Article(id=1251457070889911203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300216647, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1759593600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300216647, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300216647, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300216647, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251457062706820082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, year='2025', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1119', pageEnd='1244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300214696, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300327814, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251457537212629591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251457537212629592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1176, endPage=1184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251457071217066935, articleId=1251457070889911203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, language=EN, title=Design and performance verification of PVDF piezoelectric thin film tactile sensor based on improved BP neural network, columnId=1251457065399563262, journalTitle=Electronic Components and Materials, columnName=Research & Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of tactile sensing technology,the application of piezoelectric materials in tactile sensors has garnered increasing attention. Currently,tactile sensors face challenges such as low recognition accuracy,insufficient response sensitivity,and poor stability in complex environments. To address these issues,research was conducted on utilizing the piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)to convert external force signals into electrical signals for sensor design. Additionally,a microcontroller was utilized for real-time acquisition and storage of data collected by tactile sensors. At the same time,the improved Back Propagation(BP)neural network was combined withParticle Swarm Optimization(PSO)to enhance signal processing and recognition capabilities. The sensitivity and response accuracy of the sensor were significantly improved through the design of a PVDF multilayer structure. The results show that the classification performance(accuracy 98.54%,recall 98.13%,F1 value 97.42%)is significantly better than that of the comparison algorithm,and the highest recognition accuracy of the sensor for different roughness and hardness items reaches 95% and 96%,respectively,with a maximum root mean square error(RMSE)of only 0.032.In summary,the design of a PVDF piezoelectric film and single-chip tactile sensor based on the improved BP has effectively improved the response accuracy of tactile sensors under different tactile stimuli,with high perceptual sensitivity and stability. This further promotes the application and development of intelligent robots in precision operations and complex tasks.

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随着触觉传感技术的不断发展,压电材料在触觉传感器中的应用引起了广泛关注。当前触觉传感器在复杂环境下面临着识别精度、响应灵敏度和稳定性低等挑战。为此,本研究利用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene Difluoride,PVDF)的压电特性将外部力信号转换为电信号来设计传感器,并利用单片机对触觉传感器收集到的数据进行读取和存储。同时,采用改进反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络与粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)策略相结合,提升信号识别与处理能力。通过多层PVDF结构设计,显著提高了传感器的灵敏度和响应精度。结果显示,分类性能(准确率98.54%,召回率98.13%,F1值97.42%)显著优于对比算法,且传感器在不同粗糙度和硬度物品的最高识别精度分别达到了95%和96%,最大均方根误差仅为0.032。综上所述,基于改进BP的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器设计,有效提高了触觉传感器在不同触觉刺激下的响应精度,具有较高的感知灵敏度和稳定性,进一步推动了智能机器人在精密操作和复杂任务中的应用。

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李莉,副教授,硕士,研究方向为控制理论与控制工程。E-mail:

, authorsList=李莉)}, authors=[Author(id=1251457078859088058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457070889911203, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=S20030299@sina.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251457078955557057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457070889911203, authorId=1251457078859088058, language=EN, stringName=Li LI, firstName=Li, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical, Electrical and Automotive Engineering, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan 030032, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251457079039443141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457070889911203, authorId=1251457078859088058, language=CN, stringName=李莉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=太原大学 机电与车辆工程学院,山西 太原 030032, bio={"content":"

李莉,副教授,硕士,研究方向为控制理论与控制工程。E-mail:

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李莉,副教授,硕士,研究方向为控制理论与控制工程。E-mail:

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Experimental Environment Configuration

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设备配置作用
PVDF压电薄膜传感器尺寸:10cm×10cm主要传感器,用于感知触觉刺激
STM32单片机STM32F103C8T6,32位ARM Cortex-M3处理器负责传感器信号采集和处理
压力传感器压力范围:0~100N,精度:0.1N用于施加外部触觉刺激
数据采集卡16位分辨率,采样率:1kHz以上用于将模拟信号转换为数字信号
示波器频带宽度:100MHz,采样率:1GSa/s用于观察传感器信号波形
稳压电源输出电压:5~12V,提供稳定电源为实验设备提供电力支持
MATLABR2021b版本,神经网络工具箱用于数据分析和神经网络模型训练
Keil开发环境支持STM32的程序开发与调试用于单片机程序开发与调试
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实验环境配置

