Article(id=1251457068847285108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300216161, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1759593600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300216161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300216161, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300216161, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251457062706820082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, year='2025', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1119', pageEnd='1244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300214696, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300327814, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251457537212629591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251457537212629592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, issueId=1251457062706820082, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1128, endPage=1136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251457069648397183, articleId=1251457068847285108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, language=EN, title=In-situ growth of anthracene-based covalent organic framework on graphene and their energy storage properties in supercapacitors, columnId=1251457065399563262, journalTitle=Electronic Components and Materials, columnName=Research & Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The limited energy density of supercapacitors poses significant constraints on their practical applications. To address this issue,in this study,the hydrothermal method was used to grow an anthracene-based covalent organic framework(DaTp-COF)in-situ on the surface of graphene oxide(GO),and a novel DaTp/rGO composite electrode material was prepared. The structure,morphology,and electrochemical properties of the material were systematically characterized. The results reveal that the DaTp/rGO composite possesses a unique hierarchical porous structure with micropores,mesopores,and macropores. Meanwhile,the electron-withdrawing effect of the anthracene groups in the structure induces apseudocapacitive response of the Schiff base groups. Benefiting from this,in a three-electrode system with a 0.5mol·L-1 sulfuric acid electrolyte,the specific capacitance of DaTp/rGO electrode reaches 251F·g-1 at a current density of 1A·g-1,which is significantly higher than that of rGO electrode material. In the ionic liquid electrolyte system,the DaTp/rGO electrode only exhibits the characteristics of electric double layer capacitance. However,owing to its excellent hierarchical pore structure,the electrode's specific capacitance is still as high as 158F·g-1 at a current density of 1A·g-1,and the capacitance retention rate is 78.82% after 10000 cycles. This study used the in-situ growth method to achieve the synergy between DaTp-COF and rGO,providing new ideas for the research and development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials,and helping supercapacitors break through their application limitations.

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超级电容器的低能量密度限制了其应用范围扩展。针对这一问题,本研究通过水热法在氧化石墨烯(GO)表面原位生长蒽基共价有机框架(DaTp-COF),制备了新型DaTp/rGO复合电极材料,并对其结构、形貌与电化学性能进行了系统表征。结果表明,DaTp/rGO复合电极具有独特的微孔-介孔-大孔多级孔结构,且结构中蒽基团的推拉电子效应会诱导希夫碱基团产生赝电容响应。得益于此,在0.5mol·L-1硫酸电解液的三电极体系中,1A·g-1电流密度下,DaTp/rGO电极的比容量达251F·g-1,显著高于rGO电极材料。在离子液体电解液体系下,DaTp/rGO电极仅表现出双电层电容特性,但凭借其优异的多级孔结构,在1Ag-1电流密度下其比容量仍高达158F·g-1,10000次循环后容量保持率为78.82%。本研究利用原位生长法实现了DaTp-COF与rGO的协同效应,为高性能超级电容器电极材料研发提供了新思路,有助于超级电容器突破应用局限。

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通信作者:吴津田,讲师,博士,主要从事超级电容器与锂离子电池材料开发。E-mail:
