Article(id=1311998653087187066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=1769702400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-30, onlineDate=1790734454651, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734454651, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734454651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734454651, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998530802250506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, year='2026', volume='32', issue='4', pageStart='771', pageEnd='998', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734425497, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739498146, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019807097160416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, issueId=1311998530802250506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=889, endPage=898, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998653254959227, articleId=1311998653087187066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=EN, title=Slope engineering in the deeply incised valleys of the Tibetan Plateau: key challenges and strategic considerations, columnId=1311998585542111397, journalTitle=Journal of Geomechanics, columnName=Geo-hazards & Engineering Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

As human engineering activities expanded into the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, slope instabilities—particularly large-scale landslides—in deeply incised valleys have occurred with increasing frequency, posing severe threats to major infrastructure projects and public safety. This study evaluates how regional tectonic activity controls slope stability and outlines key challenges, insights, and strategic recommendations for slope engineering planning and construction in these deeply incised valleys.

Methods

Based on an overview of the tectonic activity characteristics across the Tibetan Plateau, the controlling influence of tectonic activity on slope stability was systematically analyzed. Problems encountered in slope engineering planning were identified, leading to practical engineering recommendations and strategic directions for future research.

Results

Tectonic activity exhibits strong spatial consistency and temporal synchronicity with slope instability across the plateau. Tectonic processes provide the essential structural and geomorphic boundaries, material sources, dynamic conditions, and triggering factors for slope failures. Key challenges include the dominant control of regional tectonic stress on valley slope stability, the need to re-evaluate reverse slope stability in deeply incised valleys, and the required paradigm shift regarding the horizontal cover depth for mountain-adjacent underground works. Analysis suggests that slope engineering should prioritize south-, west-, and southwest-facing slopes while avoiding north-, northeast-, and east-facing slopes. Furthermore, the deep-seated stability of consequent slopes is superior to that of reverse slopes, and underground structures along mountain slopes should be situated within the unperturbed in-situ stress zone.

Conclusions

Future research must focus on quantitative investigations into: (1) the morphological characteristics and failure mechanisms of deeply incised valleys; (2) the evolution of in-situ stress fields under rapid tectonic uplift; and (3) the spatial distribution of in-situ stress fields across the plateau.

Significance

The findings provide critical theoretical guidelines and engineering references for slope design, infrastructure planning, and geohazard mitigation on the Tibetan Plateau.

, authors=Jiming WANG1, Bangshen QI2, 3, 4, authorsList=Jiming WANG, Bangshen QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bangshen QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Geomechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998654110597250, articleId=1311998653087187066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, language=CN, title=青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与思考, columnId=1311998585722466471, journalTitle=地质力学学报, columnName=地质灾害与工程地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,随着人类工程活动逐步向青藏高原及其周缘的不断扩展,青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡失稳(如大型滑坡)日益频发,对重大工程规划建设和人民生命财产安全构成了严重威胁。文章在青藏高原构造活动特征概述的基础上,分析了青藏高原构造活动对边坡稳定性的控制作用,进而提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与认识及思考与建议。研究表明:青藏高原活动构造与边坡稳定性分布具有明显的一致性,构造活动与边坡稳定性在时间上具有显著的同步性,构造活动分别为边坡失稳发生提供了地形地貌、物质基础、动力条件和诱发因素;青藏高原面临区域构造应力作用控制深切峡谷边坡稳定性、深切峡谷区反向边坡稳定性需要重新认识、傍山边坡地下工程水平埋深需要转换观念等问题。文章提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程优先设计在南向、西向和南西向边坡处,而避免设计在北向、北东向和东向边坡处,顺向坡深部稳定性优于反向坡,把傍山边坡地下工程应设计在应力原始区等认识;建议开展青藏高原深切峡谷形态特征及其失稳机制、青藏高原构造快速隆升背景下深切峡谷地应力场演化规律、青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场空间分布特征等定量研究。研究成果为青藏高原地区边坡工程规划建设和灾害防治提供了参考依据。

, authors=王继明1, 戚帮申2, 3, 4, authorsList=王继明, 戚帮申, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戚帮申, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

王继明负责资料收集和论文写作;戚帮申负责论文构思和研究方法确定及图件绘制。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