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设备配置作用
PVDF压电薄膜传感器尺寸:10cm×10cm主要传感器,用于感知触觉刺激
STM32单片机STM32F103C8T6,32位ARM Cortex-M3处理器负责传感器信号采集和处理
压力传感器压力范围:0~100N,精度:0.1N用于施加外部触觉刺激
数据采集卡16位分辨率,采样率:1kHz以上用于将模拟信号转换为数字信号
示波器频带宽度:100MHz,采样率:1GSa/s用于观察传感器信号波形
稳压电源输出电压:5~12V,提供稳定电源为实验设备提供电力支持
MATLABR2021b版本,神经网络工具箱用于数据分析和神经网络模型训练
Keil开发环境支持STM32的程序开发与调试用于单片机程序开发与调试
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Comparison of classification performance of different algorithms

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物品不同算法的均方根误差
改进BPCNNRFSVMp
木材0.0300.0450.0390.0420.032
橡胶0.0250.0410.0350.0450.011
塑料0.0280.0420.0380.0480.001
织物0.0320.0460.0410.0500.028
软橡胶0.0270.0410.0370.0460.045
海绵0.0260.0430.0390.0470.031
金属0.0290.0440.0400.0490.020
陶瓷0.0310.0450.0420.0540.001
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不同算法的分类效果对比

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物品不同算法的均方根误差
改进BPCNNRFSVMp
木材0.0300.0450.0390.0420.032
橡胶0.0250.0410.0350.0450.011
塑料0.0280.0420.0380.0480.001
织物0.0320.0460.0410.0500.028
软橡胶0.0270.0410.0370.0460.045
海绵0.0260.0430.0390.0470.031
金属0.0290.0440.0400.0490.020
陶瓷0.0310.0450.0420.0540.001
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基于改进BP神经网络的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器设计与性能验证
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李莉
电子元件与材料 | 研究与试制 2025,44(10): 1176-1184
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电子元件与材料 | 研究与试制 2025, 44(10): 1176-1184
基于改进BP神经网络的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器设计与性能验证
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李莉
作者信息
  • 太原大学 机电与车辆工程学院,山西 太原 030032
  • 李莉,副教授,硕士,研究方向为控制理论与控制工程。E-mail:

Design and performance verification of PVDF piezoelectric thin film tactile sensor based on improved BP neural network
Li LI
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical, Electrical and Automotive Engineering, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan 030032, China
出版时间: 2025-10-05 doi: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0195
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随着触觉传感技术的不断发展,压电材料在触觉传感器中的应用引起了广泛关注。当前触觉传感器在复杂环境下面临着识别精度、响应灵敏度和稳定性低等挑战。为此,本研究利用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene Difluoride,PVDF)的压电特性将外部力信号转换为电信号来设计传感器,并利用单片机对触觉传感器收集到的数据进行读取和存储。同时,采用改进反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络与粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)策略相结合,提升信号识别与处理能力。通过多层PVDF结构设计,显著提高了传感器的灵敏度和响应精度。结果显示,分类性能(准确率98.54%,召回率98.13%,F1值97.42%)显著优于对比算法,且传感器在不同粗糙度和硬度物品的最高识别精度分别达到了95%和96%,最大均方根误差仅为0.032。综上所述,基于改进BP的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器设计,有效提高了触觉传感器在不同触觉刺激下的响应精度,具有较高的感知灵敏度和稳定性,进一步推动了智能机器人在精密操作和复杂任务中的应用。

