:a subdiscipline of event sedimentology in China. The Mesoarchean Pongola Supergroup is primarily distributed in the southeastern part of the Kaapvaal Craton and can be further divided into two groups: the Nsuze Group and the Mozaan Group. Petrological,sedimentological,and major/trace element geochemical analyses of the Mozaan Group diamictites support the interpretation of glacial origin. The Mozaan Group diamictites generally exhibit the following characteristics: (1)relatively thin thickness(<50 m);(2)massive mixed accumulation;(3)poor sorting and roundness of gravels;(4)gravels of varying particle sizes and compositions “floating” in a fine-grained matrix;(5)gravels with multiple sets of striations and polished surfaces;(6)quartz grains show elongation or deformation with silt-sized grains distributed around sandy grains in thin sections(referred to as a “nebular structure”);(7)dropstones developed in varves. Geochemical studies of elements reveal the following: the data points of Mozaan Group diamictites show a restricted distribution in the SiO2/Al2O3 diagram,which is significantly different from the typical linear negative correlation observed in modern and ancient sediments that have undergone significant weathering and sorting;The distribution range of TiO2/Al2O3 is also narrow,and the major element compositions are similar;The matrix of the diamictites is rich in total iron(Fe2O3(T))and shows a marked depletion of calcium(Ca)and sodium(Na). The mathematical inversion of measured δ18O and δ17O values in the diamictite and the underlying shale yields δ18O values of weathering water consistent with the isotopic characteristics of modern polar meteoric water,indicating cold climatic conditions. In addition,indicators such as the Chemical Index of Alteration(CIA)suggest that the Mozaan Group diamictites have barely experienced diagenetic alteration or chemical weathering,thus well representing the characteristics of their provenance. Therefore,the following glacial depositional model is proposed based on the above findings: during periods of low sea level,glaciers advanced along valleys toward the continental shelf. The till(glacial sediment)consisted of not only basal till,lateral till,and rock flour produced by glacial abrasion of the bedrock,but also rounded quartz grains mixed from shelf sands and fine-grained weathered materials derived from ferruginous mud. Some diamictites originated from the direct deposition of glacial sediments in periglacial zones and subsequent modification,characterized by a sharp contact between the diamictites and the underlying bedrock,with deformed layers present beneath parts of the diamictites. Another part of the thick diamictite layers,indicated by dropstones in the upper part,was transported by ice rafts to ice-distal glaciomarine environments.
, authors=Hongwei KUANG
1, Xiaoshuai CHEN
2, 1, Yongqing LIU
1, Yuchong WANG
1, Zhengxiu FAN
1, authorsList=Hongwei KUANG, Xiaoshuai CHEN, Yongqing LIU, Yuchong WANG, Zhengxiu FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=
KUANG Hongwei,born in 1969,is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Geology,CAGS. She is mainly engaged in sedimentology,Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphy and event sedimentology,as well as energy geology. E-mail: kuanghw@126.com.
