Article(id=1309812671961203648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7605/gdlxb.2025.068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=1742313600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790213276138, onlineDateStr=2026-09-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790213276138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790213276138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790213276138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309812542579503925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, year='2026', volume='28', issue='2', pageStart='429', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790213245291, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213366052, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309813049133981868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309813049133981869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, issueId=1309812542579503925, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=755, endPage=772, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309812672380634050, articleId=1309812671961203648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=EN, title=Two lycopsid plants from the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation of Qujing,Yunnan,China and their evolutionary and paleogeographic implications, columnId=1309812571910267828, journalTitle=Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), columnName=BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The plant fossils found in the Haikou Formation in Qujing,Yunnan Province,are typical representatives of the Middle Devonian southern Chinese flora. The plant assemblage is dominated by lycopsids plants,including a large number of endemic plants,known as the Haikou flora or Xichong flora. Based on new materials from the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation of Qujing,Yunnan Province,two lycopsid plants are described,namely Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense Zheng,Wang,Li,Liu et Xue sp. nov. and Minarodendron cathaysiense (Schweitzer et Cai)Li. Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense is characterized by simple leaf bases arranged in pseudowhorls,and its false leaf scars show as shallow furrows extending laterally on thin axes,but show as a more regular M-shaped structure on thick axes. Sterile leaves are undivided and linear in shape. Sporophylls are spoon-shaped and aggregated along fertile axes,forming an extended reproductive zone up to 18 cm long. Elliptical sporangia are borne on adaxial side of sporophylls. New material of Minarodendron cathaysiense displays similar morphology of axes and leaf bases as to those described in previous studies. Based on such new materials and as well as computer-aided modelling and taphonomic simulations,the morphological variations of leaf bases with false leaf scars are discussed,demonstrating that the M-shaped structures of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. and other similar plants are probably not “leaf pits”as previously suggested. The Middle Devonian lycopsids shared similar,primitive leaf bases,and some types evolved large-bodied architecture e.g. tree habit,indicating their similar evolutionary grade in vegetative structures. The Middle Devonian lycopsid floras in South China are mainly distributed in fluvial and littoral facies and show a high degree of endemism,indicating the isolated geographic position of South China. The above results further enrich the plant diversity of the Middle Devonian in South China and provide new evidence for the evolution of lycopsids.

, authors=Gaofeng ZHENG1, Jiashu WANG2, Bingxin LI1, Le LIU3, Jinzhuang XUE1, authorsList=Gaofeng ZHENG, Jiashu WANG, Bingxin LI, Le LIU, Jinzhuang XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiashu WANG, authorNote=

ZHENG Gaofeng,born in 1999,is a master student of School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University. He is mainly engaged in studies of Middle Devonian plants. E-mail: .

, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Jiashu,born in 1996,is a research assistant at the Laboratory of Geo-specimens Study and Testing,Geological Museum of China. He is mainly engaged in studies of Devonian paleobotany and stratigraphy. E-mail: .
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309812675144680407, articleId=1309812671961203648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, language=CN, title=云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组两种石松类植物及其演化和古地理意义*, columnId=1309812572090622902, journalTitle=古地理学报, columnName=生物古地理学及古生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组植物化石是南方植物区系的典型代表,植物组合以石松类为主,兼具大量的地方性特色植物,被称为海口植物群或西冲植物群。本研究基于云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组的植物化石新材料,识别出2种石松类: Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense Zheng,Wang,Li,Liu et Xue sp. nov.(沾益拟鳞木,新种)和Minarodendron cathaysiense(Schweitzer et Cai)Li(华夏小木)。沾益拟鳞木具假轮状排列的简单叶基,细枝的叶基上部有向两侧延伸的浅沟状假叶痕,在粗枝上假叶痕呈规则的M型结构; 营养叶不分叉,纤细,呈线形; 孢子叶呈勺状,在茎干密集排列形成长达18 cm的繁殖区,孢子囊椭圆形,着生于孢子叶的近轴面。华夏小木的标本显示了与前人描述相似的茎轴形态及叶基排列方式。在新材料的基础上,通过计算机三维建模的方法,探讨了泥盆纪石松类植物的叶基形态变化,指出沾益拟鳞木及其他相似植物叶基上的M型结构并非叶舌穴。中泥盆世石松类植物显示出相似的、原始的叶基形态,且一些类型演化为较大的体型(即树型习性),体现了它们在营养结构方面相似的进化程度。华南中泥盆世石松类植物群主要分布于河流或滨岸,具有显著的区域性特征,可能反映出华南地区较为隔离的古地理位置。研究成果进一步丰富了华南中泥盆世的植物多样性,也为石松类植物的演化提供了新的证据。

, authors=郑高峰1, 王嘉树2, 李炳鑫1, 刘乐3, 薛进庄1, authorsList=郑高峰, 王嘉树, 李炳鑫, 刘乐, 薛进庄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王嘉树, authorNote=

郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王嘉树,男,1996年生,中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室研究助理,主要从事泥盆纪古植物学与沉积地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
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ZHENG Gaofeng,born in 1999,is a master student of School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University. He is mainly engaged in studies of Middle Devonian plants. E-mail: .

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ZHENG Gaofeng,born in 1999,is a master student of School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University. He is mainly engaged in studies of Middle Devonian plants. E-mail: .

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郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

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郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory of Geo-specimens Study and Testing,Geological Museum of China,Beijing 100034,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309812675480224733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, companyId=1309812675471836123, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室,北京 100034)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309812675543139294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309812675551527903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, companyId=1309812675543139294, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309812675555722208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, companyId=1309812675543139294, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309812677682233349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Maps showing location of Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=n+ChZs4Y5REGJ8NjVs4wgg==, figureFileBig=nvUGtryFroE2D4bf7VihNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812677770313734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面位置, figureFileSmall=n+ChZs4Y5REGJ8NjVs4wgg==, figureFileBig=nvUGtryFroE2D4bf7VihNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812677963251720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Outcrop photos of the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=cCwbRqMinLBdYieTWSGzKA==, figureFileBig=pIgkAYWWHuCg/xG4HFhFvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678030360585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组野外露头照片

a—中村剖面局部,比例尺长1 m,箭头指示Minarodendron cathaysiense的采集点; b—宽阔席状或带状砂岩,砂体内部可见分流河道切割叠置,虚线指示多期次河道侵蚀面,比例尺长1 m;c—顶部的板状交错层理砂岩和底部的含砾粗砂岩,白色矩形框为d图放大部位,比例尺长20 cm;d—含砾粗砂岩中横躺的茎干化石,比例尺长5 cm;e—砾岩,砾石直径可达8 cm,比例尺长5 cm;f—砾岩,含细砾,比例尺长1 cm; g—图 2-a中箭头所示Minarodendron cathaysiense采集点的茎干压型化石,比例尺长10 cm