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Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251457073867867112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, companyId=1251457073855284198, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川轻化工大学 材料科学与工程学院,四川自贡 643000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251457075478478918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=(a)Chemical structures and synthesis schematic diagrams of DaTp-COF and DaTp/rGO;(b)SEM and(c)TEM images of DaTp-COF, figureFileSmall=bdZV8Soz1ljJXYdvM+RlIQ==, figureFileBig=VpNyHUrDzmLKlEgh3Krqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457075549782091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a)DaTp-COF与DaTp/rGO的化学结构以及合成示意图;DaTp-COF的(b)SEM与(d)TEM形貌分析, figureFileSmall=bdZV8Soz1ljJXYdvM+RlIQ==, figureFileBig=VpNyHUrDzmLKlEgh3Krqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457075767885911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=(a)XRD pattern of DaTp-COF compared with simulated XRD pattern;(b)The FTIR of DaTp-COF,TFP,and Da, figureFileSmall=aheSfxiNRMLmeV21VneiRQ==, figureFileBig=l0F5FnzrRYHDq9zpadqWfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457075914686562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)DaTp-COF的XRD图以及模拟重叠-堆叠结构的XRD标准图;(e)DaTp-COF以及单体TFP与Da的FTIR光谱图, figureFileSmall=aheSfxiNRMLmeV21VneiRQ==, figureFileBig=l0F5FnzrRYHDq9zpadqWfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457076019544166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=(a)SEM and(b)EDS elemental mapping image of DaTp/rGO;(c)FTIR spectra of DaTp/rGO,rGO,TFP-rGO,and Da-rGO;(d)XRD curves of GO,rGO,DaTp-COF,and DaTp/rGO;(e)N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of DaTp-COF,rGO,and DaTp/rGO;(f)Pore size distributions for DaTp-COF,DaTp/rGO,and rGO obtained using the DFT method, figureFileSmall=FBY9BRq+29vc0ditW1IKDA==, figureFileBig=jlzOeJ4Eu72Xc+35nLFfSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457076124401773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)DaTp/rGO的SEM图像;(b)DaTp/rGO的EDS元素分布图;(c)DaTp/rGO,rGO以及对比样TFP-rGO与Da-rGO的FTIR光谱图;(d)GO,rGO,DaTp-COF以及DaTp/rGO的XRD图像;(e)rGO,DaTp-COF以及DaTp/rGO的N2吸脱附曲线以及(f)对应的DFT计算孔径分布曲线, figureFileSmall=FBY9BRq+29vc0ditW1IKDA==, figureFileBig=jlzOeJ4Eu72Xc+35nLFfSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457077701460080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=(a)Three-electrode configuration in the test and the CV curves of different materials:(b)DaTp-COF;(c)rGO;(d)DaTp/rGO;(e)DaTp#rGO, figureFileSmall=ahSrTHpFdjghEhUQ8ljDoA==, figureFileBig=c3jjBBtYYPngJ74wEFgoMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457077785346165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)三电极测试方案示意图以及其测得的不同材料的CV曲线:(b)DaTp-COF;(c)rGO;(d)DaTp/rGO;(e)DaTp#rGO, figureFileSmall=ahSrTHpFdjghEhUQ8ljDoA==, figureFileBig=c3jjBBtYYPngJ74wEFgoMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457077886009467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=(a)Comparison CV curves of DaTp-COF,rGO,DaTp/rGO and DaTp#rGO at 10mV·s-1;(b)Schematic of the push-pull electronic mobility of DaTp/rGO in the 0.5mol·L-1 H2 SO4 solution, figureFileSmall=ArFoANc776L8IvMO9NhFAA==, figureFileBig=bTxp1bq0YDPygppHFsHSYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457077969895553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a)10mV·s-1扫描速率下的DaTp-COF,rGO,DaTp/rGO与DaTp#rGO的CV对比图像;(b)在0.5mol/L硫酸溶液电解液中DaTp/rGO的基于蒽基推拉电子效应的氧化还原反应示意图, figureFileSmall=ArFoANc776L8IvMO9NhFAA==, figureFileBig=bTxp1bq0YDPygppHFsHSYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457078087336073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=GCD curves of different electrode materials tested by the three-electrode system:(a)DaTp/CFO;(b)rGO;(c)DaTp/rGO;(d)DaTp#rGO;and(e)Specific capacitance comparison curves of different electrode materials, figureFileSmall=9sBzHrCyL7nrqK5j1KEL8w==, figureFileBig=VHyg3kLjY6+mRYoC8UBBzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457078187999379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三电极测试不同电极材料的GCD曲线:(a)DaTp/COF;(b)rGO;(c)DaTp/rGO;(d)DaTp#rGO;以及(e)不同电极材料的容量对比曲线, figureFileSmall=9sBzHrCyL7nrqK5j1KEL8w==, figureFileBig=VHyg3kLjY6+mRYoC8UBBzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457078276079771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=(a)Schematic of a symmetric supercapacitor fabricated with ionic-liquid electrolyte and the GCD curves of different materials:(b)DaTp-COF,(c)rGO,(d)DaTp/rGO and(e)DaTp#rGO;(f)Comparison of specific capacitance;(g)The cycle stability of DaTp/rGO-based