Article(id=1311998670543880460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1776355200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-17, acceptedDate=1776355200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineDate=1790734458813, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734458813, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734458813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734458813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998530802250506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, year='2026', volume='32', issue='4', pageStart='771', pageEnd='998', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734425497, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739498146, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=980, endPage=998, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998670778761485, articleId=1311998670543880460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=EN, title=Study on the cooling history of Pliocene basalt columns in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, columnId=1311998531653694219, journalTitle=Journal of Geomechanics, columnName=Fundamental Geology & Regional Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Columnar joints in basalt are typical structures formed during magmatic cooling and contraction. However, their formation mechanisms, internal structural characteristics, and cooling histories remain debated. This study aims to constrain the internal structures and cooling histories of large-diameter basalt columns through integrated rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses.

Methods

Detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses were conducted on 49 oriented samples collected from two Pliocene basalt columns, each reaching up to 1.5 m in diameter, in the Bo Phloi section, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Rock magnetic experiments included hysteresis-loop measurements, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition, first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. Stepwise thermal demagnetization was performed to isolate stable components of remanent magnetization.

Results

Hysteresis loops and IRM acquisition curves indicate that the magnetic assemblage is dominated by pseudo-single-domain (PSD) titanomagnetite grains, with magnetic saturation reached at fields below approximately 300 mT. The two-stage increase in IRM acquisition with increasing field suggests contributions from magnetic components with different coercivities. FORC diagrams further support the predominance of PSD magnetic grains and reveal systematic differences between the margins and interiors of the basalt columns. For both basalt columns, AMS results show sub-vertical minimum susceptibility axes (K3) and sub-horizontal maximum (K1) and intermediate (K2) axes, with generally low degrees of magnetic anisotropy (Pj < 1.05). These AMS fabrics indicate a primary near-horizontal magma-flow fabric during emplacement, but provide no evidence for vertical melt migration or internal convection. AMS parameters also reveal systematic spatial variations. Samples from the column margins exhibit lower magnetic susceptibilities (χ), lineation (L), and anisotropy degree (Pj) values and are predominantly characterized by oblate fabrics (T > 0), whereas interior samples show higher χ, L, and Pj values and predominantly prolate fabrics (T < 0). These differences reflect contrasting cooling conditions between the margins and interiors of the basalt columns. The margins cooled more rapidly, leaving less time for magnetic minerals to crystallize, grow, and develop preferred orientations. In contrast, the interiors cooled more slowly and likely remained at elevated temperatures in a plastic or partially molten state for longer periods, allowing magnetic minerals to crystallize, become concentrated, and develop preferred orientations under thermal contraction stresses. Paleomagnetic results indicate that stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates a stable, single-component remanent magnetization carried by PSD titanomagnetite. Six marginal samples from basalt column A exhibit relatively scattered virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) distributions and anomalous directions, whereas the remaining 43 samples show relatively clustered VGPs after tilt correction. Systematic variations in remanent magnetization directions and VGPs indicate that cooling did not proceed symmetrically or uniformly from the column margins toward the cores. Instead, the columns appear to have undergone an asymmetric, unidirectional regional cooling process, possibly influenced by a localized heat source.

Conclusions

Integrated rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses lead to the following conclusions: (1) The basalt columns in Kanchanaburi are dominated by PSD titanomagnetite. Their AMS fabrics, characterized by subvertical K3 axes and subhorizontal K1 and K2 axes, record a primary near-horizontal magma flow during emplacement. (2) The column margins cooled more rapidly, resulting in finer magnetic grains, lower magnetic anisotropy, and predominantly oblate fabrics, whereas the interiors cooled more slowly, allowing magnetic minerals to crystallize, grow, and develop stronger preferred orientations, resulting in higher anisotropy and predominantly prolate fabrics. (3) Systematic variations in paleomagnetic directions and VGPs among the 49 samples indicate that post-jointing cooling was neither uniform nor symmetric but instead proceeded asymmetrically and unidirectionally across the basalt columns.

Significance

These findings contribute to a better understanding of the cooling processes of basaltic lava and provide new insights into long-term variations in the geomagnetic field.

, authors=Enxiong ZHOU1, 2, Yonggang YAN1, 2, Zhenyang LAI1, 2, Danxin LI1, 2, Yalan FU1, 2, Xiaotai DENG1, 2, Thanakan ANCHANA3, 4, Apivut VEERAVINANTANAKUL3, Punya CHARUSIRI4, 5, Weitao WANG1, 2, Baochun HUANG6, Peizhen ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Enxiong ZHOU, Yonggang YAN, Zhenyang LAI, Danxin LI, Yalan FU, Xiaotai DENG, Thanakan ANCHANA, Apivut VEERAVINANTANAKUL, Punya CHARUSIRI, Weitao WANG, Baochun HUANG, Peizhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yonggang YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Geomechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998675086311722, articleId=1311998670543880460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=CN, title=泰国北碧府上新世玄武岩柱的冷却过程研究, columnId=1311998531863409421, journalTitle=地质力学学报, columnName=基础地质与区域地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玄武岩柱状节理是岩浆冷凝收缩过程中形成的典型构造, 其成因机制、内部结构特征及冷却历史存在较大争议。针对这一问题, 对泰国北碧府直径达1.5 m的上新世柱状玄武岩开展了详细的岩石磁学与古地磁学研究。岩石磁学结果指示玄武岩柱的主要载磁矿物为假单畴(PSD)钛磁铁矿颗粒。磁化率各向异性 (AMS) 分析显示样品的磁化率最小轴 (K3 )趋向直立方向, 磁化率最大轴 (K1 )和中间轴 (K2) 趋向水平, 反映出岩浆在就位过程中的原生近水平流动。玄武岩柱体中部样品的磁性矿物颗粒粒径相对较大, 磁化率各向异性张量椭球以拉长型椭球为主, 其磁各向异性度 (Pj) 与磁线理度 (L)均高于柱体边部样品, 表明柱体中部冷却速率较慢, 使得磁性矿物有更充分的时间结晶、生长, 并在热应力作用下发生更显著的定向排列。古地磁研究结果表明, 在柱状节理形成后, 柱体的冷却过程并非从柱体边缘同步、均匀地向中心推进, 剩磁方向和VGPs的系统变化指示其可能受局部热源的影响而经历了非对称性的、单一方向性的区域冷却过程。上述结果有助于深入理解玄武岩熔岩冷却过程, 并为探究古地磁场长期变化提供了新的研究思路。

, authors=周恩雄1, 2, 闫永刚1, 2, 来振洋1, 2, 李旦欣1, 2, 付亚兰1, 2, 邓晓泰1, 2, Thanakan Anchana3, 4, Apivut Veeravinantanakul3, Punya Charusiri4, 5, 王伟涛1, 2, 黄宝春6, 张培震1, 2, authorsList=周恩雄, 闫永刚, 来振洋, 李旦欣, 付亚兰, 邓晓泰, Thanakan Anchana, Apivut Veeravinantanakul, Punya Charusiri, 王伟涛, 黄宝春, 张培震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫永刚, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