WANG Jiming was responsible for data collection and paper writing; QI Bangshen was responsible for paper conception, determination of research methods and map drawing. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
戚帮申(1988—),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事活动断裂地质灾害效应研究。 Email:
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王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

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王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

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tectonic activity on the Tibetan Plateau, figureFileSmall=K/kgAGz5oNQbN/8JOOgjLw==, figureFileBig=vtr5sIRC94AbLjOSoUayKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657675755686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998653087187066, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青藏高原构造活动特征

图中DEM数据来自12.5 m分辨率的ALOS-PALSAR DEM;活动断裂分布据Tapponnier et al.,2001修改

, figureFileSmall=K/kgAGz5oNQbN/8JOOgjLw==, figureFileBig=vtr5sIRC94AbLjOSoUayKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657860305063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998653087187066, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagrams of riverbank slopes prone to large-scale landslides on the Tibetan Plateau, figureFileSmall=+R4mhyhEJzZh0aunUuwUjw==, figureFileBig=KZoScVWUSZRRwdoIHVb9+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657927413928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998653087187066, language=CN, label=图2, caption=青藏高原大型滑坡潜在发生岸坡示意图

图中DEM数据来自12.5 m分辨率的ALOS-PALSAR DEM

, figureFileSmall=+R4mhyhEJzZh0aunUuwUjw==, figureFileBig=KZoScVWUSZRRwdoIHVb9+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657998717097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998653087187066, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of in-situ stress distribution in a deeply incised valley (modified from Huang, 2004), figureFileSmall=DkgHsLWuVKPPwvT40E66EA==, figureFileBig=VyFRAAJ7g0GMOdijusmByQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658082603178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385891987619962, articleId=1311998653087187066, language=CN, label=图3, caption=深切峡谷地应力分布示意图(据黄润秋,2004修改)

W—边坡应力集中区自坡面向山体内部的水平深度;ΔW—边坡应力集中区的范围

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青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与思考
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王继明 1 , 戚帮申 2, 3, 4
地质力学学报 | 地质灾害与工程地质 2026,32(4): 889-898
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地质力学学报 |地质灾害与工程地质 2026 , 32 (4) : 889 -898
青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与思考
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王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

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王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

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3自然资源部新构造与地壳稳定性科技创新团队,北京 100081
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王继明1 , 戚帮申2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国联合工程有限公司,浙江 杭州 310051
  • 2中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
  • 3自然资源部新构造与地壳稳定性科技创新团队,北京 100081
  • 4自然资源部活动构造与地质安全重点实验室,北京 100081
通讯作者:
戚帮申(1988—),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事活动断裂地质灾害效应研究。 Email:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

王继明负责资料收集和论文写作;戚帮申负责论文构思和研究方法确定及图件绘制。所有作者均阅读并同意稿件的提交和发表。

Author’s Contributions

WANG Jiming was responsible for data collection and paper writing; QI Bangshen was responsible for paper conception, determination of research methods and map drawing. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.

王继明(1981—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程地质、地质灾害、岩土体稳定性等研究。Email:

Slope engineering in the deeply incised valleys of the Tibetan Plateau: key challenges and strategic considerations
Jiming WANG1 , Bangshen QI2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1China United Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China
  • 2Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Scientific and Technical Innovation Team of Neotectonics and Crustal Stability Assessment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061
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近年来,随着人类工程活动逐步向青藏高原及其周缘的不断扩展,青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡失稳(如大型滑坡)日益频发,对重大工程规划建设和人民生命财产安全构成了严重威胁。文章在青藏高原构造活动特征概述的基础上,分析了青藏高原构造活动对边坡稳定性的控制作用,进而提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与认识及思考与建议。研究表明:青藏高原活动构造与边坡稳定性分布具有明显的一致性,构造活动与边坡稳定性在时间上具有显著的同步性,构造活动分别为边坡失稳发生提供了地形地貌、物质基础、动力条件和诱发因素;青藏高原面临区域构造应力作用控制深切峡谷边坡稳定性、深切峡谷区反向边坡稳定性需要重新认识、傍山边坡地下工程水平埋深需要转换观念等问题。文章提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程优先设计在南向、西向和南西向边坡处,而避免设计在北向、北东向和东向边坡处,顺向坡深部稳定性优于反向坡,把傍山边坡地下工程应设计在应力原始区等认识;建议开展青藏高原深切峡谷形态特征及其失稳机制、青藏高原构造快速隆升背景下深切峡谷地应力场演化规律、青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场空间分布特征等定量研究。研究成果为青藏高原地区边坡工程规划建设和灾害防治提供了参考依据。