改进BP神经网络  /  PVDF压电薄膜  /  单片机  /  触觉传感器  /  信号处理

With the continuous development of tactile sensing technology,the application of piezoelectric materials in tactile sensors has garnered increasing attention. Currently,tactile sensors face challenges such as low recognition accuracy,insufficient response sensitivity,and poor stability in complex environments. To address these issues,research was conducted on utilizing the piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)to convert external force signals into electrical signals for sensor design. Additionally,a microcontroller was utilized for real-time acquisition and storage of data collected by tactile sensors. At the same time,the improved Back Propagation(BP)neural network was combined withParticle Swarm Optimization(PSO)to enhance signal processing and recognition capabilities. The sensitivity and response accuracy of the sensor were significantly improved through the design of a PVDF multilayer structure. The results show that the classification performance(accuracy 98.54%,recall 98.13%,F1 value 97.42%)is significantly better than that of the comparison algorithm,and the highest recognition accuracy of the sensor for different roughness and hardness items reaches 95% and 96%,respectively,with a maximum root mean square error(RMSE)of only 0.032.In summary,the design of a PVDF piezoelectric film and single-chip tactile sensor based on the improved BP has effectively improved the response accuracy of tactile sensors under different tactile stimuli,with high perceptual sensitivity and stability. This further promotes the application and development of intelligent robots in precision operations and complex tasks.

