Article(id=1311998604403901246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768233600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-13, revisedDate=1778256000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-09, acceptedDate=1778428800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-11, onlineDate=1790734443044, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734443044, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734443044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734443044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998530802250506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, year='2026', volume='32', issue='4', pageStart='771', pageEnd='998', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734425497, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739498146, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=933, endPage=941, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998604693308224, articleId=1311998604403901246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation analysis of seismically triggered load and ball-and-pillow structures in the lacustrine sediment, columnId=1311998604617810751, journalTitle=Journal of Geomechanics, columnName=Active Tectonics & Earthquake, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) in the lacustrine sediments serve as reliable stratigraphic records for studying paleoearthquake events in tectonically active regions. Load and ball-and-pillow structures, as common types of SSDSs, are generally attributed to gravitational instability caused by an inverse density gradient between adjacent sedimentary layers. However, their formation mechanisms and the quantitative relationship between their development and seismic intensity remain poorly constrained.

Methods

This study employs the multiphase-flow numerical simulation approach implemented in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the formation of load and ball-and-pillow structures in saturated sand–clay layers under different peak ground accelerations (PGAs; 0.125g, 0.25g, 0.5g, and 0.8g) and varying physical properties, including density, dynamic viscosity and layer thicknesses). The effects of sediment physical properties on the development of these deformation structures and their relationship with seismic intensity were investigated.

Results

The results show that as the PGA increases, load and flame structures develop earlier at the sand–clay interface and progressively evolve from small load structures into larger-scale load and ball-and-pillow structures. Under the same PGA, a larger density contrast, a smaller dynamic viscosity contrast, and a thicker overlying sand layer result in greater deformation and larger-scale development of load and ball-and-pillow structures.

Conclusions

The morphologies of the load and ball-and-pillow structures produced by the numerical simulations are highly consistent with those observed in lacustrine sediments in the Tashkorgan area. This agreement supports the proposed mechanical mechanism of their formation and provides a quantitative basis for understanding the development of SSDSs under different seismic and sedimentary conditions.

Significance

This finding verifies the seismic trigger of SSDSs in this region and provides a new technological insight into the study of SSDSs and paleoearthquakes.

, authors=Zelong YAN1, Ruixiang FAN1, Lianji LIANG1, 2, Ning ZHONG3, Junjie ZHANG1, authorsList=Zelong YAN, Ruixiang FAN, Lianji LIANG, Ning ZHONG, Junjie ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lianji LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Geomechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998612280804190, articleId=1311998604403901246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=CN, title=湖相沉积地震成因负载与球−枕构造的数值模拟研究, columnId=1311998604768805697, journalTitle=地质力学学报, columnName=活动构造与地震, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

湖相沉积中地震成因的软沉积变形构造,为构造活动区古地震事件研究提供了可靠的地层记录。负载与球−枕构造作为常见的变形类型,通常由不同沉积层反密度差所引发的重力失稳所致,但其形成机制及与地震强度之间的量化关系仍缺乏明确阐释。文章采用FLUENT多相流数值模拟方法,反演了在不同地震加速度(0.125g、0.25g、0.5g和0.8g)及不同物理性质(密度、动力黏度和层厚)条件下饱和砂−黏土层中负载与球−枕构造的形成过程,探讨了沉积层物理性质对此类变形构造发育的影响及其与地震强度之间的关系。模拟结果表明:地震加速度越大,砂−黏土层界面越早出现负载与火焰构造,且由小型负载构造逐渐发展为较大规模的负载与球−枕构造;在相同地震加速度条件下,上覆砂层和下伏黏土层的密度差越大、动力黏度差越小、上覆砂层越厚,负载与球−枕构造的变形程度和规模也更显著。数值模拟得到的负载与球−枕构造形态与塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中野外观测案例高度一致,既验证了其力学机制,也为软沉积变形构造与古地震研究提供了新的技术途径和直观依据。

, authors=严泽龙1, 范瑞祥1, 梁莲姬1, 2, 钟宁3, 张俊杰1, authorsList=严泽龙, 范瑞祥, 梁莲姬, 钟宁, 张俊杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁莲姬, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

严泽龙负责论文写作和修改;范瑞祥参与数值模拟分析;梁莲姬参与论文构思、数据分析和修改;钟宁参与论文修改并提供建议;张俊杰参与修改,所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

YAN Zelong drafted and revised the manuscript; FAN Ruixiang performed numerical simulation analysis; LIANG Lianji conceived the study、data analysis and revision; ZHONG Ning revised the manuscript and provided suggestions; ZHANG Junjie participated in manuscript revision.

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
梁莲姬(1985—),女,博士,副研究员,从事古地震和地质灾害研究。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《地质力学学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5/c47YClRdxbUYZAyl4sNg==, magXml=L0o3aNByIa0Bl3367/N++g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4w6QSREeJJW9VQqbs/XB9g==, pdfFileSize=2209178, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ekBdI3K0As2G76R9fZ6rcA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kBihT25odJS1mwSGsvODCQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311998612763149161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2495820866@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998612834452331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998612763149161, language=EN, stringName=Zelong YAN, firstName=Zelong, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998612918338412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998612763149161, language=CN, stringName=严泽龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio={"content":"