, figureFileSmall=cCwbRqMinLBdYieTWSGzKA==, figureFileBig=pIgkAYWWHuCg/xG4HFhFvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678101663754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Lithological column of the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province,and the beds containing the present two plants (arrows), figureFileSmall=ulfapmkYln4XNVfiVkTuUA==, figureFileBig=V9GhsbMbHTmRDfB4V7czxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678172966923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组岩性柱状图及本文2种植物化石的层位(箭头), figureFileSmall=ulfapmkYln4XNVfiVkTuUA==, figureFileBig=V9GhsbMbHTmRDfB4V7czxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678235881484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Axes and leaves of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing, Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=aJQ7XDCGuXHcNEkCJub7Bg==, figureFileBig=UMobjhHjIOWb/H/l9nj91Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678302990349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.的茎轴和叶片

a—同层保存的粗枝和细枝,兼具等二歧式和不等二歧式分枝,箭头示等二歧式分叉的细枝,标本号PKUX23009a,比例尺长5 cm;b—细枝,二歧式分枝,茎轴两侧有叶片宿存,表面具叶基,标本号PKUX23004,比例尺长2 cm;c—茎轴表面的不同保存样式,下部可见茎表面螺旋排列的叶基,茎两侧具宿存的纤细营养叶,标本号PKUX23003,比例尺长2 cm;d—粗枝上保存的叶基,标本号PKUX23005,比例尺长2 cm;e,f—对开的细枝标本,标本号PKUX23009a、PKUX23009b,比例尺长5 mm;g—细枝上的叶片和叶基形态,孢子囊保存差,标本号PKUX23004,比例尺长3 mm

, figureFileSmall=aJQ7XDCGuXHcNEkCJub7Bg==, figureFileBig=UMobjhHjIOWb/H/l9nj91Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678382682126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Leaf base morphology of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=DqsDwuZ7e8Pd2xEIkbyLqg==, figureFileBig=4NML3wabvp7hcIynmqni/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678449790991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.的叶基形态

a—粗枝上的叶基,标本号PKUX23009a,比例尺长2 mm;b—细枝表面的叶基,其侧边具菱形轮廓,标本号PKUX23004,比例尺长2 mm;c—细枝的叶基,标本号PKUX23009a,比例尺长2 mm;d—碳化保存的叶片基部,为长条形铸体,标本号PKUX23006,比例尺长1 mm;e—与碳化叶片铸体对应的叶基呈下凹的形态,标本号PKUX23006,比例尺长1 mm;f—下凹保存的叶基及菱形轮廓,标本号PKUX23006,比例尺长2 mm;g—细枝上的叶基,标本号为PKUX23004,比例尺长1 mm;h,i—粗枝(h)和细枝(i)上叶基的假叶痕对比,标本号分别为PKUX23009a、PKUX23004,比例尺长0.5 mm;j—粗枝上的叶基形态,标本号PKUX23005,比例尺长2.5 mm;k—细枝上的叶基及斜列线微斜的水平线, 标本号PKUX23003,比例尺长2.5 mm

, figureFileSmall=DqsDwuZ7e8Pd2xEIkbyLqg==, figureFileBig=4NML3wabvp7hcIynmqni/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678521094160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fertile structures of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=0zsQ1Gxzs0gBt1jvsZrVFw==, figureFileBig=YQIYIFLUzbmb8PtL+xJdEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678600785937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.的繁殖结构

a—繁殖区及散落的孢子叶—孢子囊复合体(左上圆圈标记处),标本号PKUX23001,比例尺长2 cm;b—a中繁殖区上部(黑色框)的放大,示保存在茎轴正面的椭圆形孢子囊聚集,比例尺长2.5 mm;c,d,e—图 6-a中繁殖区不同部位(箭头c、d、e)的放大,示保存在茎轴侧面的孢子囊及弯曲的孢子叶,比例尺长2.5 mm;f—散落的孢子叶—孢子囊复合体,孢子囊着生于叶片近轴面,比例尺长5 mm;g—孢子叶—孢子囊复合体,孢子叶保存完好,标本号PKUX23002,比例尺长2.5 mm;h—繁殖区局部,比例尺长2.5 mm

, figureFileSmall=0zsQ1Gxzs0gBt1jvsZrVFw==, figureFileBig=YQIYIFLUzbmb8PtL+xJdEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678663700498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Stems,leaves and leaf bases of Minarodendron cathaysiense from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing,Yunnan Province, figureFileSmall=cH8JrzFA8ueeyBchSKzg5A==, figureFileBig=BqBNXaD2i4rS5qfAKQ2sfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678730809363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Minarodendron cathaysiense的茎轴、叶片和叶基

a—近原位保存的细枝,比例尺长4 cm;b—茎轴,示叶基及两侧的叶片,标本号PKUX23012,比例尺长2 mm;c—顶端分叉的叶片,标本号PKUX23012,比例尺长2 mm;d—顶端分叉的叶片,标本号PKUX23013,比例尺长0.5 mm;e,f—碳化压型保存的叶基,及印痕保存的叶基,标本号PKUX23012,比例尺长2.5 mm;g,h—叶基,标本号PKUX23013,比例尺长2 mm

, figureFileSmall=cH8JrzFA8ueeyBchSKzg5A==, figureFileBig=BqBNXaD2i4rS5qfAKQ2sfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678802112532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Reconstruction of lycopsid leaves,leaf bases,and taphonomic explanation of leaf bases in compression fossils, figureFileSmall=1FJiYN/q5zB5O/2JNRPcCw==, figureFileBig=w+cTEcMaehnG9J2oY+wIdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678869221397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=石松类叶片、叶基的复原以及压型化石中叶基结构的埋藏学解释

a-c—石松类叶片及其叶基复原图远轴面观(a)、侧面观(b)和近轴面观(c),叶基整体呈菱形,中部着生叶片,叶片沿中脉呈V形折叠。d-k—假想将a-c中所示的叶基和叶片置入围岩中,沿着不同的破裂面(d,f,h,j)对开,可观察到的叶基形态(e,g,i,k);斜线阴影区域代表被移除的围岩,d、e为破裂面沿叶基表面和叶片基部分布,压型一侧见菱形叶基和叶片断口,断口上端具M形轮廓; f、g为破裂面沿叶基下部表面和叶片远轴面分布,压型一侧见叶基下半部分和条形的叶片远轴面; h、i为破裂面沿叶基表面和叶片基部分布,印痕一侧见菱形叶基和具有M形轮廓的裂隙; j、k为破裂面沿叶片基部但脱离大部分叶基表面分布,印痕一侧见叶基下半部分和具有M形轮廓的裂隙