improve BP neural network  /  PVDF piezoelectric film  /  single-chip microcomputer  /  tactile sensor  /  signal processing
李莉. 基于改进BP神经网络的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器设计与性能验证. 电子元件与材料, 2025 , 44 (10) : 1176 -1184 . DOI: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0195
Li LI. Design and performance verification of PVDF piezoelectric thin film tactile sensor based on improved BP neural network[J]. Electronic Components and Materials, 2025 , 44 (10) : 1176 -1184 . DOI: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0195
随着智能计算技术的迅猛发展,机械技术在医疗、工业及农业等多个高精度领域的应用逐渐深入。触觉传感器作为人工智能与机器人技术的重要组成部分,在环境感知和人机交互领域发挥着越来越关键的作用。然而,传统触觉传感器大多依赖电阻、电容或光学传感技术,这些技术在灵敏度、响应速度和环境适应性等方面存在一定的局限性[1]。人体皮肤作为精确的感知器官,主要依靠表皮迈斯纳小体对外界机械刺激作出反应[2]。因此,提高触觉感知器的灵敏度关键在于提高触觉感知材料的敏感性。聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)作为一种高度非反应性热塑性含氟聚合物,具备优异的物理化学稳定性及压电性,成为构建高灵敏度触觉传感器的理想材料[3]。例如,武继静等利用PVDF设计的多模态柔性触觉传感器,在压力、应变和温度方面的响应灵敏度分别达到了1.29mV/N,1.38mV/%,0.12mV/℃,验证了PVDF薄膜在触觉传感器中的有效性[4]。Hari等通过PVDF薄膜设计的触觉传感器在检测手指弯曲时,显示出29mV/(°)的响应,证明了其在手指运动感知中的巨大应用潜力[5]。然而,PVDF电信号处理仍存在一定的挑战,尤其是信号噪声较大和动态响应能力不足,这限制了其在复杂环境中的应用。PVDF薄膜在外力作用下能够产生电荷信号,并通过这些电信号来传递信息从而感知外部触觉信息。因此,电信号处理和解码是提升触觉传感器精度的关键。近年来,神经网络结构因其强大的数据分析能力受到广泛关注。反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络,凭借其多层次结构、反馈及记忆功能等特点,在信号识别和预测中表现出色[6]。已有研究表明,利用神经网络结构可以显著提高触觉传感器的信号处理精度和效率。彭欢等采用神经网络架构对触觉传感器信号进行识别,其准确率高达99.42%,进一步验证了神经网络在信号处理中的重要作用[6]。此外,An等通过BP神经网络对传感器数据进行分析,平均误差仅为2.76%,证实了BP神经网络在数据处理中的高效性[8]。然而,传统BP神经网络在处理复杂信号时存在收敛速度较慢和泛化能力不足的问题,这也影响了其在触觉传感器中的应用。因此,在这一背景下,本研究创新性地结合PVDF压电薄膜与单片机,设计了一款触觉传感器,并采用改进的BP神经网络来优化信号处理过程,提升信号的识别精度与实时性。通过结合PVDF材料的高灵敏度和改进的BP神经网络的高效性,能够大幅提高触觉传感器在复杂环境中的感知精度与响应速度,推动了触觉传感技术在智能机器人、虚拟现实以及医疗诊断等领域的应用发展。
随着智能化机械的发展,具有高灵敏度的触觉传感器被广泛应用于智能家具、柔性机器人、假肢手和可穿戴电子设备等领域[9]。触觉传感器接收材料的灵敏度直接决定了传感器的准确性。在众多材料中,PVDF由于其优异的压电性能、良好的机械稳定性、低功耗以及可加工性,成为触觉传感器设计中的理想选择[10]。PVDF薄膜的压电效应使其能够将外部压力、振动或力的变化转化为电信号,从而实现高精度的触觉感知。
基于PVDF压电薄膜的触觉传感器设计框架如图1所示。在该框架中,PVDF压电薄膜作为传感器的核心材料,感应外界的触觉刺激并生成电信号。该信号经过设计的调制电路进行电流放大和滤波后,通过单片机的数模转换被输入上位机中进行信号处理,最终对触觉信号进行识别和分类。在PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器的设计中,需要考虑其可能应用的场景,如穿戴设备或柔性机器人等。因此,传感器的尺寸应尽可能小,且具备一定的柔性,以适应不同的使用环境。此外,PVDF传感器的极化方向受到外力作用时,薄膜会发生形变,导致内部正负电荷之间的距离发生变化,极化强度随之改变[11]。因此,为了提高触觉传感器的灵敏度,研究采用了4层结构进行传感器设计。最上层为支撑层,使用硅胶材料并使其表面均匀地分布着一些规则的圆形标记点。标记点的存在是为了增强硅胶层的力感知能力。第二层为PVDF压电薄膜层,主要作用是根据施加的压力产生电信号。第三层为电极层,采用铜箔作为导电材料,用于与PVDF压电薄膜共同组成传感器电极。第四层为封装层,采用硅胶材料进行密封,防止外部灰尘、水汽等杂质的进入。
