Article(id=1311998630945457106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1771776000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-23, acceptedDate=1776096000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineDate=1790734449372, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734449372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734449372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734449372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998530802250506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, year='2026', volume='32', issue='4', pageStart='771', pageEnd='998', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734425497, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739498146, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=919, endPage=932, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998631247446995, articleId=1311998630945457106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=EN, title=Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault, columnId=1311998604617810751, journalTitle=Journal of Geomechanics, columnName=Active Tectonics & Earthquake, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Accurately delineating the spatial distribution and geometric scale of active faults is essential for understanding crustal deformation and assessing regional seismic hazards. While the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been extensively studied, its adjacent secondary structures—such as the Baiganhu Fault—remain poorly constrained regarding their geometry, slip history, and seismic potential. This study aims to systematically characterize the offset geomorphology of the Baiganhu Fault, establish its segmentation, and evaluate its potential for generating large earthquakes, including multi-fault cascading ruptures with the ATF.

Methods

Using multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery and digital topographic data, we conducted detailed geomorphic mapping of the Baiganhu Fault. Displaced landforms (e.g., offset gullies, alluvial fans, pressure ridges, and sag ponds) were measured. We constrained displacement variations at individual measurement points using Gaussian cumulative probability density (COPD) distributions to interpret the displacement accumulation pattern and evaluate coseismic slip.

Results

The Baiganhu Fault extends for approximately 247 km along a general northeast–east (NEE) strike, displaying prominent left-lateral strike-slip geomorphic features. Based on fault geometry and deformation patterns, it is divided into western, central, and eastern segments. The central segment hosts a well-preserved ~50-km-long surface rupture zone with an average coseismic displacement of 4.8 m. Statistical analysis of 99 offset gullies yields an average horizontal offset of 4.3–4.8 m for the most recent event, corresponding to a moment magnitude of MW 7.4±0.3. A full-segment rupture could generate an earthquake of MW 7.8±0.3. Furthermore, the ~5-km-wide stepover separating the Baiganhu Fault from the main strand of the ATF is unlikely to act as a permanent barrier, making a cascading rupture mechanically plausible.

Conclusions

The Baiganhu Fault is a highly active left-lateral structure capable of generating MW 7.4 events. Regional seismic hazard models must incorporate the scenario of cascading ruptures between the Baiganhu Fault and the Altyn Tagh Fault to avoid underestimating seismic risk to surrounding infrastructure.

Significance

This study provides critical quantitative constraints on the geometry, slip behavior, and seismic potential of a previously under-studied secondary structure within the ATF system. By highlighting the potential for multi-fault cascading ruptures, our findings underscore the need to update regional seismic hazard models, which is vital for risk mitigation and infrastructure safety in the region.

, authors=Hanlin LIU1, 2, Tao CHEN3, Zhaode YUAN1, 2, authorsList=Hanlin LIU, Tao CHEN, Zhaode YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Geomechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998634649027558, articleId=1311998630945457106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=CN, title=阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖断裂遥感影像特征及地震危险性, columnId=1311998604768805697, journalTitle=地质力学学报, columnName=活动构造与地震, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

准确厘定活动断层的空间分布和发育规模,是开展区域构造变形分析和地震危险性评价的重要基础。文章基于多源高分辨率卫星影像,系统解译了阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖左旋走滑断裂的断错地貌特征。结果表明,该断裂全长约247 km,总体呈北东东走向,第四纪晚期以来活动强烈,沿线广泛发育断错洪积扇、张剪性裂隙、挤压脊(鼓包)、错断冲沟及断塞塘等典型断错微地貌。依据几何结构与空间展布特征,可将白干湖断裂划分为西段、中段与东段3个次级段落,其中中段保存长约50 km的地震地表破裂带,平均同震水平位移达4.8 m,指示该段曾发生MW 7.4±0.3强震。对99组左旋位错冲沟的统计分析显示,该断裂最新一次地震的平均水平位错为4.3~4.8 m。若发生全段贯通破裂,白干湖断裂可产生MW 7.8±0.3地震;其与阿尔金断裂之间约5 km宽的阶区无法完全阻挡地震破裂的贯穿扩展,表明2条断裂存在级联破裂的可能。因此,需高度重视白干湖断裂的地震危险性,在区域地震危险性评估中应充分考虑其与阿尔金断裂发生级联破裂的潜在风险。

, authors=刘汉琳1, 2, 陈涛3, 袁兆德1, 2, authorsList=刘汉琳, 陈涛, 袁兆德, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈涛, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘汉琳负责论文构思、相关地貌解译分析,相关图件绘制,初稿撰写;陈涛参与参与相关地貌解译分析,协助修改稿件;袁兆德协助修改稿件,最终稿审阅。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