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*, columnId=1309196841644810380, journalTitle=古地理学报, columnName=纪念冯增昭先生诞辰百年专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
地球演化过程中共经历了6次主要的大型冰期或冰川事件,其中最早的冰川事件被认为是发生在2.9 Ga前的南非Pongola冰川,但目前对其知之甚少。为了厘清太古宙究竟有无冰川作用以及如何识别此次冰川作用,笔者通过辨析南非Kaapvaal克拉通Pongola超群Mozaan群(2.9 Ga)中杂砾岩的特征,总结了冰川沉积的识别标志,并讨论了太古宙Pongola超群的杂砾岩是否为冰碛岩。中太古界Pongola超群主要分布于南非Kaapvaal克拉通东南部,可进一步分为Nsuze群和Mozaan群。对Mozaan群杂砾岩进行岩石学和沉积学研究以及主量和微量元素地球化学分析,结果支持对Mozaan群杂砾岩的冰川成因解释。Mozaan群杂砾岩总体特征为: (1)厚度较小(<50 m);(2)块状混杂堆积; (3)砾石分选、磨圆差; (4)不同粒径、不同成分的砾石漂浮在细粒基质中; (5)具有多组方向擦痕和光面的砾石; (6)薄片中,石英颗粒有拉长或变形特征,细小的粉砂级颗粒环绕砂级颗粒分布(星云构造);(7)纹泥中发育坠石。元素地球化学研究表明,Mozaan群杂砾岩的投点在SiO2/Al2O3图上分布局限,明显不同于经历了显著风化和分选的现代和古代沉积物的典型线性负相关关系; TiO2/Al2O3图上的分布范围也很局限,主量元素组成类似,并且杂砾岩基质中富含Fe2O3(T),且明显亏损Ca和Na。依据杂砾岩和下伏页岩的三氧同位素(Δ17O)反演得出风化水的δ18O值与现代极地大气水同位素特征一致,指示寒冷气候。另外,CIA等指标表明Mozaan群杂砾岩几乎没有遭受成岩蚀变或化学风化,可代表物源区特征。依据上述结果构建出的冰川沉积模式为: 在低海平面时,冰川沿山谷向大陆架区域推进,携载的冰碛物中除了底碛、侧碛和冰川刨蚀基底产生的岩粉外,还包含了从陆架砂中混入的圆形石英颗粒以及一些来自铁质泥的细粒风化物质。有些冰碛岩来自冰缘地带冰川沉积物的直接卸载以及后期的改造,表现为冰碛岩与其基底截然接触,且在部分冰碛岩层下方存在变形层,而另一部分由厚层冰碛岩上部的坠石指示,属于被冰筏搬运到距海岸较远的环境沉积形成。
, authors=旷红伟
1, 陈骁帅
2, 1, 柳永清
1, 王玉冲
1, 范正秀
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1, address=1 Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China, bio={"content":"
KUANG Hongwei,born in 1969,is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Geology,CAGS. She is mainly engaged in sedimentology,Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphy and event sedimentology,as well as energy geology. E-mail: kuanghw@126.com.
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KUANG Hongwei,born in 1969,is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Geology,CAGS. She is mainly engaged in sedimentology,Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphy and event sedimentology,as well as energy geology. E-mail: kuanghw@126.com.
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1, address=1 中国地质科学院地质研究所,北京 100037, bio={"content":"
旷红伟,女,1969年生,博士(后),教授,主要从事沉积学、前寒武纪地层学与事件沉积、能源地质研究。E-mail: kuanghw@126.com。
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旷红伟,女,1969年生,博士(后),教授,主要从事沉积学、前寒武纪地层学与事件沉积、能源地质研究。E-mail: kuanghw@126.com。
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2, 1, address=2 National Research Center for Geoanalysis,Beijing 100037,China
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2, 1, address=2 国家地质实验测试中心,北京 100037
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2011. 中国第四纪冰期历史、特征及成因探讨.
第四纪研究,
31(5): 749-764., articleTitle=中国第四纪冰期历史、特征及成因探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196855674757356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=5, pageStart=749, pageEnd=764, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Cui Z J, Chen Y X, Zhang W, Zhou S Z, Zhou L P, Zhang M, Li C C, journalName=Quaternary Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[
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2011. Research history,glacial chronology and origins of Quaternary glaciations in China.
Quaternary Sciences,
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2025. 基于“磷酸盐工厂”的磷矿沉积学研究: 以黔中地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷矿为例.
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2025. Sedimentological study of phosphorite deposits based on “Phosphate Factory”model: A case study of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation phosphorites in central Guizhou Province,China.
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2003. 化学蚀变指数(CIA)及其在新元古代碎屑岩中的应用.
地学前缘,
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2003. CIA(chemical index of alteration)and its applications in the in Neoproterozoic clastic rocks.
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2006. 莲沱砂岩: 南华大冰期前气候转冷的沉积记录.