, figureFileSmall=1FJiYN/q5zB5O/2JNRPcCw==, figureFileBig=w+cTEcMaehnG9J2oY+wIdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812678936330262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Palaeogeographic distribution of the Middle Devonian lycopsids in South China (palaeogeographic map modified from Zeng et al., 1993), figureFileSmall=LJdnUg0YaX7ad80K3RNpcg==, figureFileBig=V0rnyctZEl5zCZ5mcEg/vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812679011827735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=华南中泥盆世石松类植物的古地理分布(古地理底图修改自曾允孚等,1993), figureFileSmall=LJdnUg0YaX7ad80K3RNpcg==, figureFileBig=V0rnyctZEl5zCZ5mcEg/vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309812679099908120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Comparison of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing, Yunnan Province with other Lepidodendropsis species in South China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种 茎轴 叶基(叶座) 时代 资料来源
茎宽
/cm
形状 长
/mm
宽
/mm
排列
方式
表面特征
Lepidodendropsis
arborescens
>4 长卵形至椭圆形 1.5 0.7 稀疏
假轮状
正中或上部具
圆形或卵形点痕
D2 《中国古生代植物》编写
小组,1974;Schweitzer
and Cai,1987
L. guanzhuanggensis 1.1~1.4 菱形至斜方形 3~4 2 假轮状 正中具卵圆形点痕 D2、D3 冯少南等,1977
L. niuewansis — 纺锤形至椭圆形 5.5~8 4 螺旋式
假轮状
不清楚 D2 冯少南等,1977
L. shaoyangensis >1.1 长卵形 2 0.2 假轮状 不清楚 C1 冯少南等,1977
L. sinensis 1 卵形 2 1.0 假轮状 中部具凹坑 D2 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. theodori 1~1.5 纵卵形至纺锤形 2~5 1~1.5 假轮状 顶角之下具凹坑
或点痕
D2、D3 王洪峰,2003
L. tiaomaensis 5 纺锤形 6 2 假轮状 上端具点痕 D3 冯少南等,1977
L. yangtzensis 4 倒卵形 2 0.7 螺旋状 上部具卵形点痕 D3 冯少南等,1977
L.kazachstanica >3.3 宽菱形 4.5 2.5 上升
螺旋状
不清楚 D2 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. hirmeri 0.3~0.6 狭方形至纺锤形 2~3 0.6~1 假轮状 近顶端具小凹坑 D3、C1 斯行健,1956
L. zhanyiense sp. nov. 0.5~2.8 长条形至梭形 1.2~3.6 0.3~0.6 假轮状 顶部具向外
延伸的浅沟
D2 本文
), ArticleFig(id=1309812679175405593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.与华南Lepidodendropsis其他种的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种 茎轴 叶基(叶座) 时代 资料来源
茎宽
/cm
形状 长
/mm
宽
/mm
排列
方式
表面特征
Lepidodendropsis
arborescens
>4 长卵形至椭圆形 1.5 0.7 稀疏
假轮状
正中或上部具
圆形或卵形点痕
D2 《中国古生代植物》编写
小组,1974;Schweitzer
and Cai,1987
L. guanzhuanggensis 1.1~1.4 菱形至斜方形 3~4 2 假轮状 正中具卵圆形点痕 D2、D3 冯少南等,1977
L. niuewansis — 纺锤形至椭圆形 5.5~8 4 螺旋式
假轮状
不清楚 D2 冯少南等,1977
L. shaoyangensis >1.1 长卵形 2 0.2 假轮状 不清楚 C1 冯少南等,1977
L. sinensis 1 卵形 2 1.0 假轮状 中部具凹坑 D2 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. theodori 1~1.5 纵卵形至纺锤形 2~5 1~1.5 假轮状 顶角之下具凹坑
或点痕
D2、D3 王洪峰,2003
L. tiaomaensis 5 纺锤形 6 2 假轮状 上端具点痕 D3 冯少南等,1977
L. yangtzensis 4 倒卵形 2 0.7 螺旋状 上部具卵形点痕 D3 冯少南等,1977
L.kazachstanica >3.3 宽菱形 4.5 2.5 上升
螺旋状
不清楚 D2 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. hirmeri 0.3~0.6 狭方形至纺锤形 2~3 0.6~1 假轮状 近顶端具小凹坑 D3、C1 斯行健,1956
L. zhanyiense sp. nov. 0.5~2.8 长条形至梭形 1.2~3.6 0.3~0.6 假轮状 顶部具向外
延伸的浅沟
D2 本文
), ArticleFig(id=1309812679250903066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Comparison of Minarodendron cathaysiense from the Haikou Formation at Zhongcun section in Qujing, Yunnan Province with previous fossil materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片特征 龙华山剖面(Li,1990) 西冲剖面(Liu et al., 2013) 中村剖面(本文)
主轴最大宽度/mm 4 60 4~5
分枝方式 二分叉, 1~2次 二分叉,多达7次 二分叉, 1~2次
叶基排列方式 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线
叶尖形态 具3个尖端 具3个尖端 保存不完整
叶片长度(不包括分叉前端)/mm 3 3 2.5~4.5
叶缘 具刺 光滑 光滑
叶尖延伸方向 2个侧尖向上,中央尖向下弯曲 2个侧尖向上,中央尖向下弯曲 至少1个侧尖向上,1个中央尖向下弯曲
叶尖长度/mm 可达1.5 可达1 可达1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1309812679322206235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=

云南曲靖中村剖面海口组Minarodendron cathaysiense与以往材料的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片特征 龙华山剖面(Li,1990) 西冲剖面(Liu et al., 2013) 中村剖面(本文)
主轴最大宽度/mm 4 60 4~5
分枝方式 二分叉, 1~2次 二分叉,多达7次 二分叉, 1~2次
叶基排列方式 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线 螺旋状,60°~70°斜列线
叶尖形态 具3个尖端 具3个尖端 保存不完整
叶片长度(不包括分叉前端)/mm 3 3 2.5~4.5
叶缘 具刺 光滑 光滑
叶尖延伸方向 2个侧尖向上,中央尖向下弯曲 2个侧尖向上,中央尖向下弯曲 至少1个侧尖向上,1个中央尖向下弯曲
叶尖长度/mm 可达1.5 可达1 可达1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1309812679389315100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Distribution of Lepidodendropsis and other lycopsid plants from the Middle Divonian in South China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物属种 产出层位 分布地点 资料来源
Lepidodendropsis arborescens 跳马涧组、海口组 湖南长沙、云南曲靖、武定 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所、植物研究所《中国
古生代植物》编写小组,1974;Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. guanzhuanggensis 跳马涧组 湖南株洲 冯少南等,1977
L. niuewansis 跳马涧组 湖南益阳 冯少南等,1977
L. theodori 金宝石组 四川龙门山 王洪峰,2003
L. sinensis 海口组 云南禄劝 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. kazachstanica 海口组 云南沾益 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. zhanyiense 海口组 云南沾益 本文
Colpodexylon variabile 海口组 云南沾益 马嘉欣和徐洪河,2017
Minarodendron cathaysiense 海口组 云南沾益 Li,1990;Liu et al., 2013
Yuguangia ordinata 海口组 云南沾益 Hao et al., 2007
Leclercqia complexa 一打得组 云南盘溪 Xu et al., 2020
Tiaomaphyton fui 跳马涧组 湖南长沙 Xu et al., 2018
Longostachys latisporoplyllus 云台观组 湖南澧县 Cai and Chen,1996
Lepidosigillaria? cycloformis 海口组 云南沾益 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
), ArticleFig(id=1309812679469006877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397449582313577, articleId=1309812671961203648, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