LIU Hanlin contributed to conceptualization, geomorphic interpretation and analysis, figure preparation, and writing of the original draft. CHEN Tao participated in geomorphic interpretation and analysis and assisted in revising the manuscript. YUAN Zhaode assisted in revising the manuscript and reviewed the final draft. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

刘汉琳(2002—),女,在读硕士,构造地质学。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,从事地震研究、工程地震方向研究。Email:
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caption=Seismotectonic setting of the Baiganhu Fault, figureFileSmall=zhYw705/Ti7vdotZkMrGjw==, figureFileBig=KN2y3UBIctRG8tLsuizPOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639040462859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图1, caption=白干湖断裂地震构造背景图

a—中国及邻区活动地块划分(据Zhang et al.,2025修改);b—青藏高原北部地震构造图(据Yuan et al.,2024修改);c—白干湖断裂展布图

, figureFileSmall=zhYw705/Ti7vdotZkMrGjw==, figureFileBig=KN2y3UBIctRG8tLsuizPOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639325675532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geological sketch map showing the segmentation of the Baiganhu Fault, figureFileSmall=GA9l/M4RmtYkoivkjqOcEQ==, figureFileBig=DbudgdlVJfh3VUN7RhrKjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639522807821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图2, caption=白干湖断裂分段地质简图

Qh—全新统;Qp—更新统;K—白垩系;J—侏罗系;S—志留系;O—奥陶系;Pt—元古宇;OMym—奥陶纪蛇绿混杂岩;Fan1—Fan6—洪积扇不同期次

, figureFileSmall=GA9l/M4RmtYkoivkjqOcEQ==, figureFileBig=DbudgdlVJfh3VUN7RhrKjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639585722382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical offset landforms along the western segment of the Baiganhu fault, figureFileSmall=wAdbIpwSO0Vjd5NaTysI1A==, figureFileBig=tHK6A1QOAjKH0UWxmcWsLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639640248335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图3, caption=白干湖断裂西段典型断错地貌

红色实线及相对位移箭头代表断层及断层方向,图c中红色箭头指向断层垭口,蓝色虚线指示该构造地貌的轮廓,图d中白色箭头指向错断冲沟,图d中红色箭头指向次级断层,数字代表冲沟的水平位错值

, figureFileSmall=wAdbIpwSO0Vjd5NaTysI1A==, figureFileBig=tHK6A1QOAjKH0UWxmcWsLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639753494544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Typical offset landforms along the central segment of the Baiganhu fault, figureFileSmall=mN+h7hpaiaMIXGJWWo01LA==, figureFileBig=FOe8nZHTKRv1L3C5ZZnoig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998639996764177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图4, caption=白干湖断裂中段典型断错地貌

红色实线及相对位移箭头代表断层及断层方向;蓝色虚线表示冲沟,蓝色箭头表示冲沟流向;白色箭头指示冲沟位错距离,数字指示冲沟的位错值

, figureFileSmall=mN+h7hpaiaMIXGJWWo01LA==, figureFileBig=FOe8nZHTKRv1L3C5ZZnoig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998640097427474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Typical offset landforms along the eastern segment of the Baiganhu fault, figureFileSmall=/ELrCQDmXq/nQ4OYVPsvlw==, figureFileBig=ZFbCh1N5avzSM1/jAcf0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998640432971795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图5, caption=白干湖断裂东段典型断错地貌特征

O—奥陶系;Pt—元古宇;OMym—奥陶纪蛇绿混杂岩;Fan1—Fan6 代表洪积扇不同期次

, figureFileSmall=/ELrCQDmXq/nQ4OYVPsvlw==, figureFileBig=ZFbCh1N5avzSM1/jAcf0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998640495886356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Typical seismic surface rupture features along the Baiganhu fault, figureFileSmall=T1MgyeVSbBQu0Ee4P5YG8w==, figureFileBig=FZCKh62vsQ5ZmsKGmutTAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998640772710422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图6, caption=白干湖断裂典型地震地表破裂特征

Fan1—Fan4代表洪积扇不同期次;红色水平箭头指示破裂方向,黑色圆圈指示错断冲沟,数值指示冲沟位错值

, figureFileSmall=T1MgyeVSbBQu0Ee4P5YG8w==, figureFileBig=FZCKh62vsQ5ZmsKGmutTAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998642366545948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Distribution of gully offsets and COPD plots for the 80–165 km segment of the Baiganhu Fault, figureFileSmall=qrq1L0slY5g4ybIDRZpc5Q==, figureFileBig=4rBA2d5yOsNWmvLheF6WiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998642433654813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998630945457106, language=CN, label=图7, caption=白干湖断裂80~165 km断层段冲沟位错分布和累积位错概率密度(COPD)图

a—COPD曲线(橙色代表全部冲沟位错点,绿色代表地震地表破裂带位错点,蓝色代表非地震地表破裂带位错点);b—80~165 km断层段冲沟位错分布(绿色方块为地震地表破裂带内冲沟位错点,蓝色方块为非地震地表破裂带冲沟位错点,竖线代表位错测量误差)