岩石学报,
22(9): 2387-2393., articleTitle=莲沱砂岩: 南华大冰期前气候转冷的沉积记录, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196856152908018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=22, issue=9, pageStart=2387, pageEnd=2393, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Feng L J, Chu X L, Zhang T G, Huang J, journalName=Acta Petrologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[
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2006. Liantuo sandstones: sedimentary records under cold climate before the Nanhua big glaciations.
Acta Petrologica Sinica,
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2021. Li同位素组成对太古宙海水相关的表生环境过程的初步限定.
地球科学,
46(6): 2073-2082., articleTitle=Li同位素组成对太古宙海水相关的表生环境过程的初步限定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196856287125749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=6, pageStart=2073, pageEnd=2082, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Fu L L, Xiao Y L, Zhang X L, Wang Y Y, Tan D B, journalName=Earth Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[
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2021. Preliminary definition of Li isotope compositions on surficial environmental processes associated with Archean seawater.
Earth Science,
46(6): 2073-2082], articleTitle=Preliminary definition of Li isotope compositions on surficial environmental processes associated with Archean seawater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196856387789046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=976, pageEnd=995, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=何柯衡, 许欢, 安显银, 刘高政, 杜研, 丁家翔, 夏磊, 苑婷媛, 郑洪波, journalName=沉积学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何柯衡, 许欢, 安显银, 刘高政, 杜研, 丁家翔, 夏磊, 苑婷媛, 郑洪波.
2025. 拉萨地块晚古生代冰期沉积特征研究: 以申扎地区为例.
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43(3): 976-995., articleTitle=拉萨地块晚古生代冰期沉积特征研究: 以申扎地区为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196856459092215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=976, pageEnd=995, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=He K H, Xu H, An X Y, Liu G Z, Du Y, Ding J X, Xia L, Yuan T Y, Zheng H B, journalName=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[
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2025. Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Paleozoic ice age in the Lhasa Block: a case study from the Xainza area.
Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,
43(3): 976-995], articleTitle=Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Paleozoic ice age in the Lhasa Block: a case study from the Xainza area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309196856538783992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=757, pageEnd=762, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=旷红伟, 郑秀娟, 陈骁帅, journalName=矿物岩石地球化学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=旷红伟, 郑秀娟, 陈骁帅.
2021. 冰雪奇缘: 冰期与冰川那些事.