华南中泥盆世Lepidodendropsis及其他石松类植物分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物属种 产出层位 分布地点 资料来源
Lepidodendropsis arborescens 跳马涧组、海口组 湖南长沙、云南曲靖、武定 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所、植物研究所《中国
古生代植物》编写小组,1974;Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. guanzhuanggensis 跳马涧组 湖南株洲 冯少南等,1977
L. niuewansis 跳马涧组 湖南益阳 冯少南等,1977
L. theodori 金宝石组 四川龙门山 王洪峰,2003
L. sinensis 海口组 云南禄劝 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. kazachstanica 海口组 云南沾益 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
L. zhanyiense 海口组 云南沾益 本文
Colpodexylon variabile 海口组 云南沾益 马嘉欣和徐洪河,2017
Minarodendron cathaysiense 海口组 云南沾益 Li,1990;Liu et al., 2013
Yuguangia ordinata 海口组 云南沾益 Hao et al., 2007
Leclercqia complexa 一打得组 云南盘溪 Xu et al., 2020
Tiaomaphyton fui 跳马涧组 湖南长沙 Xu et al., 2018
Longostachys latisporoplyllus 云台观组 湖南澧县 Cai and Chen,1996
Lepidosigillaria? cycloformis 海口组 云南沾益 Schweitzer and Cai,1987
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云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组两种石松类植物及其演化和古地理意义*
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郑高峰 1 , 王嘉树 2 , 李炳鑫 1 , 刘乐 3 , 薛进庄 1
古地理学报 | 生物古地理学及古生态 2026,28(2): 755-772
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古地理学报 |生物古地理学及古生态 2026 , 28 (2) : 755 -772
云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组两种石松类植物及其演化和古地理意义*
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ZHENG Gaofeng,born in 1999,is a master student of School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University. He is mainly engaged in studies of Middle Devonian plants. E-mail: .

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郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

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郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

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郑高峰1 , 王嘉树2 , 李炳鑫1, 刘乐3, 薛进庄1
作者信息
  • 1 北京大学地球与空间科学学院,造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 2 中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室,北京 100034
  • 3 中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
王嘉树,男,1996年生,中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室研究助理,主要从事泥盆纪古植物学与沉积地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
作者简介:

郑高峰,男,1999年生,北京大学地球与空间科学学院硕士研究生,主要从事中泥盆世植物群研究。 E-mail: 。

Two lycopsid plants from the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation of Qujing,Yunnan,China and their evolutionary and paleogeographic implications
Gaofeng ZHENG1 , Jiashu WANG2 , Bingxin LI1, Le LIU3, Jinzhuang XUE1
Affiliations
  • 1 The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution,School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University,Beijing 100871,China
  • 2 Laboratory of Geo-specimens Study and Testing,Geological Museum of China,Beijing 100034,China
  • 3 College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Jiashu,born in 1996,is a research assistant at the Laboratory of Geo-specimens Study and Testing,Geological Museum of China. He is mainly engaged in studies of Devonian paleobotany and stratigraphy. E-mail: .

    ZHENG Gaofeng,born in 1999,is a master student of School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University. He is mainly engaged in studies of Middle Devonian plants. E-mail: .

出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.068
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云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组植物化石是南方植物区系的典型代表,植物组合以石松类为主,兼具大量的地方性特色植物,被称为海口植物群或西冲植物群。本研究基于云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组的植物化石新材料,识别出2种石松类: Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense Zheng,Wang,Li,Liu et Xue sp. nov.(沾益拟鳞木,新种)和Minarodendron cathaysiense(Schweitzer et Cai)Li(华夏小木)。沾益拟鳞木具假轮状排列的简单叶基,细枝的叶基上部有向两侧延伸的浅沟状假叶痕,在粗枝上假叶痕呈规则的M型结构; 营养叶不分叉,纤细,呈线形; 孢子叶呈勺状,在茎干密集排列形成长达18 cm的繁殖区,孢子囊椭圆形,着生于孢子叶的近轴面。华夏小木的标本显示了与前人描述相似的茎轴形态及叶基排列方式。在新材料的基础上,通过计算机三维建模的方法,探讨了泥盆纪石松类植物的叶基形态变化,指出沾益拟鳞木及其他相似植物叶基上的M型结构并非叶舌穴。中泥盆世石松类植物显示出相似的、原始的叶基形态,且一些类型演化为较大的体型(即树型习性),体现了它们在营养结构方面相似的进化程度。华南中泥盆世石松类植物群主要分布于河流或滨岸,具有显著的区域性特征,可能反映出华南地区较为隔离的古地理位置。研究成果进一步丰富了华南中泥盆世的植物多样性,也为石松类植物的演化提供了新的证据。

石松类  /  植物演化  /  古地理分布  /  海口组  /  中泥盆统  /  云南

The plant fossils found in the Haikou Formation in Qujing,Yunnan Province,are typical representatives of the Middle Devonian southern Chinese flora. The plant assemblage is dominated by lycopsids plants,including a large number of endemic plants,known as the Haikou flora or Xichong flora. Based on new materials from the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation of Qujing,Yunnan Province,two lycopsid plants are described,namely Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense Zheng,Wang,Li,Liu et Xue sp. nov. and Minarodendron cathaysiense (Schweitzer et Cai)Li. Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense is characterized by simple leaf bases arranged in pseudowhorls,and its false leaf scars show as shallow furrows extending laterally on thin axes,but show as a more regular M-shaped structure on thick axes. Sterile leaves are undivided and linear in shape. Sporophylls are spoon-shaped and aggregated along fertile axes,forming an extended reproductive zone up to 18 cm long. Elliptical sporangia are borne on adaxial side of sporophylls. New material of Minarodendron cathaysiense displays similar morphology of axes and leaf bases as to those described in previous studies. Based on such new materials and as well as computer-aided modelling and taphonomic simulations,the morphological variations of leaf bases with false leaf scars are discussed,demonstrating that the M-shaped structures of Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov. and other similar plants are probably not “leaf pits”as previously suggested. The Middle Devonian lycopsids shared similar,primitive leaf bases,and some types evolved large-bodied architecture e.g. tree habit,indicating their similar evolutionary grade in vegetative structures. The Middle Devonian lycopsid floras in South China are mainly distributed in fluvial and littoral facies and show a high degree of endemism,indicating the isolated geographic position of South China. The above results further enrich the plant diversity of the Middle Devonian in South China and provide new evidence for the evolution of lycopsids.