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阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖断裂遥感影像特征及地震危险性
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刘汉琳 1, 2 , 陈涛 3 , 袁兆德 1, 2
地质力学学报 | 活动构造与地震 2026,32(4): 919-932
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地质力学学报 |活动构造与地震 2026 , 32 (4) : 919 -932
阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖断裂遥感影像特征及地震危险性
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刘汉琳1, 2 , 陈涛3 , 袁兆德1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国地震局地质研究所,北京 100029
  • 2地震动力学与强震预测全国重点实验室,北京 100029
  • 3浙江省地震局,浙江 杭州 310007
通讯作者:
陈涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,从事地震研究、工程地震方向研究。Email:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘汉琳负责论文构思、相关地貌解译分析,相关图件绘制,初稿撰写;陈涛参与参与相关地貌解译分析,协助修改稿件;袁兆德协助修改稿件,最终稿审阅。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

LIU Hanlin contributed to conceptualization, geomorphic interpretation and analysis, figure preparation, and writing of the original draft. CHEN Tao participated in geomorphic interpretation and analysis and assisted in revising the manuscript. YUAN Zhaode assisted in revising the manuscript and reviewed the final draft. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

刘汉琳(2002—),女,在读硕士,构造地质学。Email:

Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault
Hanlin LIU1, 2 , Tao CHEN3 , Zhaode YUAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Strong Earthquake Prediction, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3Zhejiang Earthquake Agency, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187
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准确厘定活动断层的空间分布和发育规模,是开展区域构造变形分析和地震危险性评价的重要基础。文章基于多源高分辨率卫星影像,系统解译了阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖左旋走滑断裂的断错地貌特征。结果表明,该断裂全长约247 km,总体呈北东东走向,第四纪晚期以来活动强烈,沿线广泛发育断错洪积扇、张剪性裂隙、挤压脊(鼓包)、错断冲沟及断塞塘等典型断错微地貌。依据几何结构与空间展布特征,可将白干湖断裂划分为西段、中段与东段3个次级段落,其中中段保存长约50 km的地震地表破裂带,平均同震水平位移达4.8 m,指示该段曾发生MW 7.4±0.3强震。对99组左旋位错冲沟的统计分析显示,该断裂最新一次地震的平均水平位错为4.3~4.8 m。若发生全段贯通破裂,白干湖断裂可产生MW 7.8±0.3地震;其与阿尔金断裂之间约5 km宽的阶区无法完全阻挡地震破裂的贯穿扩展,表明2条断裂存在级联破裂的可能。因此,需高度重视白干湖断裂的地震危险性,在区域地震危险性评估中应充分考虑其与阿尔金断裂发生级联破裂的潜在风险。

活动地块  /  走滑断裂  /  阿尔金断裂  /  白干湖断裂  /  地震地表破裂
Objective

Accurately delineating the spatial distribution and geometric scale of active faults is essential for understanding crustal deformation and assessing regional seismic hazards. While the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been extensively studied, its adjacent secondary structures—such as the Baiganhu Fault—remain poorly constrained regarding their geometry, slip history, and seismic potential. This study aims to systematically characterize the offset geomorphology of the Baiganhu Fault, establish its segmentation, and evaluate its potential for generating large earthquakes, including multi-fault cascading ruptures with the ATF.

Methods

Using multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery and digital topographic data, we conducted detailed geomorphic mapping of the Baiganhu Fault. Displaced landforms (e.g., offset gullies, alluvial fans, pressure ridges, and sag ponds) were measured. We constrained displacement variations at individual measurement points using Gaussian cumulative probability density (COPD) distributions to interpret the displacement accumulation pattern and evaluate coseismic slip.

Results

The Baiganhu Fault extends for approximately 247 km along a general northeast–east (NEE) strike, displaying prominent left-lateral strike-slip geomorphic features. Based on fault geometry and deformation patterns, it is divided into western, central, and eastern segments. The central segment hosts a well-preserved ~50-km-long surface rupture zone with an average coseismic displacement of 4.8 m. Statistical analysis of 99 offset gullies yields an average horizontal offset of 4.3–4.8 m for the most recent event, corresponding to a moment magnitude of MW 7.4±0.3. A full-segment rupture could generate an earthquake of MW 7.8±0.3. Furthermore, the ~5-km-wide stepover separating the Baiganhu Fault from the main strand of the ATF is unlikely to act as a permanent barrier, making a cascading rupture mechanically plausible.

Conclusions

The Baiganhu Fault is a highly active left-lateral structure capable of generating MW 7.4 events. Regional seismic hazard models must incorporate the scenario of cascading ruptures between the Baiganhu Fault and the Altyn Tagh Fault to avoid underestimating seismic risk to surrounding infrastructure.