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])]), Author(id=1311998613019001710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613094499184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613019001710, language=EN, stringName=Ruixiang FAN, firstName=Ruixiang, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613153219441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613019001710, language=CN, stringName=范瑞祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])]), Author(id=1311998613216134003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lianglianji512@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613333574518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613216134003, language=EN, stringName=Lianji LIANG, firstName=Lianji, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613400683383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613216134003, language=CN, stringName=梁莲姬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124
2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998612612154210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612620542819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612628931428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037)])]), Author(id=1311998613463597945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613560066939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613463597945, language=EN, stringName=Ning ZHONG, firstName=Ning, middleName=null, lastName=ZHONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613635564412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613463597945, language=CN, stringName=钟宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612687651685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612696040294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612700234599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1311998613753004926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613954331521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613753004926, language=EN, stringName=Junjie ZHANG, firstName=Junjie, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998615539778435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613753004926, language=CN, stringName=张俊杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1311998615678190468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=lacustrine sediments), Keyword(id=1311998615736910725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=paleoearthquake), Keyword(id=1311998615820796806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=soft sediment deformation), Keyword(id=1311998615883711367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=load structure), Keyword(id=1311998615959208840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=ball-and-pillow structure), Keyword(id=1311998616034706313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=numerical simulation), Keyword(id=1311998616101815178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=湖相沉积), Keyword(id=1311998616164729739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=古地震), Keyword(id=1311998616252810124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=软沉积变形), Keyword(id=1311998616332501901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=负载构造), Keyword(id=1311998616407999374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=球−枕构造), Keyword(id=1311998616470913935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1311998621491495842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALLEN J, 1982. Sedimentary structures, their character and physical basis[J]. Earth Science Reviews, 19(4): 362-363., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621550216099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GALLI P, 2000. New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction[J]. Tectonophysics, 324(3): 169-187., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621604742052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GIBERT L, ALFARO P, GARCÍA-TORTOSA F J, et al., 2011. Superposed deformed beds produced by single earthquakes (Tecopa Basin, California): insights into paleoseismology[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 148-159., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621688628133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO L, HE Z T, LI L L, 2023. Lacustrine sedimentary responses to earthquakes—soft-sediment deformation structures since late Pleistocene: a review of current understanding[J]. Earthquake Research Advances, 3(2): 100158., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621764125606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HEEZEN B C, EWING W M, 1952. Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks [Newfoundland] earthquake[J]. American Journal of Science, 250(12): 849-873., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621831234471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG T, WU F, LI Z H, et al., 2025. Soft-sediment deformation structure records of Holocene paleoseismic events along the southeastern segment of the Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault Zone on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Northwestern Geology, 58(6): 131-148. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621889954728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JAMIL M, SIDDIQUI N A, UMAR M, et al., 2021. Aseismic and seismic impact on development of soft-sediment deformation structures in deep-marine sand-shaly Crocker fan in Sabah, NW Borneo[J]. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33: 101522., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998621948674985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KLUGER M O, LOWE D J, MOON V G, et al., 2023. Seismically-induced down-sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 445: 106327., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622049338282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J J, JANSEN J D, CARLING P A, et al., 2025. Palaeoseismicity recorded in soft-sediment deformation structures within a 166-m-long drill core from Diexi Palaeolake, eastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 22(12): 4464-4489., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622141612971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG L J, QIAO X F, DAI F C, et al., 2021. Seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures in Tashkorgan lacustrine sediments, northeastern Pamir, China[J]. Quaternary International, 604: 82-92., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622221304748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG L J, LU Z H, ZHANG Q T, et al., 2024. Shaking table simulation of soft sediment deformation structures in lacustrine sediments[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 472: 106756., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622280025005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X C, 2019. Finite-element simulations of structure-fluid coupling: a case study in vein-type tungsten deposits[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 25(S1): 163-169. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622351328174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Y, WETZLER N, WALDMANN N, et al., 2020. A 220, 000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary[J]. Science Advances, 6(48): eaba4170., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998622426825647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA J, HE D F, LU G, et al., 2025. The influence of weak layers on thrust structure deformation: a finite element numerical simulation study[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 31(3): 444-457. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998625929069488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MANDAL S, SINGH A, BANERJEE S, et al., 2023. Linking the impact of seismicity on palaeogeographic evolution and sedimentary architecture: a case study from Middle Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalaya[J]. Geological Magazine, 160(10): 1863-1874., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626029732785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILNES A R, PLUMMER P S, MAY R I, 2024. Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene succession, Noarlunga Embayment, South Australia[J]. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 148(2): 154-169., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626159756210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOLENAAR A, VAN DAELE M, VANDORPE T, et al., 2021. What controls the remobilization and deformation of surficial sediment by seismic shaking? Linking lacustrine slope stratigraphy to great earthquakes in South-Central Chile[J]. Sedimentology, 68(6): 2365-2396., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626239447987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MORETTI M, PIERI P, TROPEANO M, 2002. Late Pleistocene soft-sediment deformation structure interpreted as seismites in paralic deposits in the City of Bari (Apulian Foreland, southern Italy)[M]//ETTENSOHN F R, RAST N, BRETT C E. Ancient seismites. Geological Society of America: 75-85., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626319139764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MORETTI M, RONCHI A, 2011. Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin (Northern Patagonia)[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 200-209., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626407220149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MUELLER P, TAMBURELLI S, MENEGONI N, et al., 2023. Concurrence of load-and-flame structures, balls-and-pillows, clastic injectites and shear deformation bands as indicator of seismicity in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate successions (Finale Ligure Basin, Italy)[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 155: 106345., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626474329014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIKOLAEVA S B, 2022. Paleoseismic events reflected in late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the terraces of Imandra Lake (Kola Region, Fennoscandian Shield)[J]. Doklady Earth Sciences, 506(S1): S108-S115., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626541437879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OBERMEIER S F, 1998. Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA[J]. Engineering Geology, 50(3-4): 227-254., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626604352440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=O'BRIEN J S, JULIEN P Y, 1988. Laboratory analysis of mudflow properties[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(8): 877-887., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626705015737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OWEN G, 2003. Load structures: gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216(1): 21-34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626788901818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OWEN G, MORETTI M, ALFARO P, 2011. Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: current understanding and future directions[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 133-140., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626847622075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAO X F, LI H B, 2008. Pillow, ball-and-pillow structures: paleo-seismic records within strata[J]. Geological Review, 54(6): 721-730. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626910536636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAO X F, LI H B, SU D C, et al. , 2017. Soft-sediment deformation structures: records of earthquakes and paleoearthquakes[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-263. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998626977645501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAJKHOWA S, JAISWARA N K, PANDEY P, et al., 2026. Coseismic liquefaction during Mw6.0 2021-Assam earthquake and paleoliquefaction features in the Brahmaputra Plain, India: implications on boundary conditions and paleoseismicity[J]. Natural Hazards, 122(4): 153., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998627032171454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHANMUGAM G, 2017. Global case studies of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS): definitions, classifications, advances, origins, and problems[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6(4): 251-320., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998627107668927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SIPP G S, SCHERER C M D S, RODRIGUES A G, et al., 2026. Soft-sediment deformation structures in eolian sandstones: morphology, genesis, and stratigraphical relationships through time[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 491: 106996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998627216720832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU D C, SUN A P, LI Z L, et al., 2022. Origin of soft-sediment deformation structures in Nihewan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 11(3): 332-359., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998627304801217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN LOON A J, PISARSKA-JAMROŻY M, 2014. Sedimentological evidence of Pleistocene earthquakes in NW Poland induced by glacio-isostatic rebound[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 300: 1-10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629032854466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WETZLER N, MARCO S, HEIFETZ E, 2010. Quantitative analysis of seismogenic shear-induced turbulence in lake sediments[J]. Geology, 38(4): 303-306., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629175460803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG F X, ZHOU Y Q, WANG A D, et al., 2015. Load structures and ball-and-pillow structures on the Lingshan Island, Shandong[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 35(3): 42-50. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629490033604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J D, LIANG C, CAO Y C, et al., 2024. Feature of event bed combinations constrains the seismic origin for soft-sediment deformation as applied to the Lingshan Island, Qingdao, East China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 39(1): 96-107. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629548753861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO J K, 2020. Study on dynamic disturbance characteristics and simulation reproduction of soft sediment deformation in Diexi Ancient Dam Lake[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629620057030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG N, JIANG H C, LIANG L J, et al., 2017. Paleoearthquake researches via soft sediment deformation of load, ball-and-pillow structure: a review[J]. Geological Review, 63(3): 719-738. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629691360199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG N, JIANG H C, LI H B, et al., 2021. The use of soft-sediment deformation structures as proxies for paleoseismic activity and shaking: a review[J]. Geological Review, 67(6): 1785-1802. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629750080456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄婷, 吴芳, 李振宏, 等, 2025. 青藏高原东北缘香山–天景山断裂带东南段全新世古地震事件的软沉积变形构造记录[J]. 西北地质, 58(6): 131-148., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629842355145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘向冲, 2019. 构造-流体耦合有限元模拟: 以石英脉型钨矿为例[J]. 地质力学学报, 25(S1): 163-169., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629901075402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马佳, 何登发, 鲁国, 等, 2025. 软弱层对逆冲构造变形的影响: 有限元数值模拟研究[J]. 地质力学学报, 31(3): 444-457., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998629968184267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=乔秀夫, 李海兵, 2008. 枕、球—枕构造: 地层中的古地震记录[J]. 地质论评, 54(6): 721-730., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630026904524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=乔秀夫, 李海兵, 苏德辰, 等, 2017. 软沉积物变形构造: 地震与古地震记录[M]. 北京: 地质出版社: 1-263., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630098207693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张风霄, 周瑶琪, 王安东, 等, 2015. 山东省灵山岛负载构造和球-枕构造研究[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质, 35(3): 42-50., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630182093774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张济东, 梁超, 操应长, 等, 2024. 事件层组合特征限定软沉积变形的地震成因: 在青岛灵山岛的应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 39(1): 96-107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630236619727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵家康, 2020. 叠溪古堰塞湖中软沉积变形的动力扰动特征及其模拟再现研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630307922896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钟宁, 蒋汉朝, 梁莲姬, 等, 2017. 软沉积物变形中负载、球—枕构造的古地震研究综述[J]. 地质论评, 63(3): 719-738., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998630387614673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钟宁, 蒋汉朝, 李海兵, 等, 2021. 地震成因软沉积物变形记录的地震强度研究进展[J]. 地质论评, 67(6): 1785-1802., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998612612154210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612620542819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612628931428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998612687651685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612696040294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612700234599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998616605131664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Acceleration time history of the El Centro earthquake, figureFileSmall=o3UiWNDfkq9XgmZH5+CyfA==, figureFileBig=ekBdI3K0As2G76R9fZ6rcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998616676434833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图1, caption=El Centro地震波加速度时程曲线