lycopsids  /  plant evolution  /  paleogeographic distribution  /  Haikou Formation  /  Middle Devonian  /  Yunnan Province
郑高峰, 王嘉树, 李炳鑫, 刘乐, 薛进庄. 云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组两种石松类植物及其演化和古地理意义*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (2) : 755 -772 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.068
Gaofeng ZHENG, Jiashu WANG, Bingxin LI, Le LIU, Jinzhuang XUE. Two lycopsid plants from the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation of Qujing,Yunnan,China and their evolutionary and paleogeographic implications[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (2) : 755 -772 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.068
维管植物在志留纪、泥盆纪辐射演化,奠定了陆地植被及陆地生态系统的基础(DiMichele and Bateman,1996;薛进庄和郝守刚,2014;Xue et al., 2018;Capel et al., 2022)。中泥盆世是早期维管植物支系演化及森林形成的关键时期,在全球范围内具丰富的化石记录(Capel et al., 2022,2023),为了解早期陆地植被的阶段式演化及其机制提供了丰富的研究材料。
中泥盆统在中国出露广泛,含有大量植物化石, 其中北方植物区系主要分布在新疆准噶尔盆地西缘一带(徐洪河等,2015;Liu et al., 2024),南方植物区系主要包括湖北、湖南、云南等地区(蔡重阳和王怿,1995)。南方植物区系中既有全球性分布的代表属种如Leclerqia,又有很多地方性属种,如Minarodendron、Longostachys、Yuguangia等(蔡重阳和王怿,1995;Hao et al., 2007)。云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组中的植物化石是南方植物区系的典型代表,植物组合以石松类为主,兼具大量的地方性特色植物,被称为海口植物群或西冲植物群(Hao et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2007)。在该植物群中,石松类已演化出乔木、异孢、叶舌等重要性状(Hao et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2007;刘乐等,2018)。
基于云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组的化石材料,笔者报道了2种石松类植物,即沾益拟鳞木(新种)Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.和华夏小木Minarodendron cathaysiense,对它们的形态学特征进行描述和比较,并结合华南中泥盆世晚期的其他石松类植物,探讨了这一类群的演化及其古地理分布。研究成果进一步丰富了华南中泥盆世的植物多样性,也为石松类植物的演化提供了新的证据。
本研究的植物化石标本均采自云南省曲靖市中泥盆统海口组,化石产地位于沾益区盘江镇中村西侧的采石场,GPS位置为25°43'7″N, 103°48'22″E(图 1)。1条中间道路将该采石场剖面截断形成2个露头,笔者分别测制了露头1(剖面下部)和露头2(剖面上部)。该剖面岩性主要为砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、中—细粒砂岩,整体由多个向上变细的沉积旋回叠覆构成,旋回之间呈侵蚀接触关系(图 2)。砾岩多为颗粒支撑,其中砾石基本为石英质,砾径最小者为1~2 cm, 稍大者为4~5 cm, 个别砾石砾径可达8 cm(图2-e, 2-f), 磨圆度较好—好, 不同层位间砾径差异显著。砂岩整体厚度大,为多期叠置砂体(图 2-b),常见块状构造,局部可见板状交错层理或槽状交错层理(图 2-c),仅在每个旋回的顶部夹少量横向不连续的薄层泥质粉砂岩或泥岩,富含植物化石(图 2-g)。含砾粗砂岩中常保存有较粗的平躺茎干化石(图 2-d)。野外观察表明,中村剖面的海口组沉积物以推移质搬运为主,露头剖面常显示砂体呈宽阔席状或带状展布,横向连续性较好,砂体内部可见多条分流河道切割叠置(图 2-b),表现为辫状河沉积特征。更精细的沉积学分析有待进一步开展。
曲靖地区的中泥盆统从下到上依次为穿洞组、上双河组和海口组(Yang et al., 1981;彭辉平等,2016),后2个组有时被合并为西冲组(蔡重阳等,1994;Wang et al., 2007)或被称为广义的海口组(侯鸿飞和王士涛,1988)。文中采用穿洞组和海口组的划分方案。
海口组广泛分布在云南昆明、沾益、武定、华宁和禄劝等地(Hao et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2007;Liu et al., 2013;Xue et al., 2016),形成时代被界定为中泥盆世吉维特期,主要证据为在该套地层中发现了Bothriolepis(沟鳞鱼)和孢粉组合Geminospora lemurata-Cristatisporites triangulatus或Archaeozotriletes variabilis-Cymbosporites magnificus (卢礼昌和欧阳舒,1978;蔡重阳,2000;田家杰和朱怀诚,2005)。以往,在海口组发现的石松类植物包括Minarodendron cathaysiense、Yuguangia ordinata、Lepidodendropsis arborescens及Colpodexylon variabile等(Schweitzer and Cai,1987;Hao et al., 2007;Liu et al., 2013;马嘉欣和徐洪河,2017)。
本研究的化石标本包括近50块压型及印痕化石, 其中Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.采集自挖掘出的粉砂岩落石中,属于露头2的下部, Minarodendron cathaysiense采集自露头1下部的粉砂岩化石层中(图 2;图 3)。化石标本保存于北京大学地球与空间科学学院地质博物馆,编号为PKUX23001至PKUX23030。
为揭示植物化石的细节特征,先在实体显微镜下对标本进行针修,再用相机进行宏观拍照,最后用体视显微镜进行微观拍照。化石的形态学测量采用Image J软件,照片排版及绘图采用CorelDRAW软件。
石松纲 Lycopsida
目、科未定 Incertae sedis
属 Lepidodendropsis Lutz,1933
模式种 Lepidodendropsis hirmeri Lutz,1933
Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense Zheng,Wang,Li,Liu et Xue,sp. nov.
种征: 具二歧式分枝的石松类。叶基呈菱形或长条形,紧密假轮状排列。叶基上部具假叶痕,呈两侧延伸的浅沟状或M形。营养叶不分叉,纤细,呈线形,长6~12 mm。孢子叶呈勺状,自茎轴水平伸出,远端向近轴面弯折,长5~8 mm。孢子叶在茎轴密集排列形成至少18 cm的繁殖区。孢子囊椭圆形,着生于孢子叶的近轴面,长1.8~2.4 mm,宽0.8~1.1 mm。
模式标本(Holotype): PKUX23009a(图 4-a)