周恩雄、闫永刚负责论文构思、数据分析、研究方法和论文写作;周恩雄、闫永刚、来振洋、李旦欣、付亚兰、邓晓泰、Anchana Thanakan、Veeravinantanakul Apivut、Charusiri Punya参与数据分析和技术手段的实践应用和绘图;周恩雄、闫永刚、Charusiri Punya、王伟涛、黄宝春、张培震参与数据分析、研究方法和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

ZHOU Enxiong and YAN Yonggang conceived the study, performed data analysis, designed the research methodology, and drafted the manuscript; ZHOU Enxiong, YAN Yonggang, LAI Zhenyang, LI Danxin, FU Yalan, DENG Xiaotai, ANCHANA Thanakan, VEERAVINANTANAKUL Apivut and CHARUSIRI Punya participated in data analysis, practical application of technical approaches, and figure generation; ZHOU Enxiong, YAN Yonggang, CHARUSIRI Punya, WANG Weitao, HUANG Baochun, and ZHANG Peizhen were involved in data analysis, refinement of the research methodology, and manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

周恩雄 (2002—),男,在读硕士,研究方向为构造地质学。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫永刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事古地磁学与构造磁学研究。Email:
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journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周思耘, 吴晨, 2021. 玄武岩柱状节理六边形结构形成机制探讨[J]. 地质论评, 67(6): 1629-1635., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998675312804139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998675325387052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, companyId=1311998675312804139, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998675333775661, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图1, caption=印支地块新近纪—第四纪火山岩分布与泰国北碧府Bo Phloi剖面柱状玄武岩

a—印支地块新近纪—第四纪火山岩分布;b—采样区域地质简图;c—泰国北碧府Bo Phloi剖面柱状玄武岩

, figureFileSmall=pr53xIGHBN+1QDPfQiIz5A==, figureFileBig=ewI6H5Im/h1xv3jQjqIdVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998682669613453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of sampling sites on basalt columns in the Bo Phloi section, Kanchanaburi, figureFileSmall=/2mdY+0d0vL6UPllOAZgww==, figureFileBig=nrvY9v1XbylLVpQxRVeIbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998682736722318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图2, caption=北碧府Bo Phloi剖面玄武岩柱样品采集示意图

a—Bo Phloi剖面玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B;b—古地磁样品采集示意图

, figureFileSmall=/2mdY+0d0vL6UPllOAZgww==, figureFileBig=nrvY9v1XbylLVpQxRVeIbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998682824802703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hysteresis loops of representative samples from basalt columns, figureFileSmall=TXRkmfWr4RrXDpBb1rsMxg==, figureFileBig=S0dXQAyzJrdDzGOU1sFxVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683143569808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图3, caption=玄武岩柱代表性样品的磁滞回线

Bc—矫顽力

, figureFileSmall=TXRkmfWr4RrXDpBb1rsMxg==, figureFileBig=S0dXQAyzJrdDzGOU1sFxVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683240038801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition and back-field demagnetization curves of representative samples from basalt columns, figureFileSmall=cnl0J3R0aHF6wzzSGmBWdg==, figureFileBig=e+/2hdM3yHYN7sRtZ2KmbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683311341970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图4, caption=玄武岩柱代表性样品的等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线

Bcr—剩磁矫顽力

, figureFileSmall=cnl0J3R0aHF6wzzSGmBWdg==, figureFileBig=e+/2hdM3yHYN7sRtZ2KmbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683563000211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of samples from basalt column A, figureFileSmall=o6DvwsYZjXaD8XWTYwcT4Q==, figureFileBig=aGInRchtebOSE3MAxK++5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683634303380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图5, caption=玄武岩柱A样品的一阶反转曲线(FORC)图

颜色柱代表FORC分布密度函数的数值大小;Bc—矫顽力;Bu—磁相互作用场

, figureFileSmall=o6DvwsYZjXaD8XWTYwcT4Q==, figureFileBig=aGInRchtebOSE3MAxK++5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683705606549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of samples from basalt column B, figureFileSmall=yaHC5XW8pzyikWi63BM15w==, figureFileBig=a9gg9H6UJsL5AVyXkaas5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683772715414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图6, caption=玄武岩柱B样品的一阶反转曲线(FORC)图

颜色柱代表FORC分布密度函数的数值大小;Bc—矫顽力;Bu—磁相互作用场

, figureFileSmall=yaHC5XW8pzyikWi63BM15w==, figureFileBig=a9gg9H6UJsL5AVyXkaas5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683844018583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility (χ–T) for representative samples from basalt columns, figureFileSmall=YHqh/uJPWranlDuVuX5AUw==, figureFileBig=7fZ2vTIYoTamGqgwv16bMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998683923710360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图7, caption=玄武岩柱代表性样品的体磁化率−温度(χ-T)变化曲线

χ—体磁化率;T—温度

, figureFileSmall=YHqh/uJPWranlDuVuX5AUw==, figureFileBig=7fZ2vTIYoTamGqgwv16bMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684003402137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variations in coercivity (Bc) and Curie temperature (Tc) of samples from basalt columns A and B, figureFileSmall=D9UqPOqmbrM8xWw/I/oT2A==, figureFileBig=KqEDCeTwvdngOPOMBI+uxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684087288218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图8, caption=玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B样品的矫顽力和居里温度变化

Bc—矫顽力;Tc—居里温度

, figureFileSmall=D9UqPOqmbrM8xWw/I/oT2A==, figureFileBig=KqEDCeTwvdngOPOMBI+uxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684179562907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of basalt columns A and B, figureFileSmall=KDKl3lis8U5275AvQ5M/bA==, figureFileBig=WwleQrZS3QOcyGz+tBCdxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684267643292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图9, caption=玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B 的磁化率各向异性(AMS)结果

a—玄武岩柱A的AMS结果;b—玄武岩柱B的AMS结果;

, figureFileSmall=KDKl3lis8U5275AvQ5M/bA==, figureFileBig=WwleQrZS3QOcyGz+tBCdxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684452192669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid parameters of samples from basalt columns A and B, figureFileSmall=jTOaODLFwTENf1OHLhX1aw==, figureFileBig=AI6La/jDcGeQfCYJ7zQrtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684515107230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图10, caption=玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B 样品的磁化率椭球参数

χ—体磁化率;L—线理度;Pj—各向异性度;T—形状因子

, figureFileSmall=jTOaODLFwTENf1OHLhX1aw==, figureFileBig=AI6La/jDcGeQfCYJ7zQrtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684611576223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Orthogonal vector projection (Zijderveld diagrams) of representative basalt column samples during demagnetization in geographic coordinates, figureFileSmall=jpvb9Ybw679QUTPtPr6Elw==, figureFileBig=j8cJqLBxoj4E725v6mKdFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684691268000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图11, caption=玄武岩柱代表性样品在地理坐标系下的退磁正交矢量投影图

空心和实心圆分别代表矢量在直立面和水平面上的投影;Scale代表坐标轴上每一个小格所代表的数值;T为温度;M/Max代表磁化强度/最大磁化强度

, figureFileSmall=jpvb9Ybw679QUTPtPr6Elw==, figureFileBig=j8cJqLBxoj4E725v6mKdFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684812902817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Equal-area projections of ChRM directions for basalt column samples, figureFileSmall=Fwj546N7qyrz63VI2B/H2Q==, figureFileBig=wqmH6D/Cg2qrXXuuZQLeww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684875817378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图12, caption=玄武岩柱样品特征剩磁方向的等面积投影图