Significance

This study provides critical quantitative constraints on the geometry, slip behavior, and seismic potential of a previously under-studied secondary structure within the ATF system. By highlighting the potential for multi-fault cascading ruptures, our findings underscore the need to update regional seismic hazard models, which is vital for risk mitigation and infrastructure safety in the region.

active tectonic block  /  strike-slip fault  /  Altyn Tagh Fault  /  Baiganhu Fault  /  seismic surface rupture
刘汉琳, 陈涛, 袁兆德. 阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖断裂遥感影像特征及地震危险性. 地质力学学报, 2026 , 32 (4) : 919 -932 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187
Hanlin LIU, Tao CHEN, Zhaode YUAN. Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2026 , 32 (4) : 919 -932 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187
活动地块是受新生代晚期(尤其第四纪晚期)强烈活动的构造带围限、内部运动方式相对统一的地质单元。这一概念已成为解析中国大陆新生代晚期与现代构造变形规律的基本框架(邓起东,1980;张培震,2003;郑文俊等,2022)。张培震等(2003)提出的中国大陆活动地块分级划分方案,以第四纪晚期强烈活动构造带为地块边界,将中国大陆划分为6个一级活动地块区和20余个二级活动地块。后续研究进一步明确了地块内部相对稳定、边界变形集中的核心特征(张培震等,2013;郑文俊等,2019;邵志刚等,2022)。统计显示,中国大陆有历史记载以来的8级强震,以及≥80%的7级以上强震均发生于活动地块边界带,证实地块间的差异运动是大陆强震孕育和发生的直接控制因素(张培震等,2003;郑文俊等,2022;吴中海,2024)。而活动地块内部发育的各级次级活动断裂,作为调节地块内部变形、传递边界构造应变的关键构造,其地震潜能同样不容忽视。巴颜喀拉块体内部的达日断裂、川滇菱形块体内部的理塘断裂、昆仑山口−江错断裂均曾发生7级以上强震(梁明剑等,2020;Chen et al.,2021;盖海龙等,2021;Jin et al.,2021;刘亢等,2021;Xu et al.,2021;Yuan et al.,2021;He et al.,2022;张献兵等,2024;杨镇等,2025),充分说明地块内部次级断裂的强震危险性需纳入区域地震风险评价体系。
白干湖断裂位于柴达木块体内部、阿尔金断裂南侧,是一条重要的次级断裂,总体呈北东东向延伸,全长约247 km。该断裂在早期研究中曾存在多种命名。Tapponnier and Molnar (1977)将其命名为祁曼塔格走滑断层;Cowgill et al. (2004)称其为卡齐断层;邵延秀等(2016)近年采用库木巴彦断裂一名。而白干湖断裂的名称最早见于《新疆维吾尔自治区地质志》(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局,1993)。以往对该断裂的研究多聚焦于古生代岩浆活动、成矿背景及新生代活动特征。宋茂德等(2010)指出,白干湖断裂对区内钨、锡等矿产的分布起着关键控制作用;Liu et al. (2021)通过锆石与磷灰石裂变径迹测年结合热历史模拟,首次定量限定了该断裂自中新世中期(约15~10 Ma)以来经历了快速构造隆升−冷却事件,揭示了其新生代的阶段性活动特征。但迄今为止,针对白干湖断裂第四纪晚期活动特征的研究仍处于空白状态,其空间展布、破裂分段、发震能力及与阿尔金断裂的构造关联均未明确,制约了柴达木块体内部的地震危险性评价。