副模标本: PKUX23004(图 4-b)、PKUX23006(图 5-f)、PKUX23001(图 6-a)
词源: 种名zhanyiense来自化石采集地沾益区的汉语拼音
产地及层位: 云南省曲靖市沾益区中村剖面中泥盆统海口组
保存地点: 北京大学地球与空间科学学院地质博物馆
原始鳞木目 Protolepidodendrales
原始鳞木科 Protolepidodendraceae
属 Minarodendron Li,1990
模式种 Minarodendron cathaysiense(Schweitzer et Cai,1987)Li,1990
Minarodendron cathaysiense
归入标本: PKUX23012和PKUX23013(图 7)
产地及层位: 云南省曲靖市沾益区中村剖面中泥盆统海口组
同层保存的茎干分为细枝和粗枝(图 4-a),具二歧式分枝,分叉角度为44°~80°。图 4-b中细枝以较大的角度(80°)分叉,形成2个子枝。图 4-a中细枝的分叉从岩层中穿层而出(箭头),其分枝角度呈钝角, 似为压实变形所致;分叉后的细枝沿层面展布,其中保存最长的细枝长58 cm,宽约5 mm。粗枝的茎宽为2.5~2.8 cm,保存的最大长度约为13 cm。粗枝的叶基形态、排列方式与细枝一致,且与细枝保存在同一岩层面上,因此笔者认为它们属于同一种植物(图 4-a)。
茎轴具叶基和宿存的叶片(图 4;图 5)。细枝的叶基呈紧密假轮状排列,有明显的直列线和水平排,叶基之间无纵纹装饰。叶基大小较均匀,长1.2~1.5 mm,宽0.3~0.4 mm,每轮有8~10个叶基。大部分叶基以凹坑形式保存,但在以碳膜压型形式保存的化石中,叶基表现为上凸的长条形铸体(图 5-d),可与凹坑相对应。一些叶基具较明显的菱形轮廓(图 5-b,5-f,5-k),其他一些则无,可能反映叶基不同的保存状态。一些叶基凹坑的上部可见假叶痕,呈向两侧延伸的浅沟(图 5-h,5-i)。
粗枝的叶基排列较为松散,亦呈假轮状排列,每轮12~16个叶基,长2.4~3.6 mm,宽0.4~0.6 mm,叶基之间无明显的纹饰,呈长条形或梭形(图 5-a,5-j)。在一些叶基凹坑的中央,可见1条较为清晰的中线(图 5-a)。一些粗枝叶基凹坑的顶部可见假叶痕呈较为规则的M型样式(图 5-h)。
营养叶以20°~45°向上从茎轴伸出,呈线形,长6~12 mm,宽约0.5 mm,具1条清晰的碳化叶脉。叶片基部向下延伸,远端变细(图 4-c,4-d),顶端不分叉。
孢子叶与营养叶不同型。孢子叶整体呈勺状,可分为近水平的近端叶柄和向上弯折的远端叶片2个部分(图 6-c,6-d,6-f,6-g)。近端叶柄长1~2 mm,远端叶片长4~6 mm,孢子叶整体长5~8 mm。孢子叶近端的上表面着生孢子囊,叶片基部略向下延伸,一些孢子叶上的孢子囊保存较差(图 6-e)。
孢子叶密集排列,在细枝聚集形成繁殖区(图 6-a)。一个保存较好的繁殖区长约18 cm,轴宽3~4 mm(不包括孢子叶),但顶部不完整,且茎轴未见变细趋势,因此完整的繁殖区应该更长。繁殖区中的孢子叶可保存在茎轴的正面(图 6-b)或侧面(图 6-c,6-d,6-e)。保存在茎轴正面的孢子叶未保存远端叶片而显露保存完好的椭圆形孢子囊,呈螺旋状密集排列(图 6-b)。一些保存在茎轴侧面的孢子叶可见其近轴面着生的椭圆形孢子囊,长1.8~2.2 mm,宽0.8~1 mm。另有一些较为破碎的繁殖标本(图 6-h)及散落的孢子叶—孢子囊复合体(图 6-f),它们展示出相似的孢子叶形态,孢子囊着生在叶的近轴面上,整体呈椭圆形,长2~2.4 mm,最宽处为0.9~1.1 mm,比未散落的孢子囊略大, 孢子囊中所含孢子类型未知。
该植物的茎干散乱保存在同一岩层面上,可见1或2次二歧式分叉,保存最长的茎干长约1 m,宽4~5 mm(图 7-a)。叶基为卵圆形或纺锤形,假轮状排列,长3~4 mm,宽0.8~1.2 mm,有明显的直列线、斜列线和水平排,斜列线的角度为60°~70°。叶基上部具不规则的凹坑状假叶痕(图 7-g,7-h), 叶基之间的距离宽0.2~0.25 mm(图 7-e,7-f)。该种植物的叶片末端分叉,叶片基部至分叉点的长度为2.5~4.5 mm,叶片基部最宽,约为1 mm(图 7-b,7-c)。由于保存原因,常见二分叉保存的叶片(图 7-d)。
Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense 具有假轮状排列的叶基,缺乏典型的叶痕,叶纤细不分叉,具较长的繁殖区,孢子叶呈勺状,孢子囊椭圆形,着生于孢子叶近轴面。相较于同期的石松类植物,该植物与拟鳞木Lepidodendropsis属最为相近。该属由Lutz建立,模式种为Lepidodendropsis hirmeri(锉拟鳞木),模式标本采自于德国Bavaria州Hof附近的Geigen早石炭世地层(Lutz,1933)。斯行健(1956)和《中国古生代植物》编写小组(1974)将中国江苏上泥盆统五通组上部发现的一些标本也归入L. hirmeri,并认为Lepidodendropsis属的主要特征为叶座明显、 狭细、 假轮状排列、 上下交错、 无明显的叶痕、 叶不分叉。本次研究的植物形态学特征与Lepidodendropsis属征相符,因此可归入该属, 但其在叶基大小、形状等方面与该属已报道的其他种类存在差异,且本次研究标本具较长的繁殖区,孢子叶—孢子囊复合体的特征清晰,因此鉴定为一新种。
Lepidodendropsis在全球很多地区均有发现,包括美国、前苏联、阿根廷、秘鲁、埃及和中国等(Lejal,1968),但绝大部分化石以具叶基的营养轴形式保存,各种之间的详细对比极为困难,需要在后续工作中予以系统厘定。笔者主要针对中国目前报道的Lepidodendropsis各个种进行对比(表 1)。
本次研究的标本与模式种Lepidodendropsis hirmeri较为相似,叶基的大小、排列方式基本一致,但形态存在一定差异。L. hirmeri的茎轴较细,叶基排列非常紧密,呈狭方形至纺锤形,有时略呈六角形,两端伸尖,下端有时特别伸长,近顶端具小凹坑(斯行健,1956);而本次研究的标本叶基为长条形至梭形,顶部具向外延伸的浅沟。
云南曲靖、沾益、武定、禄劝等地区的中泥盆统(海口组或西冲组)已报道的Lepidodendropsis属植物包括L. arborescens(大拟鳞木)、L. sinensis(中国拟鳞木)和L. kazachstanica(哈萨克斯坦拟鳞木)(Schweitzer and Cai,1987)。L. arborescens也见于湖南中泥盆统跳马涧组(冯少南等,1977), 最初其被报道的属种名为Protolepidodendron? arborescens(Sze,1936),在后来的著作中被修改为Lepidodendropsis? arborescens(Sze,1944;斯行健,1953),表明当初斯行健先生对该种在属的鉴定方面是存在疑问的。《中国古生代植物》一书则直接使用Lepidodendropsis arborescens,这一名称被后期的文献沿用(Schweitzer and Cai,1987;Wang et al., 2007)。与本次研究的标本比较,L. arborescens的一些茎轴更宽,叶基形态为长卵形至椭圆形,稀疏排列,叶基正中或略靠上部具圆形或纵卵形的点痕(中国古生代植物编写小组,1974;Schweitzer and Cai,1987)。
Hsü(1947)报道了云南禄劝中泥盆统的Sublepidodendron? sinensis(Hsü,1947),《中国古生代植物》一书将其归入Lepidodendropsis,即L. sinensis(中国拟鳞木)。该种的叶基呈假轮状排列,两侧隆起,中部形成一凹坑(中国古生代植物编写小组,1974;Schweitzer and Cai,1987;孙克勤等,2010),而本次研究的标本叶基中部不具有凹坑。
Schweitzer和Cai(1987)报道了云南沾益中泥盆统的Lepidodendropsis kazachstanica。与本次研究的标本相比,L. kazachstanica的叶基以约15°的角度向上螺旋排列,叶座呈宽菱形,两侧略凸起,叶座上部有比较明显的叶痕存在。