symmetric supercapacitor at 1A·g-1, figureFileSmall=K302tSZ+/kEPzC2pTV9CFQ==, figureFileBig=NoFiBFLpg+Dx36xXPcTMHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251457078347382945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194703438200922, articleId=1251457068847285108, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a)采用离子液体电解液的对称超级电容器器件组装示意图以及测得的不同电极材料的GCD性能:(b)DaTp-COF;(c)rGO;(d)DaTp/rGO;(e)DaTp#rGO;(f)容量对比;(g)采用DaTp/rGO为电极的对称超级电容器在1A·g-1电流密度下的循环性能, figureFileSmall=K302tSZ+/kEPzC2pTV9CFQ==, figureFileBig=NoFiBFLpg+Dx36xXPcTMHA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1251193806389821527, delFlag=0, nameCn=电子元件与材料, nameEn=Electronic Components and Materials, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1001-2028, eissn=null, cn=51-1241/TN, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=HVyBwPy4icPsIRZaKbUG2Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Electronic Components and Materials, journalRemark=null, 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蒽型COF原位复合石墨烯及超级电容器储能研究
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吴津田 1, 2 , 廖锋 1
电子元件与材料 | 研究与试制 2025,44(10): 1128-1136
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电子元件与材料 | 研究与试制 2025, 44(10): 1128-1136
蒽型COF原位复合石墨烯及超级电容器储能研究
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吴津田1, 2 , 廖锋1
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学 长三角研究院(湖州),浙江 湖州 313001
  • 2四川轻化工大学 材料科学与工程学院,四川自贡 643000

通讯作者:

通信作者:吴津田,讲师,博士,主要从事超级电容器与锂离子电池材料开发。E-mail:
In-situ growth of anthracene-based covalent organic framework on graphene and their energy storage properties in supercapacitors
Jintian WU1, 2 , Feng LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Yangtze Delta Region Institute(Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, Zhejiang Province, China
  • 2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan Province, China
出版时间: 2025-10-05 doi: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0040
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超级电容器的低能量密度限制了其应用范围扩展。针对这一问题,本研究通过水热法在氧化石墨烯(GO)表面原位生长蒽基共价有机框架(DaTp-COF),制备了新型DaTp/rGO复合电极材料,并对其结构、形貌与电化学性能进行了系统表征。结果表明,DaTp/rGO复合电极具有独特的微孔-介孔-大孔多级孔结构,且结构中蒽基团的推拉电子效应会诱导希夫碱基团产生赝电容响应。得益于此,在0.5mol·L-1硫酸电解液的三电极体系中,1A·g-1电流密度下,DaTp/rGO电极的比容量达251F·g-1,显著高于rGO电极材料。在离子液体电解液体系下,DaTp/rGO电极仅表现出双电层电容特性,但凭借其优异的多级孔结构,在1Ag-1电流密度下其比容量仍高达158F·g-1,10000次循环后容量保持率为78.82%。本研究利用原位生长法实现了DaTp-COF与rGO的协同效应,为高性能超级电容器电极材料研发提供了新思路,有助于超级电容器突破应用局限。

超级电容器  /  共价有机框架  /  石墨烯  /  原位合成  /  多级孔结构  /  离子液体

The limited energy density of supercapacitors poses significant constraints on their practical applications. To address this issue,in this study,the hydrothermal method was used to grow an anthracene-based covalent organic framework(DaTp-COF)in-situ on the surface of graphene oxide(GO),and a novel DaTp/rGO composite electrode material was prepared. The structure,morphology,and electrochemical properties of the material were systematically characterized. The results reveal that the DaTp/rGO composite possesses a unique hierarchical porous structure with micropores,mesopores,and macropores. Meanwhile,the electron-withdrawing effect of the anthracene groups in the structure induces apseudocapacitive response of the Schiff base groups. Benefiting from this,in a three-electrode system with a 0.5mol·L-1 sulfuric acid electrolyte,the specific capacitance of DaTp/rGO electrode reaches 251F·g-1 at a current density of 1A·g-1,which is significantly higher than that of rGO electrode material. In the ionic liquid electrolyte system,the DaTp/rGO electrode only exhibits the characteristics of electric double layer capacitance. However,owing to its excellent hierarchical pore structure,the electrode's specific capacitance is still as high as 158F·g-1 at a current density of 1A·g-1,and the capacitance retention rate is 78.82% after 10000 cycles. This study used the in-situ growth method to achieve the synergy between DaTp-COF and rGO,providing new ideas for the research and development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials,and helping supercapacitors break through their application limitations.