文章利用水经微图软件中的天地图、谷歌地球、ArcGIS及吉林一号卫星等多源米级—亚米级高分辨率遥感影像,对白干湖断裂及其两侧的第四纪地貌进行了精细解译,明确了断裂的空间展布与几何分段特征,厘定了地震地表破裂带的发育规模与走滑位移参数,估算其潜在发震能力,并探讨该断裂与阿尔金断裂发生级联破裂的可能性,以期为柴达木块体北部的地震危险性评价提供基础地质依据。
柴达木地块位于青藏高原东北缘,是青藏高原活动地块区内的一个重要次级地块(图1a),其周缘被多条巨型活动断裂带围限,构造背景复杂。地块北边界为阿尔金走滑断裂,主体长约1600 km,分隔柴达木盆地与塔里木盆地,不仅控制了青藏高原北缘的几何形态与基本构造格局,更是调节印度–欧亚大陆碰撞所引发地壳变形的关键构造(国家地震局《阿尔金活动断裂带》课题组,1992;丁国瑜,1995;Li et al.,2020;袁兆德等,2020;肖坤泽等,2025;衣可心等,2025)。阿尔金断裂带地震活动性极强,1924年民丰曾发生2次M 7¼地震,于田地区亦在2008年、2014年先后发生MS 7.3地震,均伴随数十千米的地表破裂(顾功叙,1983;Yuan et al.,2021;刘雷等,2024)。地块东边界为祁连−海原断裂带,总体呈北西西向展布,西端与阿尔金断裂带相接,向东延伸至海原一带,是调节高原向北东方向扩展的核心构造(袁道阳等,2004)。该断裂带现今地震活动频繁,自1900年以来先后发生1920年海原M 8½、1927年古浪M 8及2022年门源MS 6.9等多次强震(李振洪等,2022;石富强等,2023;阎渊,2023)。地块南边界受昆仑断裂带控制,该断裂为巨型左旋走滑断裂,整体呈东西向延伸,长度超过1600 km,是柴达木地块与巴颜喀拉地块的主要构造边界(张培震,2003),历史上曾发生1937年花石峡M 7½、1963年都兰M 7及2001年昆仑山口西MS 8.1等强震。相较于周缘边界断裂带的强地震活动水平,柴达木地块内部仅记录到1次M 7地震,整体表现出“内部相对稳定”的构造特征(图1b)。但近期研究表明,柴达木块体内部发育柴达木盆地北缘断裂系、夏日哈断裂、英德尔康断裂及热水−桃斯托河断裂等一系列第四纪晚期活动断裂。尽管这些断裂的滑移速率较低,但其共轭的几何结构暗示了未来可能会发生类似2019年美国里奇克雷斯特(Ridgecrest)地震序列的复杂破裂,预示柴达木地块内部的地震危险性可能高于以往认知(Bao et al.,2024)。
断层分段的概念与研究始终围绕地震危险性预测与评价展开。随着断层活动性与古地震研究的深入,其内涵不断拓展,核心目标是识别并划分断层上具有独立破裂特性的结构单元或基本破裂单元(丁国瑜等,1993)。断层分段主要包括4种类型:①几何学分段,依据断层的空间分布、走向变化等几何特征划分;②结构分段,基于断层带内部及两盘岩性、地层的结构差异划分;③活动性分段,根据断层长期活动性的显著差异界定;④破裂分段,依据断层历史上的实际破裂行为划分,旨在确定未来地震破裂的潜在位置与规模(丁国瑜等,1993)。
白干湖断裂的空间展布具有显著的几何学分段特征。结合断裂走向、构造变形特征及地貌发育差异,可将其整体划分为西段、中段与东段3个次级段落(图1c)。西段与中段以挤压双弯(restraining double bend)为分界标志,该挤压双弯的弯曲角为19°,衔接段长6 km,表现为断裂走向发生2次转折,并在转折部位形成局部挤压环境;中段与东段则以断裂走向的显著偏转为分界依据,中段平均走向约为68°,东段向北偏转14°,走向变为54°(图1,图2)。
白干湖断裂西段总体呈近东西走向,延伸长度约68 km,西端止于基岩山区,东侧以挤压双弯与中段相接。该段断裂主要发育于基岩山区内,第四纪沉积层不发育,因此第四纪晚期活动地貌面的表现较为微弱,地表断层迹线也呈断续分布特征。但遥感影像中仍可识别出受断裂活动控制的典型微地貌组合,主要表现为沿断裂线断续分布的断层垭口、线性槽谷及断错冲沟等(图3)。其中断层垭口及伴生的线性槽谷发育最为典型(图3a—3c)。除主断裂迹线外,西段还发育多条与主断裂近平行的次级断裂,一系列横跨次级断裂的冲沟均表现出同步的左旋位错特征,位错量多介于20~68 m(图3d),且多数位错点集中于挤压弯曲附近。上述微地貌证据充分表明,白干湖断裂西段在第四纪晚期期间仍保持一定的构造活动性。
白干湖断裂中段总体呈东西向至北东东向延伸,长约115 km,是整条断裂带中断错地貌表现最显著、线性形迹最清晰的段落。高分辨率遥感影像显示,该段断裂迹线连续完整,贯穿于山体与山前洪积扇之间,形成一条特征鲜明的构造−地貌带。
中段部分区域可见明显的色调与植被边界异常,推测为断层泉等地下水出露点所致(图4a、4b);同时发育大规模水系左旋位错,部分冲沟在断错点上游形成典型的“肘状”拐弯,并在拐点处伴生“闸门脊”地貌。对冲沟位错量的系统测量表明,其位错具有明显的分级特征:次级冲沟的位错量主要集中于26~52 m(图4a),反映断裂第四纪晚期以来的构造活动性;一级主干水系(如主干沟)的最大累积位错量可达约331 m(图4b),揭示该断裂具有长期的构造活动历史。