除上述化石之外, 华南中—上泥盆统中报道的Lepidodendropsis还包括L. guanzhuangensis(官庄拟鳞木)、L. niuewansis(牛轭湾拟鳞木)、L. theodori(特氏拟鳞木)、L. tiaomaensis(跳马拟鳞木)以及L. yangtzensis(扬子拟鳞木)等(表 1),但很多种的记录较为简略,鉴定标本较少,可能存在同物异名问题,需要专文阐述,笔者暂作为对比使用。L. guanzhuangensis的叶基彼此相连,呈菱形或斜方形,正中有1个卵圆形的维管束痕(冯少南等,1977)。L. niuewansis叶基较大,顶端钝而微尖,下端尖,假轮状排列(冯少南等,1977)。L. theodori的叶基表面略凸起,中央有1条不明显的纵沟,排列紧密,间距带极窄(王洪峰,2003)。L. tiaomaensis和L. yangtzensis分别采自湖南长沙、株洲中泥盆统跳马涧组以及湖北汉阳上泥盆统五通组(冯少南等,1977)。与本次研究的标本相比,L. tiaomaensis的叶基较大,彼此分离,上下交错呈菱形,上端有圆形小突起即点痕,而 L. yangtzensis的叶基螺旋状排列,紧靠而分离,倒卵形,叶座上部有1个卵形的维管束痕。
在华南地区以外,Lepidodendropsis主要发现于下石炭统,如在美国早石炭世地层中的L. scobiniformis、L.vandergrachii、L.sigillarioides等。这3种Lepidodendropsis属植物的叶基排列方式、点痕形态与本次研究的标本不同: L.scobiniformis的叶基为拉长的菱形,近螺旋排列,点痕位于叶基的上部,呈四边形到圆形,维管束痕位于叶基中部,但细节不明显(Read,1955); L.vandergrachii的叶基较小,近菱形,具近乎完美的水平和垂直排列,点痕位于叶基的上部,为椭圆形,维管束痕位于叶基中部,在其下方还有1个模糊的痕迹,叶基边缘有广泛凸起(Jongmans et al., 1937); L. sigillarioides仅有模糊的描述,叶基呈明显的水平和垂直排列,具有点痕和中央垂直的纵脊(沟)(Jongmans et al., 1937)。产自埃及早石炭世地层中的L. fenesiraia的叶基为纺锤形,顶端圆形,下部锥形,未见点痕,假轮状排列,叶基之间有纵向的间带(Jongmas and Koopmans,1940)。产自英格兰早石炭世地层的L. jonesi和L. recurvifolia的叶基形态与本次研究的标本存在明显区别,其中L. jonesi的叶基为六边形,假垂直排列,有简单的叶子,点痕和维管束痕不清楚,而L. recurvifolia的叶基也为六边形,点痕为圆形到椭圆形, 位于叶基上部,叶基中部存在维管束痕(Lacey,1962)。
本次描述的Minarodendron cathaysiense特征与以往在云南曲靖中泥盆统中发现并报道的该种标本极为相似(表 2;Schweitzer and Cai,1987;Li,1990;Liu et al., 2013)。尽管在本次研究的材料中未发现繁殖结构,叶片的三分叉特征也未能得以揭示,但通过茎轴和叶基形态及排列方式的对比,笔者认为其宜归入M. cathaysiense。
在早期的文献中,Lepidodendropsis和Minarodendron等中泥盆世石松类植物的叶基通常被描述为叶座(leaf cushion)(如,中国古生代植物编写小组,1974)。然而,叶座是石炭纪—二叠纪鳞木类植物的典型特征(王祺等,2013),因此隐含了Lepidodendropsis、Minarodendron等早期类群的叶基和鳞木类的叶座结构是同源的这一假设。依据前人研究成果及大量晚泥盆世石松类标本的观察,一些学者建议将“叶座”这一术语用于描述在被埋藏之前叶片已经脱落的茎轴标本(具有离层),而“叶基(leaf base)”这一术语可用于描述那些叶片宿存在茎轴上的标本。基于这样的定义,晚泥盆世的一些石松类, 如Minostrobus和Changxingia,既可以观察到叶座,也常可以在细枝上观察到叶基。本次研究的Lepidodendropsis和Minarodendron标本均显示出宿存叶的存在,因此可称为叶基(Meng et al., 2016)。与典型的鳞木类叶座相比,Lepidodendropsis、Minarodendron以及晚泥盆世的Sublepidodendron、Minostrobus、Changxingia等石松类的叶座或叶基更为简单,缺乏叶痕、通气道痕等特征(Schweitzer and Cai,1987;Wang et al., 2003,2012,2014;Liu et al., 2013),因此代表了一种原始状态。
叶舌在中泥盆世的一些石松类已出现。在原始鳞木类植物Leclercqia complexa(复杂莱氏蕨)中,叶舌位于叶片分叉之前的近轴面(Grierson and Bonamo,1979), Yuguangia(玉光蕨)的叶舌位于叶柄的远端位置(Hao et al., 2007)。在石炭纪—二叠纪的鳞木类中,叶舌通常位于叶痕的上方(DiMichele,1981;Thomas,1978;孟美岑,2013)。在这些植物中叶舌具多样化的位置, 可能暗示它们的叶舌是独立起源的。
Lepidodendropsis和Minarodendron的叶基中部常具横向裂缝或纵向线状、椭圆状结构,前人有时将其统称为假叶痕(false leaf scar,如Wang et al. 2003)。本文标本叶基中上部亦具有假叶痕,在一些粗枝上呈M型(如图 5-h),与石炭纪早期的Tomiodendron茎干压型化石十分相似。前人曾将晚泥盆世—石炭纪其他石松类(如Changxingia、Minostrobus、Tomiodendron)叶痕或假叶痕上边缘的M形结构描述为叶舌穴(Meyen,1972;Wang et al., 2012,2014), 然而对于压型保存的茎轴而言,判定叶舌的存在与否非常困难(王祺等,2013)。
笔者尝试对石松类叶片和叶基进行三维重建,并进行埋藏学模拟(图 8)。结果表明,在剥离围岩的过程中随着破裂面的不同,叶基或叶座的形态也具有明显区别, 但叶基上边缘的M形结构仅能代表小型叶叶片基部上表面受中脉影响形成凹陷,而与叶舌的结构无关。在一些真正具有叶舌的石松类中,叶舌穴通常表现为小的沉积物铸体,且常与叶痕之间隔开一定的距离(王祺等,2013), 因此前人认为的“叶舌穴”(Meyen,1972)可能并不能真实反映叶舌的位置和结构。
中泥盆世的石松类显示出极为复杂的面貌,其中原始鳞木目成员(如Leclercqia、Colpodexylon及本文报道的Minarodendron等)最为繁盛,另有Yuguangia、Longostachys(长穗蕨)、Hoxtolgaya(和什托洛盖蕨)及Lepidodendropsis等属(Schweitzer and Cai,1987;Cai and Chen,1996;Hao et al., 2007;Xu et al., 2012)。华南中泥盆世晚期的石松类已演化出了异孢、具叶舌的类型(Yuguangia),有的甚至还有完整的根系统保存(Longostachys)。Hoxtolgaya和Minarodendron可能是乔木、同孢的类型(Xu et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013),而石炭纪—二叠纪占优势的广义水韭目石松类均是异孢的。这些石松类复杂的性状组合对探讨它们的分类和演化提出了挑战。
原始鳞木目被认为是晚泥盆世至石炭纪异孢、具叶舌石松类的祖先类群(Stewart and Rothwell,1993;Gensel and Berry,2001)。前人曾将原始鳞木目分为3个科(Gensel and Berry,2001),即原始鳞木科(Protolepidodendraceae)、哈氏蕨科(Haskinsiaceae)和古封印木科(Archaeosigillariaceae)。Minarodendron属于原始鳞木目原始鳞木科(Li,1990;Liu et al., 2013)。早泥盆世的正理蕨(Zhenglia)也被归入原始鳞木目,但科未定(Hao et al., 2006)。Lepidodendropsis也曾被归入原始鳞木目(中国古生代植物编写小组,1974),但它与其他成员存在很大差异。