supercapacitor  /  covalent organic framework  /  graphene  /  in-situ synthesis  /  hierarchical porous structure  /  ionic liquid
吴津田, 廖锋. 蒽型COF原位复合石墨烯及超级电容器储能研究. 电子元件与材料, 2025 , 44 (10) : 1128 -1136 . DOI: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0040
Jintian WU, Feng LIAO. In-situ growth of anthracene-based covalent organic framework on graphene and their energy storage properties in supercapacitors[J]. Electronic Components and Materials, 2025 , 44 (10) : 1128 -1136 . DOI: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0040
与传统电容器相比,超级电容器具有超高比电容、优异循环性能及相对较高的能量密度,综合优势显著。其尤其在功率密度方面表现优异,可实现超快速充放电,因而在军事、汽车、航空航天等领域具有独特应用价值[1]。然而,相较于电池,其能量密度仍存在显著差距,这极大限制了其更广泛的应用。因此,突破能量密度瓶颈已成为推动超级电容器技术发展、释放其性能潜力的关键[2-3]
根据超级电容器的能量密度公式:
式中:C为电极材料的容量;VmaxVmin分别为放电起始电压与截止电压,代表器件的工作电压范围。为提升超级电容器的能量密度,一方面可提高电极材料比容量,例如采用高比表面积材料;另一方面,可扩展电解质的电化学稳定窗口,以允许更高的工作电压。
在提升电极材料比容量的研究中,主要存在两种方式。其一,通过在电极材料中引入电化学反应活性单元,如聚吡咯、聚苯胺等[4]。此类电极材料基于赝电容储能机制,依靠电活性物质的欠电位沉积、化学吸附/脱附或氧化还原反应实现能量存储[5]。其二,通过优化电极材料的孔隙结构[6],增强离子吸附效率,进而提升材料比容量。共价有机框架(COF)是2005年首次合成的新型晶态有机多孔材料,具有独特的化学性质与规整的孔道结构。通过精准的结构设计,可实现对COF材料孔径的定向调控,进而制备出满足超级电容器需求的电极材料。目前,COF基超级电容器的研究多聚焦于醌式结构COF,其超高的电化学反应活性赋予器件优异的储能性能。相较之下,蒽式结构COF的研究相对匮乏,传统观点认为蒽单元缺乏电化学活性[7]。此外,COF自身有机结构导致其电子电导较差,因此与碳材料(如石墨烯、碳纳米管)复合成为提升其性能的必要途径[8]。蒽单元具有与石墨烯高度相似的π-π共轭结构[9],使其在与碳材料的复合过程中具备天然优势,能够显著促进材料间的协同效应,进而提升超级电容器的电化学性能。
根据公式(1),超级电容器的能量密度与工作电压范围的二次方呈正比,因此工作电压范围成为决定超级电容器性能的另一个关键因素。在传统研究中,有机系电解液常被用于拓宽电化学窗口,以制备高能量密度的超级电容器器件。然而,有机溶剂存在易燃、易挥发和毒性高等固有缺陷,在生产与使用环节中均存在安全隐患。离子液体(Ionic Liquid,IL)由有机阳离子与有机/无机阴离子构成,其独特的大体积、非对称阴阳离子及离子离域结构,使其难以结晶且熔点较低(<100℃),因而具有较高的离子电导率。此外,离子液体凭借饱和蒸汽压低、电化学窗口(2~4V)宽及结构可设计性等特性,已成为超级电容器的理想电解质材料[10]。然而,当前离子液体成本较高,但随着应用规模的扩大,其生产成本有望显著降低。需特别指出的是,离子液体与传统电解液的结构差异显著,因此亟需研发与其适配的新型电极材料,以提升电极-电解液界面电荷传输效率,实现离子液体性能优势的最大化发挥。