断裂的线性构造清晰分隔了两侧地貌单元,其西北侧为基岩山,东南侧则为广泛发育的山前洪积扇群(图4c)。洪积扇体本身也完整记录了断层的左旋断错变形。断裂活动导致多期洪积扇面与小型冲沟发生侧向偏移,形成连续的地貌陡坎与位错标志。遥感解译与测量显示,洪积扇体与小型冲沟的水平位错量为6~55 m。该位错范围与次级冲沟的位错量(26~52 m)高度重叠,二者相互印证,共同指示了断裂第四纪晚期的强烈活动。值得注意的是,该区间内还识别出6~7 m的位错量,推测为断裂最新古地震事件的同震位移(图4d、4e)。
白干湖断裂东段与中段的走向存在显著差异,中段平均走向68°,东段则以54°向北北东方向延伸,末端可能至乌尊硝尔盐湖南侧,延伸长度约64 km。该段进入基岩区后,断层迹线与阿尔金断裂近平行展布(图5a、5b),二者水平距离约5 km。遥感影像显示,东段断层在盆地内断错了晚更新世—全新世洪积扇,形成了典型的反向断层陡坎(图5c、5d)。从盆地进入基岩山区后,断层发育于古生代蛇绿岩中,地形上可见清晰的线性构造特征(图5a),但大部分段落因缺少第四纪沉积层,未识别出明显的断错微地貌。苏吾什杰幅1:25万区域地质图中亦显示该区域蛇绿岩中发育断层构造,表明白干湖活动断裂是在古断层基础上活化形成的新生构造(西安地质矿产研究所,2005)。
白干湖断裂的地表破裂带仅发育于中段,西起88°14′49″E、37°36′18″N,向东延伸至89°23′45″E、38°4′12″N,全长约50 km,是一条相对连续、线性特征显著的破裂带,断错了晚更新世—全新世洪积扇、冲沟等多种地貌单元。该地表破裂带的主要破裂样式包括:①挤压鼓包,发育于相邻断层之间的挤压区,呈长椭圆形或透镜状隆起,长轴方向多与断裂带斜交;②雁列式裂隙,大量张剪性裂隙以左阶或右阶斜列排列,是指示断裂左旋走滑运动的典型地表标志;③张性及张剪性裂隙,常呈狭长的线性沟槽或裂缝,为断层局部拉张作用的直接产物。破裂单元在空间上并非均匀分布,其发育程度、组合样式与局部地貌密切相关。以下选取3处典型破裂段落进行深入剖析。
第1处破裂段发育于中段开阔的洪积扇上(图6a、6b),破裂组合完整,清晰揭示了断裂左旋走滑兼挤压−拉张的活动性质,且破裂样式具有明显的空间分异特征。西段以挤压鼓包与同步左旋位错冲沟为主,单个挤压鼓包规模较大,长30~125 m、宽15~40 m,呈狭长透镜状,长轴方向约为北东65°,与断裂主走向呈约3°夹角,符合左旋走滑运动局部产生挤压变形的理论模型。鼓包表面物质颗粒较粗,无植被覆盖,在遥感影像中呈现亮白色调,与周围深色扇面形成鲜明对比,指示新鲜断层的出露或近地表扰动。与挤压鼓包伴生的小型冲沟均表现出系统性左旋错断特征,位错量5~46 m。破裂带中部发育由左旋左阶错动形成的拉分盆地,盆地内发育小型断塞塘,形态近似平行四边形,断塞塘在遥感影像中呈棕色,指示植被发育较好。东段则以张性及张剪性裂缝为主,且可见重力作用形成的变形带,张剪切裂缝走向北东30°—85°,单条长10~70 m、宽1~2 m。
第2处地表破裂以张剪性裂缝为主要特征,破裂带内发育断层泉(图6c、6d)。该段内一条大型冲沟发生左旋错断,累积位错量达233 m,为整条破裂带中的最大位错量之一,指示断裂的长期构造活动性。位错冲沟西侧保存多条完整的张性裂缝,走向约北东85°,单条长20~60 m,宽1~3 m。水系断错与张剪性裂缝的组合特征表明,该段破裂以左旋走滑为主,兼具局部拉张的构造变形特征。
第3处典型地震地表破裂带发育于平坦的洪积扇之上,破裂构造保存完好,组合样式典型,直观反映了以左旋走滑为主的构造变形特征(图6e、6f)。走向北东60°—70°的张剪性裂缝以右阶斜列方式排列,单条长约8~25 m。阶区内部受斜列裂缝端部的局部挤压作用,地表发生扭曲隆起,形成了逆冲陡坎地貌。
为定量评估白干湖断裂的第四纪晚期活动性,基于遥感影像对断裂沿线发育的位错冲沟进行了精细解译与测量。受影像分辨率及缺乏高精度数字高程模型(DEM)的限制,部分冲沟位错的解译与测量结果存在一定误差。共提取了123个冲沟位错数据,其中位错量大于60 m的17个、小于60 m的106个,断裂最大左旋位错>600 m。
冲沟位错数据的空间分布具有明显的段落差异,位错数据主要集中于中段,共78个,平均位错量23.2 m,显著低于西段(86.2 m)和东段(37.5 m)。西段与东段的平均位错量较高,反映这两段缺乏新近活动的直接地貌证据;而中段洪积扇广泛发育,保存了丰富的断错地貌标志,因此可测量的位错数据更多。整体而言,白干湖断裂冲沟位错的空间分布特征指示不同段落的最新活动时间存在明显差异,其中中段的最新活动离逝时间最短,活动特征最显著。