g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2

, figureFileSmall=o3UiWNDfkq9XgmZH5+CyfA==, figureFileBig=ekBdI3K0As2G76R9fZ6rcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998616923898770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Deformation characteristics of the sand–clay layer at 2, 3, 5, and 6 s under different peak ground accelerations, figureFileSmall=g9r2Y9U11Bvim9Q0GqYhlA==, figureFileBig=jDr30kPAU7+KWh7scc0LEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998616999396243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地震峰值加速度作用下砂−黏土层在2 s、3 s、5 s和6 s时刻的变形特征

g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2;ρ—流体混合物的密度;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度;图底箭头为地震波输入方向

, figureFileSmall=g9r2Y9U11Bvim9Q0GqYhlA==, figureFileBig=jDr30kPAU7+KWh7scc0LEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998617087476628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Deformation characteristics of the sand–clay layer at 2, 3, 5, and 6 s under different density contrasts (Δρ), figureFileSmall=bZ03h0W95SyL7qQoqT11oQ==, figureFileBig=ASdx/t29o+lJATS3xE6GQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998620577137559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同密度差(Δρ)砂−黏土层在2 s、3 s 、5 s和6 s时刻的变形特征

g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2;ρ—流体混合物的密度;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度;图底箭头为地震波输入方向

, figureFileSmall=bZ03h0W95SyL7qQoqT11oQ==, figureFileBig=ASdx/t29o+lJATS3xE6GQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998620698772376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Deformation characteristics of the sand–clay layer at 2, 3, 5, and 6 s under different dynamic viscosity contrasts, figureFileSmall=I7XsSKHrDam6jemkY/el6A==, figureFileBig=Oza2SPYb2W6nxHypGcE3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998620816212889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同动力黏度差的砂−黏土层在2 s、3 s、5 s和6 s时的变形特征

g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2;ρ—流体混合物的密度;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度;图底箭头为地震波输入方向

, figureFileSmall=I7XsSKHrDam6jemkY/el6A==, figureFileBig=Oza2SPYb2W6nxHypGcE3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998620916876186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Deformation characteristics of the sand–clay layer at 2, 3, 5, and 6 s with a constant thickness of the underlying clay layer and varying thicknesses of the overlying sand layer, figureFileSmall=pVJiTA2+wN5UmuHg4rYmIA==, figureFileBig=uqQMniiZu54TU1ekpJlZoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998620983985051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图5, caption=下伏黏土层厚度不变且上覆砂层厚度发生变化时,砂−黏土层在2 s、3 s、5 s和6 s时的变形特征

g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2;ρ—流体混合物的密度;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度;图底箭头为地震波输入方向

, figureFileSmall=pVJiTA2+wN5UmuHg4rYmIA==, figureFileBig=uqQMniiZu54TU1ekpJlZoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998621038511004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Load and ball-and-pillow structures in lacustrine deposits of Lake Tashkurgan and the results of numerical simulations, figureFileSmall=5WrAkQL3sE3pQewV/UndoA==, figureFileBig=uccq5aUq1LVYwRnslP4anQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998621101425565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=图6, caption=塔什库尔干湖相沉积负载与球−枕构造和数值模拟结果图

ρ—流体混合物的密度;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度

, figureFileSmall=5WrAkQL3sE3pQewV/UndoA==, figureFileBig=uccq5aUq1LVYwRnslP4anQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998621168534430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Depositional models and numerical simulation schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加速度沉积层厚度/m饱和密度ρ/
(kg/m3)
动力黏度μ/
(Pa·s)
g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2
0.125g
0.25g
砂层0.41850190019500.010
0.5g
0.8g
黏土层0.417501700165010
0.5g砂层0.419000.0050.100
黏土层0.41700301
0.5g砂层0.50.319000.010
黏土层0.40.4170010
0.5g砂层0.219270.010
粉砂质黏土层0.6166410
), ArticleFig(id=1311998621248226207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积模型与数值模拟方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加速度沉积层厚度/m饱和密度ρ/
(kg/m3)
动力黏度μ/
(Pa·s)
g—重力加速度,9.81 m/s2
0.125g
0.25g
砂层0.41850190019500.010
0.5g
0.8g
黏土层0.417501700165010
0.5g砂层0.419000.0050.100
黏土层0.41700301
0.5g砂层0.50.319000.010
黏土层0.40.4170010
0.5g砂层0.219270.010
粉砂质黏土层0.6166410
), ArticleFig(id=1311998621327917984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of key parameters between field observations and numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型野外实例(塔什库尔干)数值模拟(文中方案)
上覆砂层厚度0.15~0.25 m0.2 m
下伏黏土层厚度 >0.5 m0.6 m
砂层饱和密度 ~1927 kg/m³1927 kg/m³
黏土层饱和密度 ~1664 kg/m³1664 kg/m³
球−枕体垂直长度 20~30 cm20~35 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1311998621399221153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