青藏高原  /  构造活动  /  深切峡谷  /  边坡工程  /  工程规划建设
Objective

As human engineering activities expanded into the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, slope instabilities—particularly large-scale landslides—in deeply incised valleys have occurred with increasing frequency, posing severe threats to major infrastructure projects and public safety. This study evaluates how regional tectonic activity controls slope stability and outlines key challenges, insights, and strategic recommendations for slope engineering planning and construction in these deeply incised valleys.

Methods

Based on an overview of the tectonic activity characteristics across the Tibetan Plateau, the controlling influence of tectonic activity on slope stability was systematically analyzed. Problems encountered in slope engineering planning were identified, leading to practical engineering recommendations and strategic directions for future research.

Results

Tectonic activity exhibits strong spatial consistency and temporal synchronicity with slope instability across the plateau. Tectonic processes provide the essential structural and geomorphic boundaries, material sources, dynamic conditions, and triggering factors for slope failures. Key challenges include the dominant control of regional tectonic stress on valley slope stability, the need to re-evaluate reverse slope stability in deeply incised valleys, and the required paradigm shift regarding the horizontal cover depth for mountain-adjacent underground works. Analysis suggests that slope engineering should prioritize south-, west-, and southwest-facing slopes while avoiding north-, northeast-, and east-facing slopes. Furthermore, the deep-seated stability of consequent slopes is superior to that of reverse slopes, and underground structures along mountain slopes should be situated within the unperturbed in-situ stress zone.

Conclusions

Future research must focus on quantitative investigations into: (1) the morphological characteristics and failure mechanisms of deeply incised valleys; (2) the evolution of in-situ stress fields under rapid tectonic uplift; and (3) the spatial distribution of in-situ stress fields across the plateau.

Significance

The findings provide critical theoretical guidelines and engineering references for slope design, infrastructure planning, and geohazard mitigation on the Tibetan Plateau.