针对以上问题,本论文通过蒽型COF与石墨烯原位复合,制备高性能的超级电容器电极材料。蒽型COF具有与石墨相似的π-π结构,可在石墨烯表面原位附着并生长,从而制备出具有多级孔结构特征的复合电极材料。该材料不仅具有较高的离子传输效率,还可通过蒽基团的推拉电子作用,诱导COF中的希夫碱基团发生电化学反应,进而产生赝电容响应,提升电极的比容量。此外,得益于其特殊的多级孔结构,该复合电极在离子液体电解液中也表现出优异的储能特性。
对甲苯磺酸(PTSA,99%,Sigma-Aldrich),2,6-二氨基蒽(Da,97%,Achem-block),1,3,5-三醛基间苯三酚(TFP,97%,Adamas),1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(EmimBF4,IL,99%,Adamas),氧化石墨烯(GO,碳锋科技)。
将188mg Da(0.9mmol)、952mg PTSA和10mL去离子水在超声波处理下充分分散。再将126mg TFP(0.6mmol)加入上述溶液中并高速搅拌1h,溶液呈现出金黄色。然后,将混合液转移至聚四氟乙烯内胆的水热反应釜中,在120 ℃下水热反应72h。所得产物利用索氏提取器在乙醇介质中抽提72h得到纯化的DaTp-COF。
将188mg Da(0.9mmol)、952mg PTSA和10mL去离子水在超声波处理下充分混合,简称为溶液A。此外,将628mg的GO在超声作用下均匀分散在40mL去离子水中,简称为溶液B。然后将溶液B逐滴加入溶液A中并搅拌1h获得均匀溶液。随后,将126mg TFP(0.6mmol)加入溶液中并高速搅拌1h,接着将混合液转移至水热反应釜进行水热反应,后续提纯步骤与DaTp-COF的合成方法一致。rGO的制备是将溶液B直接进行水热反应,其余步骤均保持不变。DaTp#rGO通过以下方法制备:将314mg DaTp-COF与628mg rGO充分碾磨分散,得到均匀混合物。
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700)分析材料的化学结构;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JSM-5900LV)和透射电子显微镜(TEM,JEM-2100F)观察材料的微观形貌结构与元素分布;采用N2吸脱附(JW-BK132F)分析材料的Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积,并利用密度泛函理论(Density-Functional-Theory,DFT)计算材料的孔径;采用X射线衍射(XRD,Rigaku Ultima IV)分析材料的晶型结构。
首先,将实验制备的DaTp/rGO,rGO与DaTp#rGO活性物质分别按照活性物质∶导电炭黑∶PVDF粘结剂的质量比为8∶1∶1充分碾磨分散,并加入适量N-甲基吡咯烷酮制成浆料,涂敷在厚度为20 μm的不锈钢箔上,随后在80 ℃下干燥12h。最后,采用对辊机将电极材料压实,活性物质的面载控制在2.5~3mg·cm-2。采用电化学工作站(辰华CHI660e)进行循环伏安扫描(CV)和恒流充放电(GCD)测试,采用Land BT2000系统测试超级电容器的循环性能。材料的比容量(C,F·g-1)利用公式(2)进行计算:
式中:I代表放电电流(A);Δt为放电时间;m代表电极上的平均活性物质负载量(g);ΔV为电压范围。
图1(a)所示,本研究采用水热法在氧化石墨烯(GO)表面原位生长DaTp共价有机框架材料。DaTp中富含蒽官能团,使其具有与石墨烯极为相似的π-π堆叠特征结构。因此,DaTp与石墨烯表现出优异的亲和性,使DaTp能够稳固附着于石墨烯表面进行原位生长。同时,DaTp中丰富的孔道结构,有利于电解液离子的高效吸附/脱附,促进了离子传输与交互。此外,在水热反应过程中,GO被同步还原为还原氧化石墨烯(rGO),赋予材料优异的导电性[11-12],进一步提升了其电化学性能。