遥感影像解译与位错分析表明,白干湖断裂是一条在全新世仍持续活动的左旋走滑活动断层。为进一步分析断裂的位移累积特征,利用高斯概率密度函数(PDF)约束测量点位移变化,对各测量点的PDF进行累加求和,获得了累积位错概率密度分布(COPD)曲线,以此解析断裂的位移累积规律(Bi et al.,2018;Lin et al.,2020)。选取80~165 km断裂段内位错量小于60 m的99个数据进行统计分析(图7)。结果显示:全部位移数据生成的COPD曲线呈现7个丛集峰,分别为4.8 m、7.8 m、10.5 m、14.9 m、27 m、32.9 m和45.0 m;地震地表破裂段位移COPD曲线呈现6个丛集峰,分别为4.8 m、7.9 m、13.0 m、26.4 m、33.2 m和45.2 m;非地震地表破裂段位移的COPD曲线呈现5个丛集峰,分别为4.3 m、10.5 m、20.7 m、28.3 m和44.7 m。3条COPD曲线最小丛集峰值为4.3~4.8 m,指示白干湖断裂最新一次强震事件平均同震水平位错约4.5 m;其余较大的丛集峰值则记录了断裂早期多次古地震事件的累积位移。因位移数据仅由卫星影像解译获取,缺乏地形参数支撑且未开展野外验证,数据存在一定的不确定性。因此,文章仅聚焦于数据点聚集度最高、离散性最小的第一个显著峰值(4.5 m)进行地质解释,认为其代表了断裂最近一次地震地表破裂事件的平均同震位移;其余较大丛集峰因数据点离散性较高,峰值可能为假象,暂不做进一步的古地震含义探讨。
在明确断裂活动性特征的基础上,依据Wells and Coppersmith(1994)利用全球历史地震数据建立的走滑型断层矩震级(MW)与地表破裂长度、同震位移的经验关系,定量评估白干湖断裂的潜在发震能力。走滑型断层的经验公式为:
$ M_{\mathrm{W}}=5.16+1.12\times\log\left(SRL\right) $
$ M\mathrm{_W}=7.04+0.89\times\log\left(AD\right) $
式中,SRL—同震地表破裂长度,km;AD—同震地表破裂平均位移量,m。
将白干湖断裂中段的地表破裂参数代入公式计算:按破裂长度(50 km)估算,震级为MW 7.1±0.3;按平均同震位移(4.8 m)估算,震级为MW 7.7±0.3。综合2个经验公式的计算结果,确定白干湖断裂最新一次古地震事件的震级为MW 7.4±0.3。若白干湖断裂发生全段贯通破裂,按总长度(247 km)代入公式(1)计算,其潜在震级可达MW 7.8±0.3,表明该断裂整体具备发生MW 7.4以上强震的构造潜力。目前,针对白干湖断裂的古地震活动历史、滑动速率等关键参数的研究仍为空白,无法对其未来地震危险性进行定量评估。因此,未来亟需在该断裂开展系统的古地震勘探与滑动速率测定工作,明确地震复发间隔、最新地震事件离逝时间以及累积的同震位移等参数,为地震危险性定量评价提供基础数据支撑。
白干湖断裂东段末端与阿尔金断裂近平行展布,二者水平距离约5 km。该阶区是否能阻挡破裂传播、2条断裂是否存在级联破裂的可能,直接影响柴达木地块北部的区域地震危险性评价。目前,关于走滑断层阶区对破裂传播的阻挡效应,国内外学者基于历史地震数据统计与数值模拟开展了大量研究,形成了一系列认识。
Wesnousky(2006)通过分析22次走滑型地震的地表破裂数据,发现约2/3的破裂终止于断层阶区或断层末端,提出4 km宽的阶区为阻挡破裂通过的阈值,即超过该宽度的阶区可完全阻挡破裂的贯穿扩展。Biasi and Wesnousky(2017)统计分析66~67次历史地震数据(以46次走滑型地震为主),认为阶区宽度与破裂突破概率呈负相关:阶区宽度为3 km时,强震破裂突破障碍体的概率约50%;阶区宽度大于6 km时,破裂基本无法突破该几何复杂部位。Elliott et al.(2009)则指出,当地震破裂扩展至阶区附近时,若同震位移变化梯度较大(>20 cm/km),破裂易从阶区一侧跳跃至另外一侧继续传播。上述基于历史地震数据的统计认识存在一定局限性:统计所涉最早历史地震为1857年美国加州MW 8.2地震,距今仅166年;而断裂强震的复发周期从数十年至数千年不等,历史地震数据难以涵盖少见的突破大型障碍构造的强震事件。近年来的多次强震已突破传统认识,如2016年新西兰凯库拉MW 7.8地震,共有21条断裂参与破裂,突破的阶区宽度达15~20 km(Hamling et al.,2017;Stirling et al.,2017;耿亚清等,2022),表明断层阶区对破裂的阻挡效应并非绝对。