Tibetan Plateau  /  tectonic activities  /  deeply incised valley  /  slope engineering  /  engineering planning and construction
王继明, 戚帮申. 青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与思考. 地质力学学报, 2026 , 32 (4) : 889 -898 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061
Jiming WANG, Bangshen QI. Slope engineering in the deeply incised valleys of the Tibetan Plateau: key challenges and strategic considerations[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2026 , 32 (4) : 889 -898 . DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061
青藏高原是世界上最大、最高的高原,其强烈的构造活动和独特的地质环境对区域深切峡谷区边坡稳定性具有重要影响。近年来,随着人类工程活动逐步向青藏高原及其周缘推进,青藏高原地区日益频发边坡失稳问题,如大型滑坡(体积100×104~1000×104 m3)灾害,对重大工程规划建设和人民生命财产安全构成了严重威胁(张永双等,2021,2025)。因此,通过代表性大型滑坡案例,探索青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题,并提出解决问题的思考与建议,对于科学规划建设边坡工程、有效防治地质灾害具有重要意义。
青藏高原深切峡谷区内动力地质作用和活动构造条件对边坡失稳(如滑坡等)的时空分布具有极大影响,特别是大型滑坡受活动断裂带控制作用显著,并主要分布在距断裂一定的范围内,表现为地质构造孕灾、岩土结构控灾、地震活动诱灾、断裂蠕滑促灾等(李媛茜等,2021;张永双等,2021,2025;郭长宝等,2024;王玉峰等,2024;Wang et al.,2025)。此外,青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡稳定性与高程、坡度、坡向、水系、岩性等也密切相关(李朝辉和张柯宏,2025;王玉峰等,2024)。
关于青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡稳定性及其形成机制上述学者已开展了相关研究,但仍需要从空间、时间和成因机制上进行梳理分析和规律认识,探索研究青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡稳定性对边坡工程规划建设的影响及问题,提出解决问题的思考与建议。因此,文章在青藏高原构造活动特征概述的基础上,从空间、时间和成因机制上初步分析青藏高原构造活动对区域深切峡谷区边坡稳定性的控制作用及其对边坡工程规划建设的影响与面临的问题,并提出相应的思考与建议,为青藏高原地区边坡工程规划建设和灾害防治提供理论支撑和实践指导。
青藏高原是印度板块与欧亚板块强烈俯冲碰撞的产物,其形成过程经历了复杂的地质演化(许志琴等,2011)。自新生代以来,持续的板块碰撞和挤压作用导致了高原的强烈隆升和地壳缩短,这一过程形成了高原独特的地质构造格局,包括一系列近东西向的褶皱带和断裂系统(Yin et al.,2000;Zhang et al., 2004;Zhao et al.,2015)。
青藏高原的构造活动特征(图1)主要表现为大规模的断裂系统和强烈的地震活动(Tapponnier et al.,2001;邓起东等,2014;李海兵等,2021;徐锡伟等,2023;郑文俊等,2025;潘家伟等,2026)。主要断裂带包括雅鲁藏布江缝合带、班公湖−怒江缝合带等(董汉文等,2016)。这些断裂带不仅是地壳运动的重要边界,也是地震活动的主要场所。高原内部广泛发育的活动断层,如正断层、逆断层和走滑断层,构成了复杂的构造网络(张培震等,2022)。
青藏高原的新构造运动具有明显的分区性和差异性,表现为高原南部强烈的挤压和隆升,而北部则以伸展和走滑为主(许志琴等,2006,2011)。这种差异性的构造运动导致了高原内部地形地貌的显著分异,形成了高山、深切峡谷(大江大河)、盆地等多种地貌类型。同时青藏高原无论在区域构造应力作用上(杨树新等,2012),还是在构造变形强度上(Zhang et al.,2004),都显著大于其他地区。强烈的构造活动不仅塑造了青藏高原的地貌格局,也为边坡失稳提供了地形地貌、物质基础、动力条件和诱发因素(黄润秋,2007;张永双等,2016;郭长宝等,2022,2024;Yan et al.,2024;Guo et al.,2025)。
虽然大型滑坡表象上属于外动力地质作用,其本质上受控于内动力地质作用,青藏高原构造活动对深切河谷边坡稳定性分布规律具有控制作用,在空间、时间、成因上具有显著的相关性。