野外实例与数值模拟关键参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型野外实例(塔什库尔干)数值模拟(文中方案)
上覆砂层厚度0.15~0.25 m0.2 m
下伏黏土层厚度 >0.5 m0.6 m
砂层饱和密度 ~1927 kg/m³1927 kg/m³
黏土层饱和密度 ~1664 kg/m³1664 kg/m³
球−枕体垂直长度 20~30 cm20~35 cm
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1311385402311016565, delFlag=0, nameCn=地质力学学报, nameEn=Journal of Geomechanics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1006-6616, eissn=null, cn=11-3672/P, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=eIT+4m2KVWPyCt/9B7VJoQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Geomechanics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1790588244275, updatedTime=1790588826779, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=D, firstLetterEn=D, subjectCode=Science, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Science, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=eIT+4m2KVWPyCt/9B7VJoQ==, picEn=0WQPu/LDoP9XKci/CSo2YQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1311387845575668074, language=CN, name=地质力学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1790588826793, updatedTime=1790588826793, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1311387845621805419, language=EN, name=Journal of Geomechanics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1790588826804, updatedTime=1790588826804, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.manuscripts.com.cn/dzlxxb, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1311385891987619962, websiteList=[Website(id=1311386135344021834, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1311385891987619962, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1790588419042, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1790590359122, updateBy=18614031015, name=地质力学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=地质力学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1311394384663371943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1790590385833, updateTime=1790590385833, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384629817508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1790590385825, updateTime=1790590385825, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384705314986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590385843, updateTime=1790590385843, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384621428899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=FHk8j02jpAUqJCuAXgNz+g==, createTime=1790590385823, updateTime=1790590385823, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384734675116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590385850, updateTime=1790590385850, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384654983334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1790590385831, updateTime=1790590385831, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384717897899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590385846, updateTime=1790590385846, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384642400421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1790590385828, updateTime=1790590385828, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384675954856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1790590385836, updateTime=1790590385836, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394384688537769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135344021834, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1790590385839, updateTime=1790590385839, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1311386135411130720, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1311385891987619962, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1790588419058, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1790590353865, updateBy=18614031015, name=地质力学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Geomechanics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1311394354476966043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1790590378636, updateTime=1790590378636, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354455994520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1790590378631, updateTime=1790590378631, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354497937566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590378641, updateTime=1790590378641, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354447605911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=FHk8j02jpAUqJCuAXgNz+g==, createTime=1790590378629, updateTime=1790590378629, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354514714784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590378645, updateTime=1790590378645, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354468577434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1790590378634, updateTime=1790590378634, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354506326175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1790590378643, updateTime=1790590378643, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354464383129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1790590378633, updateTime=1790590378633, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354485354652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1790590378638, updateTime=1790590378638, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1311394354489548957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1311386135411130720, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1790590378639, updateTime=1790590378639, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=地质力学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://journal.geomech.ac.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Geomechanics, journalPhotoCn=eIT+4m2KVWPyCt/9B7VJoQ==, journalPhotoEn=0WQPu/LDoP9XKci/CSo2YQ==, journalFirstLetter=D, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/EN/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN/PDF/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/EN/PDF/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1787846400000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
湖相沉积地震成因负载与球−枕构造的数值模拟研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
严泽龙 1 , 范瑞祥 1 , 梁莲姬 1, 2 , 钟宁 3 , 张俊杰 1
地质力学学报 | 活动构造与地震 2026,32(4): 933-941
收起
收藏切换
地质力学学报 |活动构造与地震 2026 , 32 (4) : 933 -941
湖相沉积地震成因负载与球−枕构造的数值模拟研究
全屏
[Author(id=1311998612763149161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2495820866@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998612834452331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998612763149161, language=EN, stringName=Zelong YAN, firstName=Zelong, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998612918338412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998612763149161, language=CN, stringName=严泽龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio={"content":"

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])]), Author(id=1311998613019001710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613094499184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613019001710, language=EN, stringName=Ruixiang FAN, firstName=Ruixiang, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613153219441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613019001710, language=CN, stringName=范瑞祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])]), Author(id=1311998613216134003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lianglianji512@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613333574518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613216134003, language=EN, stringName=Lianji LIANG, firstName=Lianji, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613400683383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613216134003, language=CN, stringName=梁莲姬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124
2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998612612154210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612620542819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612628931428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612612154210, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037)])]), Author(id=1311998613463597945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613560066939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613463597945, language=EN, stringName=Ning ZHONG, firstName=Ning, middleName=null, lastName=ZHONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613635564412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613463597945, language=CN, stringName=钟宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612687651685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612696040294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612700234599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612687651685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1311998613753004926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998613954331521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613753004926, language=EN, stringName=Junjie ZHANG, firstName=Junjie, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998615539778435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, authorId=1311998613753004926, language=CN, stringName=张俊杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998612511490911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612519879520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998612532462433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998604403901246, companyId=1311998612511490911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124)])])]
严泽龙1 , 范瑞祥1, 梁莲姬1, 2 , 钟宁3, 张俊杰1
作者信息
  • 1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124
  • 2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037
  • 3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
通讯作者:
梁莲姬(1985—),女,博士,副研究员,从事古地震和地质灾害研究。Email:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

严泽龙负责论文写作和修改;范瑞祥参与数值模拟分析;梁莲姬参与论文构思、数据分析和修改;钟宁参与论文修改并提供建议;张俊杰参与修改,所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

YAN Zelong drafted and revised the manuscript; FAN Ruixiang performed numerical simulation analysis; LIANG Lianji conceived the study、data analysis and revision; ZHONG Ning revised the manuscript and provided suggestions; ZHANG Junjie participated in manuscript revision.

严泽龙(2000—),男,在读硕士,工程地质专业。Email:

Numerical simulation analysis of seismically triggered load and ball-and-pillow structures in the lacustrine sediment
Zelong YAN1 , Ruixiang FAN1, Lianji LIANG1, 2 , Ning ZHONG3, Junjie ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005
文章导航
收藏切换

湖相沉积中地震成因的软沉积变形构造,为构造活动区古地震事件研究提供了可靠的地层记录。负载与球−枕构造作为常见的变形类型,通常由不同沉积层反密度差所引发的重力失稳所致,但其形成机制及与地震强度之间的量化关系仍缺乏明确阐释。文章采用FLUENT多相流数值模拟方法,反演了在不同地震加速度(0.125g、0.25g、0.5g和0.8g)及不同物理性质(密度、动力黏度和层厚)条件下饱和砂−黏土层中负载与球−枕构造的形成过程,探讨了沉积层物理性质对此类变形构造发育的影响及其与地震强度之间的关系。模拟结果表明:地震加速度越大,砂−黏土层界面越早出现负载与火焰构造,且由小型负载构造逐渐发展为较大规模的负载与球−枕构造;在相同地震加速度条件下,上覆砂层和下伏黏土层的密度差越大、动力黏度差越小、上覆砂层越厚,负载与球−枕构造的变形程度和规模也更显著。数值模拟得到的负载与球−枕构造形态与塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中野外观测案例高度一致,既验证了其力学机制,也为软沉积变形构造与古地震研究提供了新的技术途径和直观依据。

湖相沉积  /  古地震  /  软沉积变形  /  负载构造  /  球−枕构造  /  数值模拟
Objective

Seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) in the lacustrine sediments serve as reliable stratigraphic records for studying paleoearthquake events in tectonically active regions. Load and ball-and-pillow structures, as common types of SSDSs, are generally attributed to gravitational instability caused by an inverse density gradient between adjacent sedimentary layers. However, their formation mechanisms and the quantitative relationship between their development and seismic intensity remain poorly constrained.