数字代表样品24BF36、24BF37、24BF38、24BF39、24BF40、24BF41;Dg/Ig (Ds/Is)—地理(地层)坐标系下的倾向/倾角;α95— 95%置信区间;k—精读参数;n—样品数量

, figureFileSmall=Fwj546N7qyrz63VI2B/H2Q==, figureFileBig=wqmH6D/Cg2qrXXuuZQLeww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998684951314851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Declination (Ds), inclination (Is), and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of samples from basalt columns A and B, figureFileSmall=E8PvXE6pBgLpzeOyfQJkyQ==, figureFileBig=3JaWyL/EYb4MF7n6QLnmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998685043589540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图13, caption=玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B样品的磁偏角 (Ds)、磁倾角 (Is) 和天然剩磁(NRM)强度

绿色阴影代表2个柱体的空间位置相互交错的部分

, figureFileSmall=E8PvXE6pBgLpzeOyfQJkyQ==, figureFileBig=3JaWyL/EYb4MF7n6QLnmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998685265887653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Variations in virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) of samples from two basalt columns A and B and a schematic cooling model for columnar basalt, figureFileSmall=m/yoCqTTLYk5hOEMmecLdQ==, figureFileBig=P7L7fvrbaCETi95NO/Fm2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998685664346534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=图14, caption=玄武岩柱样品的虚地磁极(VGPs)变化及柱状玄武岩的冷却模式图

蓝色虚线代表冷却速率发生变化的位置;绿色阴影代表2个柱体的空间位置相互交错的部分

, figureFileSmall=m/yoCqTTLYk5hOEMmecLdQ==, figureFileBig=P7L7fvrbaCETi95NO/Fm2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998686561927591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions of samples from basalt columns A and B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号采样点纬度/(°)采样点经度/(°)磁面理产状/(°)
(倾向/倾角)
退磁步骤StepsDg/(°)Ig/(°)Ds/(°)Is/(°)MAD/(°)
注:Steps—用于统计特征剩磁方向的点数;Dg/Ig(Ds/Is)—地理(地层)坐标系下的倾向/倾角;MAD—最大角度偏差
玄武岩柱A
24BF3614.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001250.434.265.946.43.3
24BF3714.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T6001453.137.370.748.31.4
24BF3814.3399.52181.9/21.6T180-T6001747.438.465.151.21.5
24BF3914.3399.52181.9/21.6T190-T6001538.554.270.368.01.6
24BF4014.3399.52181.9/21.6T350-T6001023.721.429.241.14.9
24BF4114.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001224.713.528.733.23.3
24BF4214.3399.52181.9/21.6T300-T600117.29.78.030.53.1
24BF4314.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001217.310.719.731.43.5
24BF4414.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001216.516.119.536.92.2
24BF4514.3399.52181.9/21.6T210-T6001410.19.511.330.93.2
24BF4614.3399.52181.9/21.6T190-T6001612.911.014.732.11.9
24BF4714.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001210.37.411.428.72.0
24BF4814.3399.52181.9/21.6T200-T6001511.38.012.629.32.0
24BF4914.3399.52181.9/21.6T210-T6001415.28.717.129.71.8
24BF5014.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001216.10.417.221.32.4
24BF5114.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001213.84.415.125.53.5
24BF5214.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T600129.10.29.621.22.2
24BF5314.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001212.52.213.523.43.0
24BF5414.3399.52181.9/21.6T300-T6001110.81.111.522.44.3
24BF5514.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T6001316.68.318.629.11.7
24BF5614.3399.52181.9/21.6T350-T6001013.93.714.517.46.4
24BF5714.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T600126.17.86.729.31.6
24BF5914.3399.52181.9/21.6T170-T60018354.45.8353.527.22.4
24BF6014.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T600135.411.76.033.32.5
24BF6114.3399.52181.9/21.6T200-T60015358.911.3358.432.92.7
  玄武岩柱A(24BF 42-61)剩磁平均方向2516.113.718.734.17.0
玄武岩柱B
24BF6214.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T6001215.28.911.324.82.0
24BF6314.3399.52232.9/20.2T180-T6001710.610.36.125.01.5
24BF6414.3399.52232.9/20.2T210-T6001415.510.611.226.51.9
24BF6514.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T6001511.09.26.824.12.3
24BF6614.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T6001111.77.08.222.14.0
24BF6714.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T6001016.01.214.515.13.0
24BF6814.3399.52232.9/20.2T190-T6001611.812.36.827.33.0
24BF6914.3399.52232.9/20.2T400-T60097.68.43.522.43.0
24BF7014.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T600108.22.57.012.04.2
24BF7114.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600127.811.72.825.72.8
24BF7214.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T6001210.55.67.320.43.0
24BF7314.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T600157.312.72.026.52.1
24BF7414.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600120.96.3357.318.65.5
24BF7514.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T6001510.113.64.628.11.7
24BF7614.3399.52232.9/20.2T220-T600138.911.54.025.82.2
24BF7714.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T600152.910.2358.222.92.1
24BF7814.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600126.54.93.418.81.8
24BF7914.3399.52232.9/20.2T220-T600138.58.14.522.41.9
24BF8014.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600120.76.8357.019.02.1
24BF8114.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600126.114.10.327.52.7
24BF8214.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T60011358.81.4356.713.32.7
24BF8314.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T6001023.01.621.716.07.1
24BF8414.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T60011358.32.9355.714.62.8
24BF8514.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T5257353.73.9350.914.23.4
  玄武岩柱B(24BF 62-85)剩磁平均方向248.07.84.221.53.0
), ArticleFig(id=1311998686658396584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998670543880460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