为了验证水热法的可行性,首先利用该方法制备了纯DaTp-COF材料。如图1(b)所示,制备出的DaTp-COF为海胆状微观形貌。从TEM测试中发现(图1(c)),DaTp-COF内部具有丰富的孔隙结构。这种独特的孔隙结构,可显著提升离子存储和释放效率,进而提升超级电容器的性能。
进一步通过XRD和FTIR对DaTp-COF进行结构分析。从XRD图中可以发现(图2(a)),合成的DaTp-COF在3.1°出现(100)晶面的高强度特征峰,在27°处出现(001)晶面的宽峰[13]。这些XRD衍射峰与DaTp-COF模拟的重叠-堆叠结构模型相吻合,进一步证明了COF框架结构的形成。在FTIR图中(图2(b)),Da位于3100~3400cm-1的氨基N-H伸缩振动峰,以及TFP位于1643cm-1的醛基-CHO伸缩振动峰,均未出现在DaTp-COF的红外曲线上。表明Da的氨基与TFP的醛基之间发生了充分反应。与此同时,在DaTp-COF的红外光谱图中,新出现了1584cm-1与1278cm-1的振动峰,其分别对应C=C与C-N的伸缩振动,表明COF中形成了β-酮烯胺化学键[14]。此外,在DaTp-COF的FTIR曲线上并未发现1605cm-1与815cm-1的吸收峰,表明通过索氏提取彻底清除了,对甲苯磺酸确保了材料的纯度和性能稳定性[15]
COF材料受其自身有机结构特性的限制,难以构建有效的电子传导通路。为了解决该问题,本课题引入氧化石墨烯(GO),借助水热法将COF原位生长于GO表面,并将GO同步还原(rGO)。由图3(a)可知,所制备的DaTp/rGO结构疏松,与石墨烯固有的层状结构极其相似,且在其形貌中并未观测到单独存在的COF颗粒。通过EDS进行N元素分析可以发现(图3(b)),在DaTp/rGO材料表面存在均匀分布的N元素,由此可以判定,DaTp-COF均匀地生长于rGO表面。通过FTIR分析发现(图3(c)),DaTp/rGO中归属于DaTp-COF的C=C与C-N吸收峰位移至更低波数1578cm-1与1265cm-1处。这种红移现象可归因于DaTp-COF与GO之间的π-π相互作用[1116]。这是因为蒽基团赋予DaTp-COF与石墨烯相似的π-π堆叠特性结构,使其与石墨烯亲和性优异,进而促使DaTp-COF原位附着并生长于石墨烯表面。在对比样TFP-rGO与Da-rGO中并未发现这种红移现象。
为进一步证实DaTp/rGO的结构,对GO、rGO、DaTp-COF与DaTp/rGO进行XRD分析。从图3(d)中可以看出,GO在10.2°的特征峰并未在rGO中出现,且rGO在23.8°处出现衍射峰,这表明水热法可将GO充分还原。在DaTp-COF的XRD曲线上,27°处的衍射峰对应COF层间的π-π堆砌结构。可以看到,DaTp/rGO的π-π堆砌结构衍射峰强度更强,进一步证实了DaTp-COF原位生长于rGO表面[1116]
为了深入探究DaTp/rGO的内部结构,本课题采用BET法对其孔道结构进行了分析。图3(e)为DaTp/rGO、DaTp-COF以及rGO的N2等温吸脱附曲线。从图中可以看出,DaTp-COF呈现出Ⅳ型和Ⅰ型复合型的特征曲线,其比表面积为751.7m2·g-1,孔隙体积为1.067cm3·g-1。吸附曲线在低相对气压(P/P0<0.1)区间迅速上升,表明DaTp-COF材料中存在大量微孔结构。通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算可以发现,DaTp-COF材料中存在大量1~3nm的微孔[17]。这种微孔结构与COF中的框架结构相吻合,进一步证实了COF晶体的成功制备。当相对气压在0.3<P/P0<0.9的范围内时,DaTp-COF出现了H3型滞后回线,表明材料中存在介孔结构。同时,在0.9<P/P0<1.0的区间范围内,吸附曲线近乎垂直,表明材料中还存在大孔结构。结合DFT计算可以看出,DaTp-COF具备微孔(<2nm)、介孔(2~50nm)和大孔(>50nm)的多级孔结构特征(图3(f))。