PVDF薄膜层是传感器的核心部分,负责感应外界的触觉刺激并将其转换为电信号。当薄膜厚度过大时,传感器的响应速度降低,而过薄则可能导致电信号输出不足,影响传感器的灵敏度。因此,为了提高传感器的灵敏度和响应速度,通过反复测试不同厚度的PVDF薄膜,选择PVDF薄膜厚度为20 μm。电极层则采用铜箔作为导电材料,其厚度设置为0.1mm。
PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器的制备流程如图2所示。在PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器的制备流程中,首先将PVDF粉末添加到NMP溶液中,按照质量比1∶10的比例进行超声振荡40min。接着,取1mL振荡均匀的PVDF溶液,均匀滴在玻璃衬底上,并在1000r/min转速下进行离心,使PVDF溶液均匀附着在玻璃表面,形成薄膜。经过6h的静置,取下该薄膜备用。随后,将薄膜裁剪为厚度为20 μm(厚度误差范围为±1 μm),长宽分别为2mm和1mm的规格(长宽公差为±0.1mm)。最后,将PVDF薄膜与铜箔、硅胶层等材料结合并进行封装,最终完成触觉传感器的制备。
在PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器的设计中,信号采集与处理是实现高效触觉感知的关键环节。传感器通过接触物体后产生的电信号,需要经过适当的处理与转换,才能为后续的信号识别和分类提供准确的数据。触觉传感器的核心部分是PVDF压电薄膜,当外界施加压力时,薄膜会发生形变,并通过压电效应产生电荷。这些电荷通过电极层传递至信号电路,进而被单片机采集和处理。由于传感器产生的电信号通常较弱,因此需要通过前端电路进行信号放大。放大电路的设计如图3所示。
放大电路设计基于共射放大电路原理,使用阻容耦合的方式实现交流信号的放大。在此电路中,电容替代了电阻,用于耦合输入的小交流信号,使其能够有效通过电容耦合进入直流电路。同时,输出端通过电容将直流分量滤除,从而仅保留放大的交流信号。放大电路的电流响应如式(1)所示。
式中:i表示电流;jw表示频域表达中常见的虚数单位与角频率组合;表示电阻Ra与电阻Ri并联构成的分支上的欧姆电流。表示电容分支中由输入信号的变化率所导致的位移电流[12]表示来自放大器反馈支路的信号响应。放大电路的输出电压如式(2)所示。
式中:U0表示输出电压;Q表示由PVDF压电薄膜在受力时产生的电荷;Cf表示反馈回路中的电容。当PVDF传感器受到外力时,由于压电效应会释放电荷,这部分电荷通过反馈电容转化为负向输出电压[13]。由于PVDF材料的压电常数通常在几十PC/N的量级[14]。因此在设计中,研究选择了1nF的反馈电容结合1GΩ的反馈电阻,来构建放大电路设计。
图4所示,在整体调理电路中包括了低通滤波电路,用于滤除干扰信号,提高电路的抗干扰能力。此外,触觉传感器受到力的作用后,PVDF薄膜会发生形变,输出的极化电压信号呈现正负分布。单片机的模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC)需要调整信号的输出电压幅值,以便于后续数据处理[15]。为此,设计中使用了电压幅值抬升电路,提升信号的电压范围,确保信号能够适配单片机的ADC输入。此外,为了减少电路之间的影响,设计中还加入了电压跟随电路,以确保输出电压与输入电压近似相等,起到隔离和缓冲作用。
单片机负责信号的采集和数字化处理。由于PVDF薄膜传感器产生的信号是模拟信号,而单片机通常只能处理数字信号,因此需要通过ADC将模拟信号转换为数字信号。单片机的数模转换流程如下所示:首先,初始化时钟并设置时钟的分频系数;然后,设置模数转换的工作模式和规则序列信息,启动模数转换过程,最后将转换后的数据进行存储。ADC的转换结果如式(3)所示。
式中:N表示模数转换的结果;4095表示12位分辨率的ADC的最大数字输出值,即经过ADC转换后的数字值;Vi表示输入模拟信号的电压值;V+V-分别表示ADC的参考电压上限和下限。
在触觉传感器设计的基础上,对触觉信号的有效识别是实现精确触觉感知的关键。由于触觉信号具有高维度和非线性的特点,单纯依赖传统的信号处理方法难以达到理想的识别效果。反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络作为一种经典的监督学习模型,具备较强的模式识别能力[16]。然而,传统BP神经网络在应用中存在收敛速度慢、容易陷入局部最优解等问题,限制了其在复杂触觉信号处理中的应用。而粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法是一种基于群体智能理论的全局优化方法,其模拟了鸟群觅食行为[17]。PSO具有无需梯度信息、全局搜索能力强、收敛速度快和适应性强等优点,适合用于对神经网络权重的优化[18]。因此,本研究将PSO算法与BP神经网络相结合,以克服BP算法的缺陷,从而提升触觉信号识别的精度和效率。PSO的参数设定是通过网格搜索与经验值结合的方法得到的。经过多次实验,粒子数被设定为50,迭代次数为200。这些参数的选择考虑了收敛速度和计算效率的平衡,研究表明,50粒子和200次迭代能够较好地保证优化效果并避免过长的计算时间[19]。基于PSO改进BP神经网络的流程如图5所示。