玄武岩柱A和玄武岩柱B样品的特征剩磁方向

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号采样点纬度/(°)采样点经度/(°)磁面理产状/(°)
(倾向/倾角)
退磁步骤StepsDg/(°)Ig/(°)Ds/(°)Is/(°)MAD/(°)
注:Steps—用于统计特征剩磁方向的点数;Dg/Ig(Ds/Is)—地理(地层)坐标系下的倾向/倾角;MAD—最大角度偏差
玄武岩柱A
24BF3614.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001250.434.265.946.43.3
24BF3714.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T6001453.137.370.748.31.4
24BF3814.3399.52181.9/21.6T180-T6001747.438.465.151.21.5
24BF3914.3399.52181.9/21.6T190-T6001538.554.270.368.01.6
24BF4014.3399.52181.9/21.6T350-T6001023.721.429.241.14.9
24BF4114.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001224.713.528.733.23.3
24BF4214.3399.52181.9/21.6T300-T600117.29.78.030.53.1
24BF4314.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001217.310.719.731.43.5
24BF4414.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001216.516.119.536.92.2
24BF4514.3399.52181.9/21.6T210-T6001410.19.511.330.93.2
24BF4614.3399.52181.9/21.6T190-T6001612.911.014.732.11.9
24BF4714.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001210.37.411.428.72.0
24BF4814.3399.52181.9/21.6T200-T6001511.38.012.629.32.0
24BF4914.3399.52181.9/21.6T210-T6001415.28.717.129.71.8
24BF5014.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001216.10.417.221.32.4
24BF5114.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001213.84.415.125.53.5
24BF5214.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T600129.10.29.621.22.2
24BF5314.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T6001212.52.213.523.43.0
24BF5414.3399.52181.9/21.6T300-T6001110.81.111.522.44.3
24BF5514.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T6001316.68.318.629.11.7
24BF5614.3399.52181.9/21.6T350-T6001013.93.714.517.46.4
24BF5714.3399.52181.9/21.6T250-T600126.17.86.729.31.6
24BF5914.3399.52181.9/21.6T170-T60018354.45.8353.527.22.4
24BF6014.3399.52181.9/21.6T220-T600135.411.76.033.32.5
24BF6114.3399.52181.9/21.6T200-T60015358.911.3358.432.92.7
  玄武岩柱A(24BF 42-61)剩磁平均方向2516.113.718.734.17.0
玄武岩柱B
24BF6214.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T6001215.28.911.324.82.0
24BF6314.3399.52232.9/20.2T180-T6001710.610.36.125.01.5
24BF6414.3399.52232.9/20.2T210-T6001415.510.611.226.51.9
24BF6514.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T6001511.09.26.824.12.3
24BF6614.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T6001111.77.08.222.14.0
24BF6714.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T6001016.01.214.515.13.0
24BF6814.3399.52232.9/20.2T190-T6001611.812.36.827.33.0
24BF6914.3399.52232.9/20.2T400-T60097.68.43.522.43.0
24BF7014.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T600108.22.57.012.04.2
24BF7114.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600127.811.72.825.72.8
24BF7214.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T6001210.55.67.320.43.0
24BF7314.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T600157.312.72.026.52.1
24BF7414.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600120.96.3357.318.65.5
24BF7514.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T6001510.113.64.628.11.7
24BF7614.3399.52232.9/20.2T220-T600138.911.54.025.82.2
24BF7714.3399.52232.9/20.2T200-T600152.910.2358.222.92.1
24BF7814.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600126.54.93.418.81.8
24BF7914.3399.52232.9/20.2T220-T600138.58.14.522.41.9
24BF8014.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600120.76.8357.019.02.1
24BF8114.3399.52232.9/20.2T250-T600126.114.10.327.52.7
24BF8214.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T60011358.81.4356.713.32.7
24BF8314.3399.52232.9/20.2T350-T6001023.01.621.716.07.1
24BF8414.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T60011358.32.9355.714.62.8
24BF8514.3399.52232.9/20.2T300-T5257353.73.9350.914.23.4
  玄武岩柱B(24BF 62-85)剩磁平均方向248.07.84.221.53.0
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泰国北碧府上新世玄武岩柱的冷却过程研究
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周恩雄 1, 2 , 闫永刚 1, 2 , 来振洋 1, 2 , 李旦欣 1, 2 , 付亚兰 1, 2 , 邓晓泰 1, 2 , Thanakan Anchana 3, 4 , Apivut Veeravinantanakul 3 , Punya Charusiri 4, 5 , 王伟涛 1, 2 , 黄宝春 6 , 张培震 1, 2
地质力学学报 | 基础地质与区域地质 2026,32(4): 980-998
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地质力学学报 |基础地质与区域地质 2026 , 32 (4) : 980 -998
泰国北碧府上新世玄武岩柱的冷却过程研究
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周恩雄1, 2 , 闫永刚1, 2 , 来振洋1, 2, 李旦欣1, 2, 付亚兰1, 2, 邓晓泰1, 2, Thanakan Anchana3, 4, Apivut Veeravinantanakul3, Punya Charusiri4, 5, 王伟涛1, 2, 黄宝春6, 张培震1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中山大学地球科学与工程学院,广东 珠海 519082
  • 2南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
  • 3School of Interdisciplinary Study,Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus,Kanchanaburi 71150,Thailand
  • 4Faculty of Science,Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok 10330,Thailand
  • 5Department of Mineral Resources,Bangkok 10400,Thailand
  • 6北京大学地球与空间科学学院,北京 100871
通讯作者:
闫永刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事古地磁学与构造磁学研究。Email:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

周恩雄、闫永刚负责论文构思、数据分析、研究方法和论文写作;周恩雄、闫永刚、来振洋、李旦欣、付亚兰、邓晓泰、Anchana Thanakan、Veeravinantanakul Apivut、Charusiri Punya参与数据分析和技术手段的实践应用和绘图;周恩雄、闫永刚、Charusiri Punya、王伟涛、黄宝春、张培震参与数据分析、研究方法和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

ZHOU Enxiong and YAN Yonggang conceived the study, performed data analysis, designed the research methodology, and drafted the manuscript; ZHOU Enxiong, YAN Yonggang, LAI Zhenyang, LI Danxin, FU Yalan, DENG Xiaotai, ANCHANA Thanakan, VEERAVINANTANAKUL Apivut and CHARUSIRI Punya participated in data analysis, practical application of technical approaches, and figure generation; ZHOU Enxiong, YAN Yonggang, CHARUSIRI Punya, WANG Weitao, HUANG Baochun, and ZHANG Peizhen were involved in data analysis, refinement of the research methodology, and manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

周恩雄 (2002—),男,在读硕士,研究方向为构造地质学。Email:

Study on the cooling history of Pliocene basalt columns in Kanchanaburi, Thailand
Enxiong ZHOU1, 2 , Yonggang YAN1, 2 , Zhenyang LAI1, 2, Danxin LI1, 2, Yalan FU1, 2, Xiaotai DENG1, 2, Thanakan ANCHANA3, 4, Apivut VEERAVINANTANAKUL3, Punya CHARUSIRI4, 5, Weitao WANG1, 2, Baochun HUANG6, Peizhen ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
  • 2Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
  • 3School of Interdisciplinary Study, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
  • 4Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
  • 5Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
  • 6School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169
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玄武岩柱状节理是岩浆冷凝收缩过程中形成的典型构造, 其成因机制、内部结构特征及冷却历史存在较大争议。针对这一问题, 对泰国北碧府直径达1.5 m的上新世柱状玄武岩开展了详细的岩石磁学与古地磁学研究。岩石磁学结果指示玄武岩柱的主要载磁矿物为假单畴(PSD)钛磁铁矿颗粒。磁化率各向异性 (AMS) 分析显示样品的磁化率最小轴 (K3 )趋向直立方向, 磁化率最大轴 (K1 )和中间轴 (K2) 趋向水平, 反映出岩浆在就位过程中的原生近水平流动。玄武岩柱体中部样品的磁性矿物颗粒粒径相对较大, 磁化率各向异性张量椭球以拉长型椭球为主, 其磁各向异性度 (Pj) 与磁线理度 (L)均高于柱体边部样品, 表明柱体中部冷却速率较慢, 使得磁性矿物有更充分的时间结晶、生长, 并在热应力作用下发生更显著的定向排列。古地磁研究结果表明, 在柱状节理形成后, 柱体的冷却过程并非从柱体边缘同步、均匀地向中心推进, 剩磁方向和VGPs的系统变化指示其可能受局部热源的影响而经历了非对称性的、单一方向性的区域冷却过程。上述结果有助于深入理解玄武岩熔岩冷却过程, 并为探究古地磁场长期变化提供了新的研究思路。

玄武岩柱状节理  /  古地磁学  /  岩石磁学  /  冷却历史
Objective

Columnar joints in basalt are typical structures formed during magmatic cooling and contraction. However, their formation mechanisms, internal structural characteristics, and cooling histories remain debated. This study aims to constrain the internal structures and cooling histories of large-diameter basalt columns through integrated rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses.