相比之下,rGO的比表面积仅为88.9m2·g-1,孔隙体积也只有0.058cm3·g-1。这是由于rGO通过π-π堆砌效应发生团聚,难以获得更高的比表面积和孔隙体积。将DaTp原位生长于GO表面,获得的DaTp/rGO的比表面积与孔体积均高于rGO。此外,从图3(f)也可以看出,DaTp/rGO的多级孔分布情况与DaTp-COF极为相似。这种丰富的介孔和大孔结构有利于电极孔道中电解液的浸润以及电解质离子的穿梭。此外,与DaTp-COF相比,DaTp/rGO的微孔结构有所减少。有学者发现微孔结构的适当减少有利于降低电解液离子的传质阻力,从而提升材料在电化学应用中的性能表现[18]
为了研究DaTp/rGO的储能特性,本项目首先采用基于0.5mol·L-1硫酸溶液的三电极测试系统(如图4(a)所示)。从图4(b)中可以看出,纯DaTp-COF材料几乎不具备电荷存储能力,其CV曲线面积极小,并且未呈现出任何显著的氧化还原峰。rGO的CV曲线为标准矩形(图4(c))。这是由于rGO本身缺乏电化学活性结构,其充放电过程遵循典型的双电层电容储能原理。将DaTp-COF原位生长于rGO上形成的DaTp/rGO复合材料展现出显著的电荷存储能力,其CV曲线面积显著增大(图4(d))。这一现象表明,通过rGO提高DaTp-COF的导电性,使DaTp-COF的储能特性得到有效发挥。然而,将DaTp-COF与rGO进行简单物理共混所制备的DaTp#rGO,其CV曲线与rGO没有明显区别(图4(e))。因此,只有将DaTp-COF原位生长于rGO,才能充分协同DaTp-COF的多级孔结构与rGO的导电性能,进而使得制备得到的DaTp/rGO具有比rGO更大的CV曲线面积。
此外,从图5(a)可以发现,DaTp/rGO的CV曲线上,位于-0.51V和-0.18V处,存在明显的氧化还原峰,分别对应于DaTp-COF结构中希夫碱基团的C=O以及C = N[19]。这是由于蒽单元本身的共轭作用,在充放电过程中可以产生推拉电子流,且蒽单元与希夫碱直接相连,从而赋予DaTp/rGO中的COF骨架显著的氧化还原活性(图5(b))。而DaTp#rGO的CV曲线并未发现任何氧化还原峰,表明只有将DaTp原位生长于rGO,才能发挥两者之间的协同效应,从而实现电化学性能的提升。
图6(a~d)分别为三电极测试中DaTp-COF、rGO、DaTp/rGO与DaTp#rGO的恒流充放电(GCD)曲线。由图可见,DaTp-COF的充放电性能较差。rGO的GCD曲线呈现等腰三角形,为典型的双电层电容特征。通过原位复合,制备得到的DaTp/rGO的GCD曲线表现出赝电容特征,而物理共混制备的DaTp#rGO无明显赝电容特征。通过公式(2)对其比容量进行计算,所得结果如图6(e)所示。可以看出,在三电极测试下,DaTp/rGO具有最高的比容量。例如,在1A· g-1的电流密度下,DaTp/rGO的比容量为251F·g-1,明显高于rGO的187F·g-1与DaTp#rGO的179F·g-1。DaTp/rGO的高比容量可归因于两个因素:其一,DaTp/rGO具有由丰富微孔、介孔与大孔构成的多级孔结构,该结构有利于电解液离子的输运与转移;其二,DaTp自身含有的氧化还原活性官能团,为材料赋予了更强的能量存储能力。尤为重要的是,只有通过原位生长使DaTp紧密附着在rGO表面,借助rGO的高导电性,才能充分发挥DaTp优异的电化学性能。