Methods

This study employs the multiphase-flow numerical simulation approach implemented in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the formation of load and ball-and-pillow structures in saturated sand–clay layers under different peak ground accelerations (PGAs; 0.125g, 0.25g, 0.5g, and 0.8g) and varying physical properties, including density, dynamic viscosity and layer thicknesses). The effects of sediment physical properties on the development of these deformation structures and their relationship with seismic intensity were investigated.

Results

The results show that as the PGA increases, load and flame structures develop earlier at the sand–clay interface and progressively evolve from small load structures into larger-scale load and ball-and-pillow structures. Under the same PGA, a larger density contrast, a smaller dynamic viscosity contrast, and a thicker overlying sand layer result in greater deformation and larger-scale development of load and ball-and-pillow structures.

Conclusions

The morphologies of the load and ball-and-pillow structures produced by the numerical simulations are highly consistent with those observed in lacustrine sediments in the Tashkorgan area. This agreement supports the proposed mechanical mechanism of their formation and provides a quantitative basis for understanding the development of SSDSs under different seismic and sedimentary conditions.

Significance

This finding verifies the seismic trigger of SSDSs in this region and provides a new technological insight into the study of SSDSs and paleoearthquakes.

lacustrine sediments  /  paleoearthquake  /  soft sediment deformation  /  load structure  /  ball-and-pillow structure  /  numerical simulation
严泽龙, 范瑞祥, 梁莲姬, 钟宁, 张俊杰. 湖相沉积地震成因负载与球−枕构造的数值模拟研究. 地质力学学报, 2026 , 32 (4) : 933 -941 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005
Zelong YAN, Ruixiang FAN, Lianji LIANG, Ning ZHONG, Junjie ZHANG. Numerical simulation analysis of seismically triggered load and ball-and-pillow structures in the lacustrine sediment[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2026 , 32 (4) : 933 -941 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005
软沉积变形构造是近地表或水下未完全固结沉积物,受到强烈地质营力作用而形成的变形构造(Owen et al.,2011;乔秀夫等,2017)。自Heezen and Ewing(1952)对1929年加拿大格兰德班克地震引发的海底沉积物位移、变形和浊积岩开展研究以来,地震成因的软沉积变形构造被广泛用于全球地震断裂带湖相沉积地层的古地震事件研究(Lu et al.,2020;Liang et al.,2021;Nikolaeva,2022;Su et al.,2022;Guo et al.,2023;Kluger et al.,2023;Mandal et al.,2023;Milnes et al.,2024;张济东等,2024)。其形成机制往往归因于沉积物发生液化、触变、流化等(Allen,1982;Shanmugam,2017;Milnes et al.,2024)。然而,受制于变形过程的难以再现性,且多种机制之间存在叠加效应,其与地震触发机制的解析仍存在较多争议(Sipp et al.,2026)。此外,软沉积变形不仅受到沉积物粒度、密度、厚度等内在因素的影响(Wetzler et al.,2010),也与地震震级、烈度等外部因素相关(Obermeier,1998;Galli,2000;Lu et al.,2020;Molenaar et al.,2021;钟宁等,2021;Li et al.,2025;Rajkhowa et al.,2026),导致软沉积变形构造与区域地震强度之间的关系难以准确评估。
负载与球−枕构造是常见的软沉积变形构造类型,已在不同时代、不同地层中广泛识别(Owen,2003;乔秀夫和李海兵,2008;Van Loon and Pisarska-Jamroży,2014;张风霄等,2015;钟宁等,2017;Mueller et al.,2023;Milnes et al.,2024;黄婷等,2025)。例如,Gibert et al.(2011)在美国加州东南部特科帕盆地的更新世火山碎屑沉积物中发现了多个负载构造层,并根据其形态特征和沉积环境推断为地震触发。Moretti and Ronchi(2011)描述了南美洲内乌肯盆地河湖相沉积物中发育的负载构造,推断其触发机制与同时期火山活动引发的地震作用有关。张风霄等(2015)在灵山岛早白垩世地层中发现了多尺度、多形态、多组合的负载与球−枕构造,认为其由该时期古地震所触发。乔秀夫和李海兵(2008)及钟宁等(2017)以实例描述了不同时代地层中发育的地震成因的负载与球−枕构造,讨论了此类软沉积变形构造所指示的地震震级。以往研究表明,负载构造形成于上下相邻沉积层间反密度差所引发的重力失稳,在地震振动下,上覆比重大的粗颗粒沉积物局部解体后,向下伏比重低的细颗粒沉积物中陷落(Owen,2003;乔秀夫等,2017)。球−枕构造源自负载体脱离母岩层后在重力作用下的进一步陷落,其负载体与球−枕体的体积大小与沉积层厚度及陷落深度等因素有关(Moretti et al.,2002;乔秀夫和李海兵,2008)。虽然此类构造已有大量报道和描述,但其形成机制局限于野外观察与理论推演,其变形构造的形成过程及其与沉积物性质、地震强度之间的定量关系仍需进一步深入研究。此外,负载与球−枕构造的触发机制具有多解性,除地震作用外,重力超载、快速沉积、滑塌及压实差异等非构造因素也可导致类似变形(Owen,2003;Van Loon and Pisarska-Jamroży,2014;Jamil et al.,2021)。此研究仅聚焦于地震触发机制,探讨在地震加速度作用下饱和砂−黏土层中负载与球−枕构造的形成过程及其控制因素。
近年来,数值模拟为变形构造的形成机理及其定量分析提供了新途径(刘向冲,2019;马佳等,2025)。赵家康(2020)采用PFC2D离散元数值模拟方法,对地震作用下沉积物扰动变形过程进行了多尺度模拟研究。Wetzler et al.(2010)利用Fluent计算流体力学软件,对死海现代沉积物中的软沉积变形构造进行数值模拟,建立了变形层厚度与地震峰值加速度之间的关系。此后,Lu et al.(2020)基于调整后的模型参数及其与地震强度的关系,重建了死海地区22万年以来的震积岩与古地震序列。但以往研究多侧重单一因素分析,缺少多因素耦合模拟。因此,文章采用Fluent多相流数值方法,对湖相砂−黏土沉积层中负载与球−枕构造的形成过程进行模拟反演,揭示地震加速度及沉积层物理性质对此类变形构造发育的影响规律。同时,将塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中负载与球−枕构造野外案例与模拟结果对比,验证该数值方法在软沉积变形研究中的可靠性,以期为古地震研究提供基础依据。
ANSYS Fluent是一款商用计算流体动力学软件,可求解Navier-Stokes方程。该软件中VOF (Volume of Fluid)模型是一种处理两相或多相流的流体动力学数值方法,主要用于追踪流体之间相界面的动态变化。该模型通过构建相函数表征计算域内各流体相的分布情况:将计算域划分成若干计算单元,以单元内流体的体积分数来表示流体的占比;在流体交界面处,单元体积分数会发生变化,以模拟复杂界面的流体行为,清晰刻画多相流体的瞬态变化。VOF模型通过求解动量方程和连续性方程获取流体运动情况,并基于流体相的体积分数α来求解。动量方程中,整个多相流体系统在计算域内共享同一个速度场和压力场,仅需求解单一方程:
$ \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}})+\nabla(\rho\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}}\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}})=\nabla p+\nabla\left[\mu\left(\nabla\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}}+\nabla\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\right]+\rho\vec{{\boldsymbol{g}}}+\vec{{\boldsymbol{F}}} $