Methods

Detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses were conducted on 49 oriented samples collected from two Pliocene basalt columns, each reaching up to 1.5 m in diameter, in the Bo Phloi section, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Rock magnetic experiments included hysteresis-loop measurements, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition, first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. Stepwise thermal demagnetization was performed to isolate stable components of remanent magnetization.

Results

Hysteresis loops and IRM acquisition curves indicate that the magnetic assemblage is dominated by pseudo-single-domain (PSD) titanomagnetite grains, with magnetic saturation reached at fields below approximately 300 mT. The two-stage increase in IRM acquisition with increasing field suggests contributions from magnetic components with different coercivities. FORC diagrams further support the predominance of PSD magnetic grains and reveal systematic differences between the margins and interiors of the basalt columns. For both basalt columns, AMS results show sub-vertical minimum susceptibility axes (K3) and sub-horizontal maximum (K1) and intermediate (K2) axes, with generally low degrees of magnetic anisotropy (Pj < 1.05). These AMS fabrics indicate a primary near-horizontal magma-flow fabric during emplacement, but provide no evidence for vertical melt migration or internal convection. AMS parameters also reveal systematic spatial variations. Samples from the column margins exhibit lower magnetic susceptibilities (χ), lineation (L), and anisotropy degree (Pj) values and are predominantly characterized by oblate fabrics (T > 0), whereas interior samples show higher χ, L, and Pj values and predominantly prolate fabrics (T < 0). These differences reflect contrasting cooling conditions between the margins and interiors of the basalt columns. The margins cooled more rapidly, leaving less time for magnetic minerals to crystallize, grow, and develop preferred orientations. In contrast, the interiors cooled more slowly and likely remained at elevated temperatures in a plastic or partially molten state for longer periods, allowing magnetic minerals to crystallize, become concentrated, and develop preferred orientations under thermal contraction stresses. Paleomagnetic results indicate that stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates a stable, single-component remanent magnetization carried by PSD titanomagnetite. Six marginal samples from basalt column A exhibit relatively scattered virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) distributions and anomalous directions, whereas the remaining 43 samples show relatively clustered VGPs after tilt correction. Systematic variations in remanent magnetization directions and VGPs indicate that cooling did not proceed symmetrically or uniformly from the column margins toward the cores. Instead, the columns appear to have undergone an asymmetric, unidirectional regional cooling process, possibly influenced by a localized heat source.

Conclusions

Integrated rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analyses lead to the following conclusions: (1) The basalt columns in Kanchanaburi are dominated by PSD titanomagnetite. Their AMS fabrics, characterized by subvertical K3 axes and subhorizontal K1 and K2 axes, record a primary near-horizontal magma flow during emplacement. (2) The column margins cooled more rapidly, resulting in finer magnetic grains, lower magnetic anisotropy, and predominantly oblate fabrics, whereas the interiors cooled more slowly, allowing magnetic minerals to crystallize, grow, and develop stronger preferred orientations, resulting in higher anisotropy and predominantly prolate fabrics. (3) Systematic variations in paleomagnetic directions and VGPs among the 49 samples indicate that post-jointing cooling was neither uniform nor symmetric but instead proceeded asymmetrically and unidirectionally across the basalt columns.

Significance

These findings contribute to a better understanding of the cooling processes of basaltic lava and provide new insights into long-term variations in the geomagnetic field.