目前对于Lepidodendropsis、Yuguangia、Hoxtolgaya的分类位置尚还存疑。其中,Yuguangia是异孢的,可能与广义水韭目石松类的关系更近; Hoxtolgaya为同孢; 目前无法确定Lepidodendropsis是同孢或异孢。在叶基形态特征方面,Lepidodendropsis和Hoxtolgaya均不具叶痕及叶舌穴,叶基呈假轮状或螺旋状排列,与Minarodendron较为相似,且相较于早泥盆世的Zhenglia(Hao et al., 2006)而言,也并未显示出更多新的结构。因此,自早泥盆世至中泥盆世,石松类似乎沿多个不同的路径演化:
其一,是同孢但叶片具分叉或突起的原始鳞木目原始鳞木科,这是一个颇为独特的分支,与后期的鳞木类可能无直接的祖裔关系; 其二,Yuguangia和Longostachys等异孢石松类,它们在繁殖生物学特征方面与后期的鳞木类更为相似; 其三,以Hoxtolgaya为代表的同孢类型,叶片并不分叉。Lepidodendropsis属于后两者中的一支。本次研究的Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense具较长的繁殖区,这一点与Hoxtolgaya及原始鳞木目成员一致,而不同于晚泥盆世具典型孢子叶球的石松类。这几条演化路径都共享了相似的、原始的叶基形态,且一些植物演化出了较大的体型(即树型习性),体现出它们在营养结构方面具有相似的进化程度。
笔者综合分析了目前已知的华南中泥盆世Lepidodendropsis及其他石松类植物的分布数据(图 9;表 3)。结果表明,在中泥盆世,Lepidodendropsis在华南的分布和物种多样性已经具备了一定的规模,已发现7种,包括: 湖南跳马涧组中的Lepidodendropsis arborescens、L. guanzhuanggensis和L. niuewansis, 四川金宝石组中的L. theodori以及云南海口组中的L. sinensis、L. arborescens、L. kazachstanica和L. zhanyiense。相较于在欧美大多数地区晚泥盆世—早石炭世地层中发现的Lepidodendropsis而言,该属在华南地区出现得更早且已经形成了一定的规模,表明华南地区可能是该属的起源中心。
结合其他石松类数据来看,中泥盆世华南地区的石松类非常丰富,包括Colpodexylon variabile、Leclercqia complexa、Lepidosigillaria? cycloformis、Tiaomaphyton fui等(Schweitzer and Cai,1987;马嘉欣和徐洪河,2017;Xu et al., 2018,2020)。它们主要分布在云南的海口组和湖南省的跳马涧组,少量分布在云台观组、一打得组、金宝石组。海口组中石松类最为丰富,包括3种Lepidodendropsis、2种原始鳞木类(Colpodexylon variabile、Minarodendron cathaysiense)以及2种其他石松类(Lepidosigillaria? cycloformis、Yuguangia ordinata)。因此,华南中泥盆世晚期植物群整体以繁盛且多样化的石松类为特征。
中泥盆世晚期,华南地区的海侵范围扩大,云南、湖南、湖北等地区被海域覆盖,海侵向北到达鄂西(曾允孚等,1993)。云南曲靖地区的海口组富含石松类植物,主要由砂岩、泥岩等碎屑岩组成,偶夹海相碳酸盐岩,一般认为属于海陆过渡环境(沈权,1991)。但海口组的沉积环境在不同剖面可能不同,详细的沉积学研究仍有待开展。本次研究的化石产地中村剖面显示出辫状河沉积特点,可能位于牛首山岛(或称牛首山古陆)的陆地部分(云南省地质矿产局,1990;曾允孚等,1993)。云台观组主要由滨岸相的灰白色巨厚层、厚层石英砂岩组成,总厚度60~130 m,具小型树状石松类Longostachys latisporoplyllus(Cai and Chen,1996)。跳马涧组产出多种Lepidodendropsis以及原始鳞木类Tiaomaphyton fui,该组被划分为上、下2个岩性段,下段以辫状河沉积为主,主要由石英砂岩和石英砾岩组成,岩层呈透镜状,发育高角度斜层理; 上段主要为滨海相的潮坪沉积,由粉砂岩、砂质页岩和泥岩组成,同时发育“人”字形交错层理、透镜状层理及波状层理等(王刚田,1984)。金宝石组发育河流、碎屑滨岸、混积陆棚和碳酸盐岩缓坡4种沉积相(李凤杰等,2023),L. theodori可能产出于河流或滨岸相中。
综上,Lepidodendropsis分布于云南、湖南、四川等地,主要发现于河流相或滨岸相。华南地区的石松类具有独特的属种组合(如Lepidodendropsis的最早出现),区域性特征明显,可能反映中泥盆世华南较为隔离的古地理位置及特定的生态环境。在中泥盆世,华南处于温暖湿润的热带地区(Boucot et al., 2013),植物主要生长在河流、三角洲、滨海湿地等低洼潮湿环境中,石松类植物可能是形成该时期薄煤层的植物种类之一(韩德馨等,1993)。
1)本次研究详细描述了云南曲靖中泥盆统海口组的2种石松类植物新材料,根据其叶基形态和排列方式、繁殖结构、叶片是否分叉等特征,将其归入Lepidodendropsis zhanyiense sp. nov.和Minarodendron cathaysiense。L. zhanyiense的特征包括具假轮状排列的简单叶基、细长不分叉的叶片、较长的繁殖区以及勺形的孢子叶等。
2)华南中泥盆世晚期植物群以繁盛且多样化的石松类为特征。石松类植物虽种类复杂,但叶基形态具有一定的一致性和保守性,Lepidodendropsis和Minarodendron的叶基形态可以追溯至早泥盆世的Zhenglia。
3)中泥盆世华南地区位于温暖湿润的热带地区,该区的石松类植物具明显的区域性特征,可能是华南与其他板块的隔离效应所致。
  • * 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800200)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42472009)
  • 自然资源部部门预算项目(121113000000180001)
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2026年第28卷第2期
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doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.068
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-03-19
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0800200)
* 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800200)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472009)
国家自然科学基金项目(42472009)
budget item of Ministry of Natural Resources of China(121113000000180001)
自然资源部部门预算项目(121113000000180001)
作者信息
    1 北京大学地球与空间科学学院,造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
    2 中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室,北京 100034
    3 中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083

通讯作者:

王嘉树,男,1996年生,中国地质博物馆地质标本研究与检测实验室研究助理,主要从事泥盆纪古植物学与沉积地层学研究。 E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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