式中,t—时间,s;ρ—流体混合物的密度,kg/m;$\vec{{\boldsymbol{v}}} $—流体的速度矢量,m/s;p—流体压力,Pa;μ—流体混合物的动力黏度,Pa·s;$ \vec{\boldsymbol{g}} $—重力加速度矢量,m/s2;$\vec{{\boldsymbol{F}}} $—流体所受的体积力矢量,N/m3。
对于两相系统,混合物的密度ρ和动力黏度μ由各相体积分数加权平均得到:
$ \rho ={\alpha }_{1}{\rho }_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}{\rho }_{2} $
$ \mu ={\alpha }_{1}{\mu }_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}{\mu }_{2} $
$ {\alpha }_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}=1 $
式中,α1—第1相流体的体积分数,无量纲;α2—第2相流体的体积分数,无量纲;ρ1—第1相流体的密度,kg/m3;ρ2—第2相流体的密度,kg/m3;μ1—第1相流体的动力黏度,Pa·s;μ2—第2相流体的动力黏度,Pa·s。
VOF模型求解的是混合物的连续性方程,其形式与单相流相同:
$ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla(\rho \vec{v})=0 $
式中,所有变量含义同上。
利用ANSYS软件Design Modeler建立沉积模型,模型大小设计为2.0 m(长)×0.8 m(厚)。为确保计算精度并兼顾计算效率,进行了网格独立性验证,分别测试了网格分辨率为15 mm、10 mm和5 mm的工况。选取最大下陷深度、变形起始时间为关键指标进行对比,确认10 mm网格可满足计算精度要求,故最终10 mm×10 mm的网格分辨率。模型背景均施加竖直向下的重力加速度,对应沉积物在自重作用下的初始应力状态;左右边界为水平约束,底部边界设为固定约束,顶部边界为自由面,确保沉积层在水平振动下自由发生剪切变形与层间位移。
不同砂−黏土层沉积模型方案见表1。为了查明在不同地震振动强度下饱和砂−黏土层界面处变形的形成过程,地震波加速度分别设置为0.125g、0.25g、0.5g和0.8g。数值模拟中的砂层与黏土层的密度和动力黏度参数,参考了已有的湖相沉积物性指标测试结果(Liang et al.,2024)和细颗粒沉积流体特性研究结果(O'Brien and Julien,1988;Wetzler et al.,2010)。此外,为了对比数值模拟与野外观测结果,研究依据塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中发育的负载与球−枕构造,建立了与野外变形层厚度相近的沉积模型,并采用该地区变形层样品的物性指标参数(Liang et al.,2021,2024)进行了模拟反演与对比分析。需要说明的是,此研究采用的VOF模型侧重于模拟液化后砂层与黏土层因物理性质差异而发生的相互流动、陷落和侵彻的变形阶段。
研究选用1940年5月18日美国IMPERIAL Velley地震(M 7.1)中El centro站台记录的加速度时程曲线(图1)。原始El Centro地震波总记录时长为54 s,峰值加速度为0.28 m/s2,出现在2.68 s。根据不同工况,将地震波加速度时程曲线缩放至目标峰值加速度(0.125g、0.25g、0.5g、0.8g;g=9.81 m/s2)。为了模拟地震振动从地球深部传播到地面的过程,地震波参数由沉积模型底部水平输入,以符合软沉积变形以水平剪切为主的力学特征。为了重点观察地震波输入后,沉积模型中负载与球−枕构造的出现与形成过程,设置模拟运行时间为10 s,时间步数为1000步,时间步长为0.01 s。
为观察地震波输入后沉积模型中负载与球−枕构造的出现时序,分别提取了2 s、3 s、5 s和6 s时刻的瞬态响应特征。在0.125g加速度作用下,5 s时砂−黏土层界面开始出现变形,至6 s时上覆砂层陷落至下伏黏土层,形成小规模负载构造;同时,下伏黏土层向上挤入形成火焰构造,最大下陷深度约10 cm(图2a)。当加速度提升至0.25g时,4 s时界面开始变形,5 s时已形成明显的负载与火焰构造,至6 s时该负载构造的规模与变形程度显著增强,最大下陷深度约20 cm(图2b)。当加速度进一步增大至0.5g时,5 s时形成显著的负载与火焰构造,6 s时其规模与变形程度比0.25g工况下更为显著(图2c)。在0.8 g加速度振动下,3 s时界面已出现变形,至6 s时先前形成的负载构造继续陷落,发展为球−枕构造,最大下陷深度约36 cm(图2d)。上述结果表明,地震振动加速度越大,砂−黏土层界面越早出现扰动变形与负载构造,且由小型负载构造逐渐发展为较大规模的负载构造乃至球−枕构造,指示地震加速度大小是沉积变形构造发育的关键动力因素。
在相同地震峰值加速度(0.5g)作用下,不同密度差的砂−黏土层发生了不同变形(图3)。当密度差最小(Δρ=100 kg/m3)时,5 s时界面出现扰动变形,至6 s时仅形成微小的负载构造,最大下陷深度约为2 cm(图3a)。在密度差最大(Δρ=300 kg/m3)时,3 s时界面开始变形,5 s时上覆砂层向下陷落形成明显的负载构造,同时下伏黏土层被向上挤入形成火焰构造,至6 s时逐渐发展为球−枕构造,最大下陷深度约为38 cm(图3c)。该结果表明,在相同地震峰值加速度条件下,上下砂−黏土层反密度差越大,界面出现扰动变形与负载构造的时间越早,且负载与球−枕构造的变形程度和规模也越显著。
在相同地震加速度(0.5g)作用下,不同动力黏度差的砂−黏土层的变形也呈现显著差异(图4)。动力黏度差最大(μ砂=0.005 Pa·s、μ黏土=30 Pa·s)的砂−黏土层模型中,5 s时界面开始变形,且在6 s时出现微小的负载与火焰构造,最大下陷深度约为10 cm(图4a)。相比之下,对于动力黏度差最小(μ砂=0.01 Pa·s、μ黏土=10 Pa·s)的沉积模型,界面在地震加速度尚未到达峰值(2.68 s)时已出现变形,最大下陷深度约为39 cm;振动3 s后,砂−黏土层界面形成小型负载与球−枕构造,且在5 s后逐渐发展为砂−黏土混合变形层(图4c)。该模拟结果表明,在研究参数范围内,相同地震峰值加速度条件下,砂层黏度低、黏土黏度适中、层间黏度差适中时,更易快速形成负载与球−枕构造,指示上下沉积层的动力黏度差也显著影响其变形程度与规模。
在下伏黏土层厚度不变的情况下,当上覆砂层厚度改变时,砂层与黏土层界面也会发生不同的变形(图5)。在相同地震加速度0.5g作用下,上覆砂层最大(砂层厚度为0.5 m)的沉积模型中,3 s时开始出现变形,5 s时形成明显的负载构造,至6 s时逐渐发展成球−枕构造,最大下陷深度约为26 cm(图5a)。当上覆砂层厚度减小至0.3 m时,5 s时形成微弱变形,至6 s时出现明显的负载和火焰构造,最大下陷深度约为18 cm(图5c)。该结果表明,上覆砂层厚度越厚,更早形成沉积变形与负载构造,且所形成的负载与球−枕构造体规模越大。相比之下,上覆砂层厚度越薄,沉积变形出现时间越晚,负载体的规模和变形程度越小。
为与野外实际观测到的变形构造进行对比,选取塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中发育的负载与球−枕构造为实例(Liang et al.,2021,2024;图6a,表2),建立接近野外厚度的砂−黏土层沉积模型,并通过数值模拟复现其变形过程。野外观察显示,该负载与球−枕构造发育于上覆薄层深灰色细砂层与下伏厚层灰黄色粉砂质黏土层之间。负载构造底部呈向下弯曲形态,球−枕构造主体呈近圆状,垂直长度约20~30 cm。其充填物质来源于已基本消失的上覆深灰色砂岩层,指示原始母岩层较薄,难以仅凭超负载作用导致下陷,推测其形成与强烈地震触发有关。
数值模拟结果显示,在0.5g地震峰值加速度作用下,5 s时上覆砂层已向下伏粉砂质黏土层陷落,形成负载和火焰构造,至6 s时上覆砂层完全陷没,原负载构造进一步发育为球−枕构造(图6b、6c)。模拟所得的负载与球−枕体在形状和规模上均与野外观察特征高度一致,表明该变形构造的形成可归因于上覆薄砂层向下伏粉砂质黏土层的陷落,支持其形成机制的解释。值得注意的是,在不同地震峰值加速度的持续振动下,该沉积模型界面均发育出负载与球−枕构造,但其形成时间与变形程度却存在差异,表明此类构造的形成不仅受地震峰值加速度大小的控制,也与地震振动的持续时间密切相关。
上述结果表明,采用Fluent中的VOF多相流数值模拟方法,能够有效再现在地震作用下未固结饱和沉积层中负载与球−枕构造的形成过程及其演变规律。需指出的是,尽管这类变形构造往往伴随砂层或粉砂层的液化,但该模拟方法更侧重于液化后沉积层的变形阶段,旨在揭示砂层和黏土层因物理性质差异而发生的相互流动过程及其动力机制。
此项研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,模型未考虑地震动过程中孔隙水压力的累积与消散,也未涉及沉积层的排水条件。地震输入采用简化的单向水平加速度时程,未充分考虑地震动的持续时间、频率及多次地震的叠加效应。其次,当前模型为二维,而天然地层往往呈现三维非均质性,可能影响变形的形态。因此,为更准确反演大范围软沉积变形过程并解析其与地震动强度的关系,未来仍需结合更多野外实例与实验数据,进一步优化模型构建与参数条件,从而提升该方法在不同地质背景下进行软沉积变形识别与古地震研究的适用性。
(1)地震峰值加速度大小是负载与球−枕构造发育的关键动力因素。加速度越大,砂−黏土层中变形与负载构造出现越早,且由小型负载逐渐发展为规模更大的负载与球−枕构造。
(2)在相同地震峰值加速度条件下,沉积层的物理性质差异显著影响变形构造特征。上覆砂层和下伏黏土层的密度差越大,上覆砂层越厚,负载构造的变形程度和规模越显著。在研究参数范围内,砂层黏度低、黏土黏度适中、层间黏度差适中时,更易快速形成负载与球−枕构造。
(3)数值模拟结果与塔什库尔干湖相沉积层中野外观测到的负载与球−枕构造在形态上高度一致,进一步支持该地区此类构造的地震成因机制。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