columnar joints in basalt  /  paleomagnetism  /  rock magnetism  /  cooling history
周恩雄, 闫永刚, 来振洋, 李旦欣, 付亚兰, 邓晓泰, Thanakan Anchana, Apivut Veeravinantanakul, Punya Charusiri, 王伟涛, 黄宝春, 张培震. 泰国北碧府上新世玄武岩柱的冷却过程研究. 地质力学学报, 2026 , 32 (4) : 980 -998 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169
Enxiong ZHOU, Yonggang YAN, Zhenyang LAI, Danxin LI, Yalan FU, Xiaotai DENG, Thanakan ANCHANA, Apivut VEERAVINANTANAKUL, Punya CHARUSIRI, Weitao WANG, Baochun HUANG, Peizhen ZHANG. Study on the cooling history of Pliocene basalt columns in Kanchanaburi, Thailand[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2026 , 32 (4) : 980 -998 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169
玄武岩柱状节理是一种发育于玄武岩中的原生张性破裂构造,具有独特的几何形态与规则的空间排列,因此长期以来备受关注。早在17世纪,Foley and Molyneux(1694)就对北爱尔兰巨人堤的玄武岩柱进行了详细的描述。20世纪以来,关于玄武岩柱状节理成因机制的研究不断深入,先后提出了多种假说,主要包括冷却收缩假说(Ellwood and Fisk,1977;Urrutia-Fucugauchi,1982;Urrutia-Fucugauchi et al.,1991;Lore et al.,2000;Goehring and Morris,2008;Mattsson et al.,2011;Almqvist et al.,2012;Hetényi et al.,2012;Phillips et al.,2013;Lamur et al.,2018;周思耘和吴晨,2021;Mondal et al.,2022)、双扩散对流模型(Kantha,1980,1981;Hsui,1989;Hsui and Riahi,2001)以及成分过冷假说(Guy and Coze,1990;Gilman,2009;Guy,2010)等。其中,冷却收缩假说最被广泛接受。该假说类比于泥裂过程,认为岩浆在冷凝过程中体积收缩,导致岩体张裂,从而形成柱状节理。然而,单纯的冷却收缩机制难以解释若干现象:泥裂纵横比一般不超过1,而玄武岩柱却可达100以上(Kantha,1981);柱状节理剖面常表现为由规则的“柱列”(colonnade)与不规则的“柱顶线盘”(entablature)组成的2~3层突变结构。此外,单纯的热收缩无法形成典型的六边形柱面,也难以解释与柱体边缘平行的“气泡圆环” 以及由中心向外延伸的放射状纹理(Gilman,2009;Guy,2010)。Kantha(1980,1981)提出双扩散对流模型,将柱状节理的形成类比为海洋中的“盐指”对流过程,认为熔体在垂向上存在显著的温度和化学性质差异,从而引发双扩散对流,形成“玄武岩指”(Basalt fingers)。冷却收缩裂隙则沿“玄武岩指”间的薄弱带扩展,最终形成柱状节理。成分过冷模型认为,多组分熔体在特定冷却与热提取条件下会发生组分分异,低熔点相在柱体间富集形成玻璃质“薄弱带”,为节理优先生长提供位点(Gilman,2009;Guy,2010)。Gilman(2009)认为柱体边缘与中心的矿物分布差异是驱动因素;而Guy(2010)则认为关键不在于矿物差异,而在于挥发分梯度的存在——挥发分在柱体间隙富集,形成内部“薄弱带”。
基于上述模型,众多研究利用岩石磁学、地球化学及矿物学方法探讨玄武岩柱体的内部结构与冷却历史。地球化学分析表明,柱体从边缘到中心仅表现出微弱的成分差异。从柱体边缘到中心,密度、矿物成分 (斜长石An含量、钛磁铁矿 Ti 含量等)、稀土元素配分模式以及微量元素 (如 Rb、Sr) 浓度等基本均一,但主量元素含量与柱体内部明、暗条带及空间位置存在一定对应关系(Symons,1967;Mattsson et al.,2011;Almqvist et al.,2012)。暗色条带相对富集Fe、Ti,对应较高钛磁铁矿含量(约7%),而贫Si、Al;浅色条带则相反。这一特征被解释为结晶诱导的熔体垂向迁移:早期结晶矿物(斜长石、单斜辉石)在边缘富集,使边缘贫不相容元素(K、P)而富Mg、Ca;晚期残余熔体(富Fe、Ti、K、P)向中心迁移,形成中心及暗色条带的化学特征。(Mattsson et al.,2011;Almqvist et al.,2012)。
磁化率各向异性(AMS)研究为揭示柱体形成时的应力场和岩浆流动特征提供了重要约束。对直立玄武岩柱的研究表明,磁化率最小轴(K3)近直立,最大轴(K1)与中间轴(K2)近水平,反映了原生水平流动构造,支持热收缩应力主导磁性颗粒排列的观点(Brown et al.,1964;Ellwood and Fisk,1977;Urrutia-Fucugauchi,1982;Urrutia-Fucugauchi et al.,1991)。然而,水平玄武岩柱的AMS特征与此不同,Ellwood(1979)发现其K3轴多近直立,与冷却收缩模型预测的K3近水平(平行柱体长轴)不符,进而提出其磁性组构主要受上覆柱体的垂向压实应力控制,仅边缘区域受冷却收缩应力影响。近年来,对冰岛玄武岩柱的AMS研究又揭示出近于直立的K1轴及近于水平的K2、K3轴,指示柱体内部存在熔体垂向流动,由此提出了“熔体垂向迁移模型”来解释内部条带结构(Mattsson et al.,2011;Almqvist et al.,2012)。由此可见,不同区域及构型的玄武岩柱在磁各向异性特征及成因解释方面存在显著差异。此外,岩石磁学研究揭示,柱体磁学性质存在系统性空间差异,可能与不同部位冷却速率和氧化程度差异有关(Symons,1967;Radhakrishnamurty et al.,1971)。Urrutia-Fucugauchi et al.(1991)进一步发现,单个柱体内古地磁方向集中,而不同柱体间则较为分散,可能反映了冷却收缩应力与后期塑性流动导致的柱体间系统性偏转。
综上所述,尽管冷却收缩假说被广泛接受,但其在解释柱体内部结构及冷却历史方面仍存在诸多不足。目前对柱体内部结构及具体冷却过程的认识仍然比较模糊。为此,文章以泰国北碧府上新世直径约1.5 m的巨型柱状玄武岩为研究对象,开展系统的岩石磁学与古地磁学研究,从磁学角度探讨玄武岩柱体的成因机制、内部结构特征及冷却过程。
中中新世(~16 Ma)南海停止扩张后 (Li et al.,2014),南海及其周缘地区发生了广泛的板内火山活动,影响了雷州半岛、印支地块等区域(图1a)。这一时期形成的新近纪—第四纪火山岩在泰国和越南均有出露,其喷发时代跨度较大,从早中新世延续至更新世。印支半岛晚新生代玄武岩的地球化学特征明显区别于南海东缘与俯冲作用相关的火山岩,而更接近洋岛型玄武岩 (OIB) 的特征(Defant et al.,1990;An et al.,2017;Yan et al.,2018)。地球化学分析表明泰国晚新生代玄武岩主要为粗面玄武岩和玄武粗安岩,属于碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素 (Rb、Sr、Ba、K)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr),无明显的Eu异常,其形成可能和海南地幔柱相关(Barr and Macdonald,1981;An et al.,2017;Yan et al.,2018;袁龙,2019;郭琳等,2026)。泰国北碧府发育着覆盖面积大约1 km2的小型次火山相玄武岩岩体,产出于志留纪和泥盆纪地层中 (图1b)。Barr and Macdonald(1981)研究表明北碧府Bo Phloi剖面玄武岩属碱性玄武岩,含有丰富的橄榄石、霞石、歪长石、单斜辉石和尖晶石的巨晶;K-Ar定年结果显示其喷发时代为3.14±0.17 Ma。