图5所示,在该流程中首先初始化粒子群,设置神经网络结构以及设定粒子群优化相关参数。接着,为每个粒子分配一个随机的权重向量,该权重向量的维度等于神经网络中的参数总数。然后,计算每个粒子对应的适应度,并评估当前权重配置在神经网络中的表现。在迭代过程中,粒子的速度和位置会根据当前状态、个体最优位置和全局最优位置进行更新。随后,采用PSO优化后的权重更新神经网络,并执行前向传播以计算输出结果。接下来,利用BP算法对误差进行反向传播,进一步微调网络参数。此时判断是否满足终止条件,如不满足则返回更新神经网络继续迭代。如满足终止条件则流程结束,将当前获得的全局最优粒子所代表的权重配置作为BP网络的初始权值,并输出最终最优解。研究选用均方误差(Mean Squared Error,MSE)作为适应度函数,其计算公式如式(4)所示。
式中:F表示适应度函数;yj分别表示神经网络中第j个样本的目标输出和预测输出;n表示样本总数。更新的速度和位置如式(5)所示。
式中:vit)表示粒子it时刻的速度;xit)表示粒子it时刻的位置;pit)表示粒子it时刻的最优位置;gt)表示全局最优位置;r1r2都表示在[0,1]范围内的随机数;c1c2都表示加速常数;ω表示惯性权重[20]。误差反向传播公式如式(6)所示。
式中:δk表示输出层神经元的误差项;yk分别表示输出层上第k个神经元的目标输出和预测输出;表示激活函数的导数;Δωjk表示权重更新值;η表示学习率[21]。基于改进BP神经网络的触觉信号识别,可以通过对神经网络参数的全局优化来提升网络的训练效率和识别精度,从而解决传统BP算法易陷入局部最优的问题。因此可以在复杂的信号变化中,实现更高的触觉识别准确率。
为了验证基于改进BP神经网络的PVDF压电薄膜与单片机触觉传感器的性能,研究搭建了完整的实验环境。实验的硬件配置包括:PVDF压电薄膜传感器、STM32单片机、压力传感器、数据采集卡、示波器和稳压电源等设备。软件配置则包括MATLAB和Keil开发环境。采用的参数设置如下:粒子数目50,最大迭代次数1000,最小误差0.0001,初始种群规模10,动量因子与学习速率均为0.01。具体的实验环境配置如表1所示。
基于PVDF压电薄膜与单片机触觉传感器引入了改进BP算法,目的是提升触觉传感器的分类精度,将其与其他常用的分类算法进行了对比分析。其他常用的分类算法包括卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)和长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)。不同算法在触觉信号分类中的性能如图6所示。从图6(a)中可以看出,基于改进BP算法的触觉传感器的最大分类准确率高达98.54%,相比于CNN、RF、SVM和LSTM的最大准确率(92.49%,93.06%,90.48%和95.46%),分别提高了6.05%,5.48%,8.06%和3.08%。从图6(b)中可以看出,研究方法的最大召回率为98.13%,与其他三种算法(87.61%,89.26%,90.47%和93.37%)相比,分别提高了10.52%,8.87%,7.66%和4.76%。从图6(c)中可以看出,研究方法的最大F1值为97.42%,与其他三种算法(86.41%,88.20%,89.85%和92.97%)相比,分别提高了11.01%,9.22%,7.57%和4.45%。综上所述,基于改进BP的触觉传感器具有较高的触觉信号识别精度。
为了验证基于改进BP的触觉传感器在实际应用中的性能,针对不同物品进行了抓取实验。在实验中三指机械手的每个手指上都安装了PVDF传感器,通过混淆实验的方式让机械手对不同物品进行抓取操作,从而分析出物品类型。混淆实验结果如图7所示。从图7(a)中可以看出,针对不同粗糙度的物品,在抓取过程中的识别精度均超过了0.92。从图7(b)中可以看出,针对不同硬度的物品,在抓取过程中的识别精度均超过了0.93。综上所述,基于改进BP的触觉传感器在不同物品的抓取识别中表现出了较高的准确性,验证了其在实际应用中的效果。
为了进一步验证基于改进BP的触觉传感器在实际应用中的性能,将实际抓取的信号数据通过不同分类算法进行处理,不同算法的分类效果对比如表2所示。可以看出,基于改进BP的触觉传感器在所有材料物品的识别中,其均方根误差均小于0.032,表现出了极高的准确率。而CNN、RF和SVM在相同数据集下的最小均方根误差分别为0.041,0.035和0.042,均大于基于改进BP方法的误差。这表明改进BP方法在处理实际抓取电信号数据时,能够显著降低识别误差,提升识别精度。