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2021. Ice age and glacial stories: a review of glaciations and glaciers.
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2023. 中国中—新元古代地层研究进展及建议划分、对比方案.
地质学报,
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2023. Research advances,a subdivision and correlation of the Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in China.
Acta Geologica Sinica,
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2023. 塔里木地块新元古代冰期事件研究进展.
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2023. Research progress on the Neoproterozoic glaciations in the Tarim Block.
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Six major glaciation records during the geological history(after Eyles,2008), figureFileSmall=j/oYClcofazxxX3EXjGTeA==, figureFileBig=YZo2l/2t6uBHnhR1oVb0vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196851769860298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=
地质历史时期全球6次主要冰川记录(据Eyles,2008), figureFileSmall=j/oYClcofazxxX3EXjGTeA==, figureFileBig=YZo2l/2t6uBHnhR1oVb0vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196851971186891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Stratigraphic distribution of the Pongola Supergroup in Kaapvaal Craton,South Africa(modified from Johnson et al., 2006), figureFileSmall=Ve5swE692O7TNJhS07NLDQ==, figureFileBig=AIc2P0nWu+6PGCG0kXs1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852050878668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=
南非Kaapvaal克拉通Pongola超群的地层分布(据Johnson et al., 2006;有修改), figureFileSmall=Ve5swE692O7TNJhS07NLDQ==, figureFileBig=AIc2P0nWu+6PGCG0kXs1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852130570445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Distribution and stratigraphy of the Pongola Supergroup in southeast of Kaapvaal Craton(modified from Young et al., 1998;Wilson et al., 2013), figureFileSmall=PawMs78wLMqnRKiQpNIMjQ==, figureFileBig=BVi+gCvk9Hb0Iu0iFGHM/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852210262222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=
Pongola超群在Kaapvaal克拉通东南部的分布范围及其地层组成(据Young et al., 1998;Wilson et al., 2013;有修改), figureFileSmall=PawMs78wLMqnRKiQpNIMjQ==, figureFileBig=BVi+gCvk9Hb0Iu0iFGHM/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852294148303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Sedimentary characteristics of the Mozaan Group diamictite and underlying and overlying strata in White Mfolozi river valley,South Africa, figureFileSmall=eQJ5MgGNThiI3+5y5LOKOw==, figureFileBig=hN/1TTGtjBH/dhhtm6w9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852357062864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=
南非White Mfolozi河谷Mozaan群杂砾岩及其上、下地层沉积特征 a,b—双向交错层理发育的滨岸相中—粗砂岩,之上发育2 m厚黑色含铁粉砂质泥岩; c—含铁粉砂质泥岩向上过渡为5 m厚的双向交错层理发育的灰色细砂岩; d,e—块状堆积、不具成层性的杂砾岩; f—杂砾岩之上的黑灰色水平和波状纹层发育的含微细紫红色赤铁矿条带的泥岩; g—黑灰色泥岩,层面上见菱铁矿结核; h,i—分选性和磨圆度一般的砾岩夹层,成层性明显,并有一定的粒序; j—杂砾岩块状堆积、 不具成层性,砾石分选性、磨圆度差,呈漂浮状; k,l—星云构造; m—疑似坠石构造