北碧府Bo Phloi剖面玄武岩呈形态完好、排列规则的直立六边形玄武岩柱产出,单个柱体的直径可达1.55 m,属于较为罕见的巨型柱状玄武岩(图1c)。以其中2根大型玄武岩柱 (A和B) 作为研究对象,沿穿过柱体中心的直线方向进行系统古地磁采样:在玄武岩柱A上采集了26块定向岩芯样品 (24BF36—24BF61),在玄武岩柱B上采集了24块定向岩芯样品 (24BF62—24BF85;图2)。其中样品24BF58破损,故最终采集49块古地磁样品。所有样品均使用汽油岩芯钻在原位取样,并利用磁罗盘和太阳罗盘进行定向。
岩石磁学研究可以揭示岩石中磁性矿物的类型、磁畴状态、含量等信息,是开展古地磁学以及环境磁学研究的基础 (Dunlop,1995;敖红和邓成龙,2007)。为探究玄武岩柱体内部磁学性质的空间变化特征,对49块样品开展了详细的岩石磁学实验。所有实验均在中山大学地球科学与工程学院岩石磁学实验室完成。
在加热和冷却过程中,不同磁性矿物的体磁化率会随温度变化而呈现不同的特征。因此,体磁化率−温度曲线 (χ-T)可以帮助识别磁性矿物的种类及其热稳定性。在外加磁场的作用下,磁性矿物的磁学性质相应的也会发生一些变化,因此可以通过磁滞回线和等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线的测量获取磁性矿物的信息。其中,一阶反转曲线图 (FORC) 的测量可以有效帮助确定样品中磁性颗粒的磁畴状态、矫顽力分布以及磁性颗粒间的相互作用。为获取样品的磁学特征,对研磨后的玄武岩粉末样品开展了χ-T曲线、磁滞回线、FORC图和等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线等测量。χ-T曲线的测量使用AGICO 卡帕桥磁化率仪(MFK2-FA;频率为976 Hz)进行;磁滞回线测量、FORC图和等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线的测量使用Micromag VSM 3900振动磁强计完成,所施加的外加场范围为±1 T。
磁化率各向异性 (AMS)是指岩石及其组成矿物的低场磁化率在不同方向上的变化,它取决于所有组成矿物颗粒的形状和晶体的各向异性以及它们的空间排布情况。火成岩的磁组构可以揭示熔岩的熔体流动状态以及应力状态。49块标准古地磁样品的AMS测量使用AGICO 卡帕桥磁化率仪 (MFK2-FA;频率为976 Hz)进行。
为揭示柱状玄武岩在冷却过程中所记录的古地磁场信息,对49块标准古地磁样品开展了逐步热退磁实验。热退磁实验在中国科学院南海海洋研究所古地磁实验室完成。基于岩石磁学分析结果,对49块古地磁样品进行了20步以上的逐步热退磁分析,退磁温度区间从室温至600℃,直至剩磁强度在天然剩磁(NRM)强度的5%以下。实验使用2G-755型岩石超导磁力仪测量剩磁强度及方向。
磁滞回线测量结果显示所有样品的磁滞回线均在300 mT前达到饱和,样品矫顽力均较小(<15 mT),多数样品矫顽力在5~10 mT之间波动变化,仅少数样品 (24BF58、24BF59、24BF60、24BF70、24BF81) 的矫顽力超过10 mT (图3)。所有样品的等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线呈现基本一致的特征,当外加磁场强度为0~50 mT时,样品的磁化强度随着外加磁场强度的增加而迅速增加;当外加磁场强度超过50 mT后,曲线斜率开始显著减小,样品的磁化强度随着外加磁场强度的增加而缓慢增加,并在大约300 mT达到饱和,样品的剩磁矫顽力均不超过40 mT (图4)。样品的磁化强度在较低的外加磁场强度 (~300 mT) 下就达到饱和表明样品的磁性矿物主要为软磁性矿物。随着外加场强度的逐渐增加,样品磁化强度的增加过程呈现增加速度不同的2个阶段 (0~50 mT和50~300 mT),这表明样品中可能存在具有不同矫顽力的磁性颗粒混合。当外加场在0~50 mT时,矫顽力相对低的磁性颗粒对磁场的变化反应更加敏感;当外加场超过50 mT以后,矫顽力相对高的磁性颗粒的贡献逐渐加强。FORC图揭示了样品的磁畴状态,整体上看,所有样品均表现出典型的假单畴(PSD)颗粒特征,即内部等值线闭合、外部等值线向纵轴开口(图5,图6)。然而,不同样品的FORC图之间存在一些可以观察到的差异,指示了不同样品间磁性颗粒粒径的变化,这可能同样源于样品内高矫顽力和低矫顽力磁性颗粒的混合比例差异,与磁滞回线和等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线的结果一致。
所有样品的体磁化率−温度曲线 (χ-T)特征基本相似,在升温过程中,样品的体磁化率均在大约200 ℃开始显著降低,并于600 ℃前降至接近于0 ℃(图7),大多数样品的居里温度集中在约 220~330 ℃ 之间。升温曲线和降温曲线不完全重合,表明在加热过程中磁性矿物发生了变化。综合上述岩石磁学结果,柱状玄武岩样品的主要载磁矿物为 PSD钛磁铁矿颗粒。从柱体边缘到中心,样品矫顽力的微小波动变化(图8a、8b)就可能源于样品内高矫顽力和低矫顽力磁性颗粒的混合比例差异;样品居里温度在大约220~330 ℃之间波动变化(图8c、8d),可能反映了冷却过程中钛磁铁矿成分或者粒度的变化。综合磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线及反向退磁曲线、FORC图以及χ-T曲线的分析结果,玄武岩柱体内部磁学性质的空间变化可能受控于样品中不同矫顽力磁性颗粒的混合比例差异。而磁性颗粒的矫顽力差异很可能由钛磁铁矿的成分或粒度所主导。
AMS结果显示,玄武岩柱(A和B)样品的磁化率最小轴(K3 )相对集中,倾角趋向直立,而磁化率最大轴(K1)和中间轴 (K2)的倾角趋向水平,发育明显的趋向水平的磁面理 (玄武岩柱A: 产状为181.9°/21.6°;玄武岩柱B:产状为232.9°/20.2°;图9)。玄武岩柱 (A和B) 样品的体磁化率(χ)较高,分别为5.4×10−2 SI、5.0×10−2 SI。2根玄武岩柱的磁各向异性度(Pj)均较低(<1.05),玄武岩柱A样品的Pj在1.018~1.044之间波动,平均值为1.029;玄武岩柱B样品的Pj在1.015~1.047之间波动,平均值为1.033。已有研究表明低的各向异性度(Pj<1.2)通常指示沉积组构与原始岩浆流动(Hrouda,1982;潘小青等,2011)。因此,2根玄武岩柱的AMS很可能反映的是原始的岩浆流动。此外,柱体内部磁化率椭球参数的空间变化反映了柱体边部和中部的磁性颗粒特征存在系统性差异(图10)。2根柱体边部样品的体磁化率(χ)、磁线理度(L)和磁各向异性度(Pj)整体上要明显低于柱体中部的样品的值(图10)。柱体中部样品的形状因子(T)多小于零,表明以拉长型磁化率椭球为主;而柱体边部的样品的形状因子 (T) 值多大于零,表明以压扁状磁化率椭球为主(图10)。
退磁结果显示,样品退磁矢量图呈经过原点的线性趋势,剩磁基本表现为单分量特征(图11)。2根玄武岩柱样品的NRM强度较高,柱A样品的NRM强度在2.56~9.71 A/m之间波动,平均值为4.85 A/m;柱B样品的NRM强度在2.30~7.38 A/m之间波动,平均值为5.15 A/m。温度低于~200 ℃时,剩磁强度随着温度的升高而迅速下降,到大约200 ℃下降为NRM强度的20%左右;温度超过200 ℃之后,剩磁强度随着温度升高而缓慢减弱,并在大约550~600 ℃时接近原点。49块样品分离出了稳定的特征剩磁方向(表1)。熔岩流在流动过程中,磁性矿物会倾向于沿平行于流动面的方向定向排列,从而形成磁面理(Hrouda,1982;Tarling and Hrouda,1993;Gurioli et al.,2005)。磁面理的平面方向由磁化率最大轴(K1)和中间轴(K2)所定义的平面来表示。因此,可以通过磁面理将火山岩样品的特征剩磁方向校正到水平面上,恢复真实的古地磁方向。地理坐标系下,玄武岩柱A (磁面理产状:181.9°/21.6°)和B(磁面理产状:232.9°/20.2°)的磁面理的倾角基本一致,但是倾向存在51°的偏差,这可能是由于玄武柱体就位后发生不同方向的倾斜造成的。用玄武岩柱A、B的磁面理分别对2个柱体的样品进行倾斜校正。结果显示,43块样品的特征剩磁方向比较集中(精度参数k = 83.4,95%的置信区间α95= 2.4°),而玄武岩柱A最边部的6块样品(24BF36、24BF37、24BF38、24BF39、24BF40、24BF41)的特征剩磁方向与其他43块样品明显不同,古地磁偏角和磁倾角异常高于其他样品(图12,图13)。