离子液体作为新型电解液,其宽电化学窗口特性可显著提升器件的能量密度[20]。为验证DaTp/rGO电极与离子液体电解液的适配性,本研究组装了对称型电容器(图7(a))。图7(b~e)展示了DaTp-COF、rGO、DaTp/rGO与DaTp#rGO电极在离子液体电解质中对称型电容器的GCD曲线。结果表明,与三电极硫酸电解液体系一致,DaTp-COF电化学性能欠佳;rGO由于缺乏氧化还原活性基团,其GCD曲线呈现典型双电层电容的等腰三角形充放电特征。
值得注意的是,DaTp/rGO电极在离子液体电解液中未呈现显著氧化还原特征。这归因于离子液体电解质与三电极体系中硫酸溶液的本质差异:离子液体缺乏作为氧化还原媒介的自由H+,致使电极材料仅表现出双电层电容特性。尽管如此,凭借DaTp/rGO独特的多级孔结构,该复合电极在1A·g-1电流密度下仍能实现158F·g-1的比电容(图7(f))。对比实验显示,通过直接共混制备的DaTp#rGO电极,因未能实现DaTp-COF与rGO的协同效应,其比电容显著低于原位生长制备的DaTp/rGO。这表明,DaTp-COF在rGO表面的原位生长,通过整合DaTp-COF多级孔道与rGO高电导率优势,是构建高性能复合电极的关键。此外,DaTp/rGO电极在离子液体体系中展现出优异循环稳定性,经10000次循环后,其容量保持率达78.82%(图7(g))。
超级电容器有限的能量密度严重制约了其应用拓展。本研究通过蒽型共价有机框架(COF)与石墨烯复合,创新地制备了高性能超级电容器电极材料,旨在提升器件的能量密度与电化学性能。研究表明,COF中蒽单元的π-π共轭结构促进其在氧化石墨烯(GO)表面的原位生长,所制备的复合电极呈现显著的多级孔道结构,包含微孔(<2nm)、介孔(2~50nm)和大孔(>50nm)。同时,蒽基团的电子推拉效应可诱导COF中希夫碱基团(C=O和C=N)产生明显的赝电容响应。在硫酸电解液体系下,该复合电极在1A·g-1电流密度下具有251F·g-1的比容量,显著高于rGO电极的187F·g-1。在离子液体电解液体系中,由于缺乏自由H+,DaTp/rGO复合电极仅表现出双电层电容特性,但凭借优异的孔结构,其在1A·g-1电流密度下仍可获得158F·g-1的比容量。这种优异的电化学性能归因于原位生长策略对DaTp-COF多级孔结构与rGO高导电性的协同整合,而物理共混方法无法实现该协同效应。此外,DaTp/rGO电极在离子液体中具有出色的循环稳定性,经10000次循环后,容量保持率达78.82%。本研究为超级电容器电极材料开发提供了新思路。后续研究可从以下两方面展开:一是优化复合电极的制备工艺,提升生产效率与产品质量,推动其工业化应用;二是拓展蒽基COF与其他材料的复合体系,深入挖掘组分间的协同效应,以进一步提升超级电容器的综合性能。
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2025年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.14106/j.cnki.1001-2028.2025.0040
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2025-10-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
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    1电子科技大学 长三角研究院(湖州),浙江 湖州 313001
    2四川轻化工大学 材料科学与工程学院,四川自贡 643000

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通信作者:吴津田,讲师,博士,主要从事超级电容器与锂离子电池材料开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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