除历史地震统计外,学者们还针对断层阶区开展了3D、2D地震动力学数值模拟,获得了以下核心认识:①强震破裂一般难以突破宽度>5 km的阶区,且破裂速度在阶区具有减缓效应(Harris and Day,1999);②阶区一侧的位移变化梯度影响破裂突破的难易程度,梯度越大则破裂越易突破(Oglesby,2008);③前期的地震破裂会在阶区附近累积不均匀应力,对后续地震破裂的起始、扩展和终止产生显著影响,且破裂能突破4 km宽的挤压阶区和8 km宽的拉张阶区(Duan and Oglesby,2006);④地震破裂可突破20 km宽的拉张阶区和7 km宽的挤压阶区(Wang et al.,2020)。尽管历史地震统计与数值模拟的结果存在一定差异,但均表明5 km宽的阶区存在被破裂突破的可能性。因此,白干湖断裂与阿尔金断裂之间约5 km宽的阶区无法完全阻挡破裂传播,2条断裂存在发生级联破裂的构造潜力。
近年来的地震学研究揭示了大陆走滑型大地震的重要破裂模式:许多大地震的破裂并非起始于主干断裂,而是成核于位移累积较小的次级或分支断裂,随后跃迁至主干断裂并引发多条断层级联破裂(Litchfield et al.,2018;Bird and Stein,2024;Stein and Bird,2024)。2000年以来,全球5次MW≥7.8的走滑地震均遵循该模式,如2001年昆仑山口西MS 8.1地震、2002年阿拉斯加MW 7.9地震均起始于主断裂端部约40 km的次级断裂;2016年凯库拉MW 7.8地震、2023年土耳其MW 7.8地震也清晰展示了分支断裂的成核作用(Litchfield et al.,2018董仁东等,2022;Liu et al.,2023;Stein and Bird,2024;Mukhopadhyay and Dasgupta,2025;Wang et al.,2025)。Stein and Bird(2024)将该模式解释为:主断裂因长期滑动形成低摩擦的碎裂岩损伤带,在静态条件下处于高应力状态而不易直接破裂;分支断裂则可能保持较高的静态强度,更易积累应力并达到破裂临界条件。这种“高静态强度分支断裂”与“低静态摩擦但具动态弱化能力主干断裂”的组合,是分支断裂成核的核心机制。白干湖断裂发育于阿尔金断裂阿勒克塔格大型挤压双弯南侧,其主要构造作用是调节挤压双弯对阿尔金断裂南侧块体向东运动的阻挡效应,从空间展布与构造变形调节的角度,可将其视为阿尔金断裂的一条大型分支断裂。若上述分支断裂成核机制适用于该区域,那么白干湖断裂的破裂极有可能“解锁”相邻且处于高应力状态的阿尔金断裂,进而引发跨越2条断裂的灾难性级联破裂事件。
研究仅基于遥感影像解译明确了白干湖断裂的基本活动特征,未来亟需在白干湖断裂上开展古地震和滑动速率相关研究工作,确定地震复发间隔、最新事件离逝时间、以及累积的同震位移等参数。同时,还需与阿尔金断裂古地震数据进行对比,探讨2条断裂发生级联破裂的概率。此外,白干湖断裂与阿尔金断裂在深部是否存在构造关联,仍需高精度地球物理勘探数据的进一步佐证。
(1)白干湖断裂为一条总体走向北东东,长约247 km的大型左旋走滑断裂,第四纪晚期以来活动强烈。根据几何特征,断裂可分为西段、中段与东段3个次级段落,各段的地貌发育与断错特征存在显著差异。
(2)白干湖断裂中段保存了约50 km的地震地表破裂带,平均同震位移约4.8 m。基于地表破裂带规模和同震位移数据,白干湖断裂具备发生MW 7.4以上强震的构造潜力;若发生全段贯通破裂,潜在震级可达MW 7.8。
(3)白干湖断裂与阿尔金断裂之间存在一个约5 km宽的阶区,该阶区无法完全阻挡地震破裂的贯穿扩展。此外,白干湖断裂可视为阿尔金断裂的大型分支断层,2条断裂存在发生级联破裂的潜在可能。

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2026年第32卷第4期
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doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 修回日期:2026-02-23
  • 录用日期:2026-04-14
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    1中国地震局地质研究所,北京 100029
    2地震动力学与强震预测全国重点实验室,北京 100029
    3浙江省地震局,浙江 杭州 310007

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陈涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,从事地震研究、工程地震方向研究。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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