玄武岩柱的磁组构可以反映柱体内部磁性矿物的定向排列状态,揭示岩浆流动及其在冷却凝固过程中的应力状态。玄武岩柱A和B的AMS结果显示:玄武岩柱A磁面理产状为181.9°/21.6°,玄武岩柱B 磁面理产状为232.9°/20.2°,磁化率最小轴(K3)的倾角总体趋向直立,而最大轴(K1)和中间轴(K2)倾角近于水平(图9)。该结果与澳大利亚新南威尔士州南海岸的二叠纪直立玄武岩柱、墨西哥莫雷洛斯州中新世直立玄武岩柱和冰岛直立玄武岩柱的AMS结果类似(Brown et al.,1964;Ellwood and Fisk,1977;Urrutia-Fucugauchi,1982;Urrutia-Fucugauchi et al.,1991)。已有研究将这种磁化率各向异性特征归因于岩浆原生流动或者玄武岩冷却凝固过程中的热收缩应力,与熔体垂向迁移模型(Mattsson et al.,2011;Almqvist et al.,2012)不同,此次研究的AMS结果并未显示玄武岩柱体内部存在沿柱体长轴方向的熔体流动或者对流。结合样品较低的磁化率各向异性度 (Pj<1.05),北碧府Bo Phloi剖面巨型玄武岩柱的AMS应主要记录了岩浆就位过程中的原生近水平流动,并不支持熔体发生垂向流动或对流的模型。
磁化率椭球参数揭示了柱体内部磁性矿物的空间差异。2个玄武岩柱体边部样品的体磁化率 (χ)、磁线理度(L)和磁各向异性度(Pj)总体而言相较于柱体中间部分的样品偏低(图10)。此外,形状因子(T)的分布表明2个玄武岩柱体中间部分样品以拉长状椭球体(T<0)为主,而柱体边部样品则以压扁状椭球体(T>0)为主(图10)。这些结果表明柱体边部磁性矿物的各向异性较弱,这可能与柱体边缘和中心存在显著的冷却速率差异有关。在岩浆冷凝过程中,玄武岩柱体边部的冷却速率较快,磁性矿物的结晶与定向时间较短,因而导致体磁化率与各向异性度相对较低。相反,玄武岩柱体中间部分冷却速率相对较慢,可能在较长时间内保持高温塑性或半熔融状态,使磁性矿物得以充分结晶、富集并在热收缩应力的作用下发生定向排列,从而形成了更高的χ、L、Pj。此外,FORC图(图5,图6)揭示了磁性颗粒的磁畴状态的空间差异,这同样反映了柱体边部和中部的冷却速率差异。单畴(SD)颗粒的FORC图表现为完全闭合的等值线,而多畴(MD) 颗粒则表现为完全向纵轴开口的等值线。对于2个玄武岩柱,位于边部的16个样品(每侧各8个)的FORC图形态趋向于接近SD颗粒的FORC图形态,特别是玄武岩柱A边部的4个样品(24BF57、24BF58、24BF59、24BF60);而位于中间部分的8个样品的FORC图形态则更接近MD颗粒的FORC图形态(图5,图6)。这在一定程度上也反映了柱体边部和中部由冷却速率所控制的粒径差异。柱体边部样品的磁性颗粒粒径相对较小,与其较快的冷却速率相一致;而柱体中部样品的磁性颗粒粒径相对较大,与其较慢的冷却速率相一致。
已有研究表明,玄武岩岩浆的固相线温度为980 ℃,在岩浆冷凝收缩过程中,只有当温度下降到固相线以下时才会发生应力积累,并在840~890 ℃发生应力释放与局部破裂,从而形成柱状节理 (Lamur et al.,2018)。热退磁结果显示,玄武岩柱样品携带的剩磁在加热到~200 ℃时就已经被清洗掉80%,剩下20%的剩磁则在大约200~600 ℃之间被退去(图11)。显然,样品携带的特征剩磁记录的是玄武岩柱状节理形成之后的古地磁场方向。
采自2个玄武岩柱体横截面的49块连续分布的样品中,43块样品的特征剩磁方向较为集中,而玄武岩柱A边部的6块样品(24BF36、24BF37、24BF38、24BF39、24BF40、24BF41)则表现出明显不同的特征剩磁方向(图12,图13)。 基于各样品的特征剩磁方向,计算出了49个虚地磁极(VGPs)。经磁面理校正后,43个比较集中的VGPs较磁面理校正前更加靠近北极点(图14a、14b),这证明用磁面理对火山岩样品的古地磁数据进行倾斜校正是合理的。玄武岩柱A边部的6块样品的VGPs位置变化较大,而其余43块样品的VGPs位置则相对集中(图14b),这种差异很可能记录了地磁场的长期变化。
玄武岩柱A边部的6块样品的古地磁偏角(Ds)、古地磁倾角(Is)和NRM强度与其余样品显著不同(图13)。Ds和Is沿着取样方向(从24BF36到24BF85)呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。这反映了在降温过程中,古地磁场的方向以及强度的变化。值得注意的是,两个玄武岩柱体空间位置相互交错区域的样品 (图14c);玄武岩柱A右部与玄武岩柱B左部) 的Ds和Is 呈现相近的大小和基本一致的变化趋势 (图13)。这说明两部分样品记录了相同的古地磁场信息,即二者的冷却时间窗高度重叠,表明它们经历了近乎同步的冷却过程。这暗示玄武岩柱状节理的冷却过程具有明显的方向性。
综合上述结果,在玄武岩冷却凝固形成柱状节理后,其冷却并非从柱体边缘同步、均匀地向中心推进;而是经历了从样品24BF36到24BF85方向的非对称性、单一方向性的区域冷却过程。冷却前锋是沿着从样品24BF36到24BF85的方向穿过了2个柱体(图14c)。可能受到未知的局部热传导异常的影响,玄武岩柱A边部的6块样品所代表的区域应该比其他部分经历了更为迅速地冷却,因而更容易记录古地磁场的变化。而其他43块样品所代表的区域则冷却比较缓慢,每个样品经历了较长时间的冷却过程,可能代表了地磁场长期变化过程中按照一定时间间隔平均的结果,因此记录了相对平滑和稳定的古地磁场方向变化(图13)。
岩石磁学与古地磁学分析结果揭示了泰国北碧府Bo Phloi剖面上新世柱状玄武岩的冷却历史及磁学结构特征。综合岩石磁学与古地磁学分析结果, 主要获得以下结论和认识。
(1)北碧府上新世玄武岩柱的主要磁性矿物为具有不同矫顽力的PSD钛磁铁矿颗粒。AMS结果显示磁化率最小轴(K3)趋向直立, 而最大轴(K1)和中间轴(K2)趋向水平, 反映了岩浆就位过程中的原生近水平流动。
(2)在岩浆冷凝过程中,玄武岩柱体边部冷却速率相对较快,磁性矿物颗粒粒径相对较小,磁化率各向异性张量椭球以压扁状椭球为主,各向异性度较低;而柱体中部冷却速率相对较慢,粒径相对较大,可能在较长时间内保持高温塑性或半熔融状态,磁性矿物得以相对更充分结晶、富集并在热收缩应力的作用下发生定向排列,磁性颗粒以拉长型磁化率椭球为主,各向异性度较高。
(3)用磁面理对剩磁方向进行倾斜校正后 VGPs更加靠近北极点, 这表明用磁面理校正火山岩的古地磁数据是合理的。
(4)采自2个玄武岩柱体横截面的49块连续分布的样品的剩磁方向和VGPs 的系统变化指示玄武岩柱在凝固形成节理后,其冷却并非从柱体边缘同步、均匀地向中心推进, 而是经历了非对称性的、单一方向性的区域冷却过程。这一非对称单向冷却过程为高精度重建地磁场长期变化提供了独特的天然载体, 其连续的剩磁记录可用于约束地磁场变化的时间尺度, 为相关研究提供了新的技术路径与观测对象。

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doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-04-17
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    1中山大学地球科学与工程学院,广东 珠海 519082
    2南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
    3School of Interdisciplinary Study,Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus,Kanchanaburi 71150,Thailand
    4Faculty of Science,Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok 10330,Thailand
    5Department of Mineral Resources,Bangkok 10400,Thailand
    6北京大学地球与空间科学学院,北京 100871

通讯作者:

闫永刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事古地磁学与构造磁学研究。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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