ALLEN J, 1982. Sedimentary structures, their character and physical basis[J]. Earth Science Reviews, 19(4): 362-363.
2
GALLI P, 2000. New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction[J]. Tectonophysics, 324(3): 169-187.
3
GIBERT L, ALFARO P, GARCÍA-TORTOSA F J, et al., 2011. Superposed deformed beds produced by single earthquakes (Tecopa Basin, California): insights into paleoseismology[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 148-159.
4
GUO L, HE Z T, LI L L, 2023. Lacustrine sedimentary responses to earthquakes—soft-sediment deformation structures since late Pleistocene: a review of current understanding[J]. Earthquake Research Advances, 3(2): 100158.
5
HEEZEN B C, EWING W M, 1952. Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks [Newfoundland] earthquake[J]. American Journal of Science, 250(12): 849-873.
6
HUANG T, WU F, LI Z H, et al., 2025. Soft-sediment deformation structure records of Holocene paleoseismic events along the southeastern segment of the Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault Zone on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Northwestern Geology, 58(6): 131-148. (in Chinese with English abstract)
7
JAMIL M, SIDDIQUI N A, UMAR M, et al., 2021. Aseismic and seismic impact on development of soft-sediment deformation structures in deep-marine sand-shaly Crocker fan in Sabah, NW Borneo[J]. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33: 101522.
8
KLUGER M O, LOWE D J, MOON V G, et al., 2023. Seismically-induced down-sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 445: 106327.
9
LI J J, JANSEN J D, CARLING P A, et al., 2025. Palaeoseismicity recorded in soft-sediment deformation structures within a 166-m-long drill core from Diexi Palaeolake, eastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 22(12): 4464-4489.
10
LIANG L J, QIAO X F, DAI F C, et al., 2021. Seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures in Tashkorgan lacustrine sediments, northeastern Pamir, China[J]. Quaternary International, 604: 82-92.
11
LIANG L J, LU Z H, ZHANG Q T, et al., 2024. Shaking table simulation of soft sediment deformation structures in lacustrine sediments[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 472: 106756.
12
LIU X C, 2019. Finite-element simulations of structure-fluid coupling: a case study in vein-type tungsten deposits[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 25(S1): 163-169. (in Chinese with English abstract)
13
LU Y, WETZLER N, WALDMANN N, et al., 2020. A 220, 000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary[J]. Science Advances, 6(48): eaba4170.
14
MA J, HE D F, LU G, et al., 2025. The influence of weak layers on thrust structure deformation: a finite element numerical simulation study[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 31(3): 444-457. (in Chinese with English abstract)
15
MANDAL S, SINGH A, BANERJEE S, et al., 2023. Linking the impact of seismicity on palaeogeographic evolution and sedimentary architecture: a case study from Middle Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalaya[J]. Geological Magazine, 160(10): 1863-1874.
16
MILNES A R, PLUMMER P S, MAY R I, 2024. Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene succession, Noarlunga Embayment, South Australia[J]. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 148(2): 154-169.
17
MOLENAAR A, VAN DAELE M, VANDORPE T, et al., 2021. What controls the remobilization and deformation of surficial sediment by seismic shaking? Linking lacustrine slope stratigraphy to great earthquakes in South-Central Chile[J]. Sedimentology, 68(6): 2365-2396.
18
MORETTI M, PIERI P, TROPEANO M, 2002. Late Pleistocene soft-sediment deformation structure interpreted as seismites in paralic deposits in the City of Bari (Apulian Foreland, southern Italy)[M]//ETTENSOHN F R, RAST N, BRETT C E. Ancient seismites. Geological Society of America: 75-85.
19
MORETTI M, RONCHI A, 2011. Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin (Northern Patagonia)[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 200-209.
20
MUELLER P, TAMBURELLI S, MENEGONI N, et al., 2023. Concurrence of load-and-flame structures, balls-and-pillows, clastic injectites and shear deformation bands as indicator of seismicity in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate successions (Finale Ligure Basin, Italy)[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 155: 106345.
21
NIKOLAEVA S B, 2022. Paleoseismic events reflected in late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the terraces of Imandra Lake (Kola Region, Fennoscandian Shield)[J]. Doklady Earth Sciences, 506(S1): S108-S115.
22
OBERMEIER S F, 1998. Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA[J]. Engineering Geology, 50(3-4): 227-254.