PVDF压电薄膜传感器通常适用于动态力的检测,尤其在低频动态负载下表现较好。由于静态力会导致较为缓慢且不稳定的响应,因此实验的主要目的是验证该传感器在动态接触下的灵敏度和响应特性。实验将PVDF压电薄膜传感器固定在机械手指末端,确保其表面与物体接触区域无气隙。设定施加的恒定力为1N,通过压力传感器进行实时监控,确保力的稳定性。设置机械手指的滑动速度为5mm/s,确保与物体表面的接触速度稳定。在利用改进BP算法提升触觉传感器分类精度的同时,利用PVDF压电薄膜与单片机提升触觉传感器识别精度,为了验证触觉传感器对不同硬度物品的感知性能,研究对比了识别不同硬度硅胶块和铁块时触觉传感器的电压和电容变化。硅胶块填充剂的质量分数分别为1%,3%和5%,测试示意图和结果如图8所示。由图8(b)电压变化可见,不同硬度物体在0.5~3s之间的电压发生了明显变化,表明传感器在接触过程中有响应。图8(c)显示,随着物体硬度的增加,电容变化的幅度增大且变化更为尖锐,表明硬物体施加的力对传感器的影响更显著,响应更快。相反,软物体对传感器的影响较平缓,电容变化均匀且幅度较小,表明软物体引起的电场变化较为缓慢,传感器响应较为平稳。综上所述,触觉传感器能够有效区分不同硬度物体,通过电信号变化反映硬度差异,即便是软硬程度变化较小的同类型物品,仍能体现出不同的信号响应,展示了较高的灵敏度。
为了验证触觉传感器对不同粗糙度物品的感知性能,研究对比了不同粗糙程度砂纸的检测效果。所使用的砂纸粗糙程度分别为P200、P400和P600。不同材料的电压小波分解图如图9所示。从图9(a)可以看出,P200砂纸的最大响应电压达到了2.26V,表明粗糙的表面对传感器的刺激较大。这是由于砂纸目数越低其表面粗糙度越高,导致传感器在接触过程中产生的电压信号也更强。相比之下,图9(b)图9(c)中,P400和P600砂纸的最大响应电压分别为2.12V和1.98V。可以看出随着砂纸粗糙度降低,电压值逐渐减小。综上,触觉传感器能够有效感知不同粗糙度物品的表面特征,且粗糙度越高的物体,传感器的电压响应越显著。
为了进一步验证基于PVDF压电薄膜的触觉传感器在不同材料上的压力响应灵敏度,将其与其他常用的传感器进行了对比分析。其他传感器包括传统的压电传感器、电容传感器以及应变计传感器等。通过在相同材料上施加不同压力,比较各类传感器在不同压力下的响应灵敏度,结果如图10所示。从图10中可以看出,各传感器的灵敏度变化趋势在施加压力增加时明显呈现下降趋势。基于PVDF的压电薄膜传感器在0kPa时的灵敏度接近10000kPa-1,表现出了非常高的灵敏度。然而随着压力的增大,PVDF传感器的灵敏度迅速下降,至100kPa时降至200kPa-1。而压电传感器、电容传感器以及应变计传感器在0kPa时的最大灵敏度分别为3500,800和0.2kPa-1。综上可以看出,PVDF压电薄膜传感器在低压范围内的灵敏度表现优于其他类型的传感器。
随着智能机器人技术的不断发展,机器人在执行复杂任务时对周围环境信息的获取需求愈发增强。为提高触觉传感器的感知精度,设计了一种基于改进BP算法的PVDF压电薄膜触觉传感器,创新性地将改进BP算法与先进的压电材料相结合,以提高传感器的感知精度。结果表明,传感器在不同硬度物体的抓取过程中,能够在0.5~3s的时间内产生显著的电压变化。传感器在区分不同表面粗糙度的物体时,电压信号随着粗糙度的增加而显著增强。在压力测试中,PVDF传感器在低压范围内表现出了远高于其他常见传感器的灵敏度,展现了出色的响应特性。触觉信号的分类性能方面,基于改进BP算法的触觉传感器的最大分类准确率、召回率和F1值分别达到98.54%,98.13%和97.42%。在实际应用验证中,传感器在不同粗糙度和不同硬度的物品混淆实验中,最小识别精度分别达到0.92和0.93。此外,在分类实验中的均方根误差仅为0.032。综上所述,在触觉传感器设计中引入改进BP算法以及PVDF压电薄膜与单片机,能够有效提高触觉传感器的精度。然而,研究的触觉类型识别仍局限于硬度、粗糙度等参数,未来的研究可进一步扩展触觉类型的识别范围,以适应更为复杂的应用场景。
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doi: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0195
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2025-10-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
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    太原大学 机电与车辆工程学院,山西 太原 030032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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