, figureFileSmall=eQJ5MgGNThiI3+5y5LOKOw==, figureFileBig=hN/1TTGtjBH/dhhtm6w9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852440948945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Characteristics of the Mozaan Group diamictite in Swaziland area, South Africa, figureFileSmall=kB9eXJMbRcTusEDpcZLdxw==, figureFileBig=bcxeXpXfgrfthdVtdGlD4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852524835026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=
南非Swaziland地区Mozaan群杂砾岩特征 a—Mozaan群冰碛岩中的石英砾石,表面擦痕至少保留有2个方向(箭头),棱角状石英和岩屑颗粒突出在基质中,Mageza河; b—杂砾岩中石英漂砾具有简单的擦痕(箭头所示),Klipwal金矿北东Mageza河; c—次圆状石英漂砾镶嵌在Mozaan群杂砾岩中; d—Mozaan群杂砾岩,石英为主要成分,细小不透明的磁铁矿颗粒构成了细粒基质部分,一些颗粒的边界受到低变质作用的影响,比例尺为1 mm;e—最厚层杂砾岩顶部铁质纹泥中的坠石,Madaga河露头区,比例尺为1 cm; f—图 e的素描图。a,b,c和d据von Brunn和Gold(1993); e和f据Young等(1998)
, figureFileSmall=kB9eXJMbRcTusEDpcZLdxw==, figureFileBig=bcxeXpXfgrfthdVtdGlD4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852587749587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Distribution law of major elements of matrix in diamictite and associate mudstone of the Mozaan Group in South Africa(modified from Young et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=Bk2rrBCX+NGM5SvY24oRVA==, figureFileBig=zezgMG9p2A3XysldbfhNsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852654858453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=
南非Mozaan群杂砾岩的基质及其伴生泥岩样品主量元素分布规律(据Young et al., 1998;有修改), figureFileSmall=Bk2rrBCX+NGM5SvY24oRVA==, figureFileBig=zezgMG9p2A3XysldbfhNsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852709384406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Distribution law of minor elements of the matrix in diamictite and associate mudstone of the Mozaan Groupin South Africa(after Young et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=4sqe+3kwCtGbIBD/vPU4Dw==, figureFileBig=HUfUdTrVXc+dI3CBLywEfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852789076183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=
Mozaan群杂砾岩的基质及其伴生泥岩样品中微量元素的分布规律(据Young et al., 1998) a—微量元素蛛网图; b—Th/Sc与Sc关系图
, figureFileSmall=4sqe+3kwCtGbIBD/vPU4Dw==, figureFileBig=HUfUdTrVXc+dI3CBLywEfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852868767960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Schematic depositional model of Pongola glacier in South Africa(after Modie,2002), figureFileSmall=mHimih2j+c9GMIV7LEN5lQ==, figureFileBig=1SsF/JviyqfGucQQmLPixA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196852944265433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=
南非Pongola冰川沉积模式(据Modie,2002), figureFileSmall=mHimih2j+c9GMIV7LEN5lQ==, figureFileBig=1SsF/JviyqfGucQQmLPixA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309196853019762906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Basic identification characteristics of glacial tillite(sediments)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冰川识别标志 | 主要特征 | 识别功能 |