23
O'BRIEN J S, JULIEN P Y, 1988. Laboratory analysis of mudflow properties[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(8): 877-887.
24
OWEN G, 2003. Load structures: gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216(1): 21-34.
25
OWEN G, MORETTI M, ALFARO P, 2011. Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: current understanding and future directions[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 133-140.
26
QIAO X F, LI H B, 2008. Pillow, ball-and-pillow structures: paleo-seismic records within strata[J]. Geological Review, 54(6): 721-730. (in Chinese with English abstract)
27
QIAO X F, LI H B, SU D C, et al. , 2017. Soft-sediment deformation structures: records of earthquakes and paleoearthquakes[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-263. (in Chinese)
28
RAJKHOWA S, JAISWARA N K, PANDEY P, et al., 2026. Coseismic liquefaction during Mw6.0 2021-Assam earthquake and paleoliquefaction features in the Brahmaputra Plain, India: implications on boundary conditions and paleoseismicity[J]. Natural Hazards, 122(4): 153.
29
SHANMUGAM G, 2017. Global case studies of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS): definitions, classifications, advances, origins, and problems[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6(4): 251-320.
30
SIPP G S, SCHERER C M D S, RODRIGUES A G, et al., 2026. Soft-sediment deformation structures in eolian sandstones: morphology, genesis, and stratigraphical relationships through time[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 491: 106996.
31
SU D C, SUN A P, LI Z L, et al., 2022. Origin of soft-sediment deformation structures in Nihewan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 11(3): 332-359.
32
VAN LOON A J, PISARSKA-JAMROŻY M, 2014. Sedimentological evidence of Pleistocene earthquakes in NW Poland induced by glacio-isostatic rebound[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 300: 1-10.
33
WETZLER N, MARCO S, HEIFETZ E, 2010. Quantitative analysis of seismogenic shear-induced turbulence in lake sediments[J]. Geology, 38(4): 303-306.
34
ZHANG F X, ZHOU Y Q, WANG A D, et al., 2015. Load structures and ball-and-pillow structures on the Lingshan Island, Shandong[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 35(3): 42-50. (in Chinese with English abstract)
35
ZHANG J D, LIANG C, CAO Y C, et al., 2024. Feature of event bed combinations constrains the seismic origin for soft-sediment deformation as applied to the Lingshan Island, Qingdao, East China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 39(1): 96-107. (in Chinese with English abstract)
36
ZHAO J K, 2020. Study on dynamic disturbance characteristics and simulation reproduction of soft sediment deformation in Diexi Ancient Dam Lake[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology. (in Chinese with English abstract)
37
ZHONG N, JIANG H C, LIANG L J, et al., 2017. Paleoearthquake researches via soft sediment deformation of load, ball-and-pillow structure: a review[J]. Geological Review, 63(3): 719-738. (in Chinese with English abstract)
38
ZHONG N, JIANG H C, LI H B, et al., 2021. The use of soft-sediment deformation structures as proxies for paleoseismic activity and shaking: a review[J]. Geological Review, 67(6): 1785-1802. (in Chinese with English abstract)
39
黄婷, 吴芳, 李振宏, 等, 2025. 青藏高原东北缘香山–天景山断裂带东南段全新世古地震事件的软沉积变形构造记录[J]. 西北地质, 58(6): 131-148.
40
刘向冲, 2019. 构造-流体耦合有限元模拟: 以石英脉型钨矿为例[J]. 地质力学学报, 25(S1): 163-169.
41
马佳, 何登发, 鲁国, 等, 2025. 软弱层对逆冲构造变形的影响: 有限元数值模拟研究[J]. 地质力学学报, 31(3): 444-457.
42
乔秀夫, 李海兵, 2008. 枕、球—枕构造: 地层中的古地震记录[J]. 地质论评, 54(6): 721-730.
43
乔秀夫, 李海兵, 苏德辰, 等, 2017. 软沉积物变形构造: 地震与古地震记录[M]. 北京: 地质出版社: 1-263.
44
张风霄, 周瑶琪, 王安东, 等, 2015. 山东省灵山岛负载构造和球-枕构造研究[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质, 35(3): 42-50.
45
张济东, 梁超, 操应长, 等, 2024. 事件层组合特征限定软沉积变形的地震成因: 在青岛灵山岛的应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 39(1): 96-107.
46
赵家康, 2020. 叠溪古堰塞湖中软沉积变形的动力扰动特征及其模拟再现研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学.
47
钟宁, 蒋汉朝, 梁莲姬, 等, 2017. 软沉积物变形中负载、球—枕构造的古地震研究综述[J]. 地质论评, 63(3): 719-738.
48
钟宁, 蒋汉朝, 李海兵, 等, 2021. 地震成因软沉积物变形记录的地震强度研究进展[J]. 地质论评, 67(6): 1785-1802.
2026年第32卷第4期
PDF下载
208
86
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005
  • 接收时间:2026-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-13
  • 修回日期:2026-05-09
  • 录用日期:2026-05-11
基金
作者信息
    1北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124
    2自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室,北京 100037
    3中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081

通讯作者:

梁莲姬(1985—),女,博士,副研究员,从事古地震和地质灾害研究。Email:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzlxxb/CN/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