| 冰蚀地貌 | 山峰或山谷形态 | U型谷,刃脊、角峰、冰斗(山岳冰川所特有) | 独特标志 |
| 冰下底床 | 冰溜面及伴生 冰川侵蚀形貌 | 擦痕和各种刻痕,颤刻痕、新月形裂缝和凿痕、 槽和脊、塑性塑造形态(如贝壳状、纺锤状等) | 独特标志,可据此识别冰川运动方向 |
| 羊背石 | 不对称,光滑缓坡到立陡陡坡 为冰川前进方向 | 独特标志 |
| 冰碛岩(物) | 杂砾岩特征 | 分选、磨圆差,含擦痕发育或各种不同形态、 大小和成分复杂的砾石,基质支撑为主 | 带擦痕及各种特殊形态砾石,关键标志 |
| 杂砾岩厚度 | 一般小于50 m,薄且局限 | 辅助标志 |
| 含砾纹泥 | 粉砂岩或泥岩,具水平层理,含坠石 | 坠石为关键标志 |
| 成分 | 颗粒组分 | 岩屑或矿物类型多样,成分成熟度低 | 辅助标志 |
| 结构 | 分选性与磨圆度 | 分选性和磨圆度均极差,冰水沉积会稍好 | 辅助标志 |
| 粒度 | 双峰式,集中砾和粉砂(黏土)2个端元 |
砾石类型 与形态 | 坠石(漂砾) | 直径巨大(几十厘米至几米)的漂砾, 异地特征明显 | 独特标志 |
| 研磨砾石 | 擦痕石、压扭裂石、压坑和凹面石、子弹状砾石、 马鞍石、熨斗石、肾状石、菱面石 | 独特标志 |
| 多面状砾石 | 1个或多个磨光面 |
| 砾石包壳 | 砾石表面尚保留1层泥膜(皮壳)构造 |
| 微观组构 | 星云构造 或旋转构造 | 定向拉长的细小砂质或粉砂质颗粒, 由于冰的搬运作用而环绕大颗粒的边缘分布 | 独特标志 |
| 沉积构造 | 常见类型 | 一般缺失或不明显,冰水中可发育 | 辅助标志 |
| 变形构造 | 特殊类型 | 冰下变形构造,如剪切变形、褶皱等常见 | 重要标志 |
| 古生物 | | 陆地冰川沉积物中通常缺失,冰海相中可能存在 | 辅助标志 |
| 沉积序列 | | 一般以冰碛砾岩、砂岩为主,与具纹层粉砂岩、泥岩 (含或不含坠石)组合构成向上变细序列 | 重要标志 |
| 地层厚度 | | 垂向、横向上变化极大 | 辅助标志 |
| 地球化学指标 | 元素相关性 | 可溶性碱金属Li-Rb-Cs、过渡金属Sc-Cr-Co等 与La和Al2O3呈正相关 | 辅助标志 |
氧化还原 敏感元素 | Mo、V的富集或亏损 | 指示氧化风化作用强弱, 辅助标志 |
元素或氧化物 比值 | U/Th、Zr/Sc、Th/Sc、K/Cs负相关; SiO2/Al2O3、 TiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/SiO2不具备明显相关性 | 辅助标志 |
| CIA | 较低(50~70) | 辅助标志,受母岩成分、 沉积物再循环、成岩作用干扰 |
| 87Sr/86Sr* | 亏损或下降 | 辅助标志 |
| δ18O | 平均值以及反演得出风化水的δ18O值与极地大气水的对比 | 辅助标志 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309196854735233248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309196839719624841, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
冰川沉积岩(物)的基本特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冰川识别标志 | 主要特征 | 识别功能 |
| 冰蚀地貌 | 山峰或山谷形态 | U型谷,刃脊、角峰、冰斗(山岳冰川所特有) | 独特标志 |
| 冰下底床 | 冰溜面及伴生 冰川侵蚀形貌 | 擦痕和各种刻痕,颤刻痕、新月形裂缝和凿痕、 槽和脊、塑性塑造形态(如贝壳状、纺锤状等) | 独特标志,可据此识别冰川运动方向 |
| 羊背石 | 不对称,光滑缓坡到立陡陡坡 为冰川前进方向 | 独特标志 |
| 冰碛岩(物) | 杂砾岩特征 | 分选、磨圆差,含擦痕发育或各种不同形态、 大小和成分复杂的砾石,基质支撑为主 | 带擦痕及各种特殊形态砾石,关键标志 |
| 杂砾岩厚度 | 一般小于50 m,薄且局限 | 辅助标志 |
| 含砾纹泥 | 粉砂岩或泥岩,具水平层理,含坠石 | 坠石为关键标志 |
| 成分 | 颗粒组分 | 岩屑或矿物类型多样,成分成熟度低 | 辅助标志 |
| 结构 | 分选性与磨圆度 | 分选性和磨圆度均极差,冰水沉积会稍好 | 辅助标志 |
| 粒度 | 双峰式,集中砾和粉砂(黏土)2个端元 |
砾石类型 与形态 | 坠石(漂砾) | 直径巨大(几十厘米至几米)的漂砾, 异地特征明显 | 独特标志 |
| 研磨砾石 | 擦痕石、压扭裂石、压坑和凹面石、子弹状砾石、 马鞍石、熨斗石、肾状石、菱面石 | 独特标志 |
| 多面状砾石 | 1个或多个磨光面 |
| 砾石包壳 | 砾石表面尚保留1层泥膜(皮壳)构造 |
| 微观组构 | 星云构造 或旋转构造 | 定向拉长的细小砂质或粉砂质颗粒, 由于冰的搬运作用而环绕大颗粒的边缘分布 | 独特标志 |
| 沉积构造 | 常见类型 | 一般缺失或不明显,冰水中可发育 | 辅助标志 |
| 变形构造 | 特殊类型 | 冰下变形构造,如剪切变形、褶皱等常见 | 重要标志 |
| 古生物 | | 陆地冰川沉积物中通常缺失,冰海相中可能存在 | 辅助标志 |
| 沉积序列 | | 一般以冰碛砾岩、砂岩为主,与具纹层粉砂岩、泥岩 (含或不含坠石)组合构成向上变细序列 | 重要标志 |
| 地层厚度 | | 垂向、横向上变化极大 | 辅助标志 |
| 地球化学指标 | 元素相关性 | 可溶性碱金属Li-Rb-Cs、过渡金属Sc-Cr-Co等 与La和Al2O3呈正相关 | 辅助标志 |
氧化还原 敏感元素 | Mo、V的富集或亏损 | 指示氧化风化作用强弱, 辅助标志 |
元素或氧化物 比值 | U/Th、Zr/Sc、Th/Sc、K/Cs负相关; SiO2/Al2O3、 TiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/SiO2不具备明显相关性 | 辅助标志 |
| CIA | 较低(50~70) | 辅助标志,受母岩成分、 沉积物再循环、成岩作用干扰 |
| 87Sr/86Sr* | 亏损或下降 | 辅助标志 |
| δ18O | 平均值以及反演得出风化水的δ18O值与极地大气水的对比 | 辅助标志 |
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