青藏高原深切峡谷边坡稳定性大多呈带状分布,与活动断裂带的空间展布方向基本一致,在活动断裂带、构造交汇部位和强烈隆升区边坡稳定性更差、大型滑坡更为密集(孙东等,2019;刘玉国等,2022;郭长宝等,2024;王玉峰等,2024;Wang et al.,2025)。此外,由于受到印度板块对欧亚板块俯冲碰撞作用所诱发的北向、北东向、东向的构造应力作用和区域地壳变形位移作用的影响(Zhang et al.,2004;杨树新等,2012;孙玉军等,2017;孙炜锋等,2024),导致青藏高原北向、北东向、东向的边坡地形较陡,极易发生大型滑坡等边坡失稳现象,如易贡藏布江上游右岸北东向的笨多滑坡(卫童瑶等,2021;Zhang et al.,2025)、2018年金沙江上游左岸北东东向的白格滑坡(张永双等,2020)、2008年汶川地震诱发的边坡为东向的大光包滑坡(殷跃平等,2012)、湟水河右岸边坡为北北东向的张家庄滑坡(图1,图2)等。
新构造活动表现为不同的构造期和构造幕,具体表现为地震活动的周期性,进而表现为断裂活动的周期性和边坡失稳发生的周期性。中国华北地区近2000年的地震记录表明,地震的时间分布是非均匀的,可以分成300年左右的地震活跃期,其间可再分出20年左右的地震活跃幕,地震活跃期和活跃幕之间为地震平静期和平静幕,期和幕的划分有一定的广泛性(马宗晋等,1987)。在地震活跃期和活跃幕中,中小地震与强震频发,边坡失稳发生的频率明显增大,一次大地震可能会诱发群发性边坡失稳问题。中国有历史记载的地震中约12%为破坏性地震,其中8级以上地震高达20余次,诱发了大量边坡失稳问题(刘玉国等,2022)。如1920年12月26日宁夏海原8.5级地震诱发了大量滑坡,在强降雨的作用下又发生了泥石流(邓龙胜等,2013);2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震,共诱发了滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等边坡失稳地质灾害数万处,堵塞河流形成多个堰塞湖,毁坏和阻断交通,加剧了地震灾害的损失(黄润秋等,2009)。从时间上看,边坡失稳的高峰期往往与地震活动周期和降雨季节相吻合,反映了构造活动和气候变化对边坡失稳的联合诱发控制作用。同时,由于强震之后的边坡失稳滞后效应以及构造活动诱发的地质体蠕变作用,使得边坡失稳在一定时间内持续频繁发生。总体上,青藏高原构造活动和边坡稳定性无论在时间上还是空间上都具有密切的相关性(刘玉国等,2022)。
青藏高原构造活动对边坡稳定性具有明显的控制作用,为其提供了地形地貌边界条件、物质基础、动力条件和诱发因素。
(1)地形地貌边界条件分析
青藏高原新近纪以来的新构造活动控制了其区域构造地貌格局,主要表现为地势高耸入云、崇山峻岭和大江大河密布、高原面上宽谷和盆地发育、边缘地区深切峡谷普遍(邢宇堃等,2023),为边坡失稳提供了必要的地形地貌条件,同时新构造活动产生的活动断裂带往往成为边坡失稳的后缘边界,由此决定了边坡失稳的类型和空间分布。特别是青藏高原发育的构造混杂岩带,软弱结构面发育、岩体破碎,极易成为边坡失稳的后缘边界(张永双等,2024)。
(2)物质基础分析
构造活动往往形成断裂、褶皱、节理裂隙、片理等构造,导致地质体结构受损,造成岩体强度降低,为边坡失稳提供了物质基础。此外,构造强烈隆升区,卸荷、风化剥蚀、水力侵蚀等外动力作用比较强烈,也为边坡失稳提供物质基础。
(3)动力条件分析
在印度板块对欧亚板块持续俯冲碰撞背景下,青藏高原受到显著的北向、北东向及东向的构造应力作用(杨树新等,2012),导致地壳位移变形(Zhang et al., 2004)。构造活动通过应力作用诱发断裂、褶皱等地壳形变,并驱动地震、火山等地质过程,同时塑造高山峡谷地貌,增强重力卸荷效应。在此区域动力背景下,叠加强震活动、高山峡谷区长期重力卸荷作用等(邓起东等,2014;郭长宝等,2020),最终触发笨多、白格、大光包、张家庄等大型滑坡事件。
(4)诱发因素分析
首先是青藏高原强烈的地震活动对深切峡谷陡峭坡体稳定性的直接破坏,已有研究表明,青藏高原是中国现代构造和地震活动最强烈的地区(邓起东等,2014),强烈构造蠕变作用和地震水平与垂直振动作用及其滞后灾变效应均可诱发边坡失稳。其次青藏高原岩溶水和岩溶裂隙水极为发育(郭长宝等,2020),高原岩溶空间分布和地下水补给、径流、排泄均受构造控制(马剑飞等,2022),构造岩溶高压突涌水和断裂带基岩裂隙高压突水普遍(张永双等,2021),构造活动所诱发的活动断裂往往是导水或储水构造,引起地下水运移和富集,地下水起到润滑剂的作用,成为边坡失稳发生的主要诱发因素。如果遇到强降水,地下水达到饱和的情况下,这些边坡失稳产生的松散物质就会在水的作用下形成泥石流。此外,地下水的径流使断裂带内的碎屑物质遭受潜蚀,使本来就破碎的断裂带内的碎裂岩土体强度降低,进一步加剧断裂带附近岩土体发生边坡失稳。
综上所述,强烈构造活动和地应力作用、岩土结构和物理力学性质、地质体蠕变变形和风化卸荷作用、地震活动和降雨等分别对边坡失稳具有控制、孕育、促进和诱发作用。青藏高原及其周缘的边坡失稳受复杂的内外动力控制,除了来自区域强烈构造变形、频繁强震活动、快速构造隆升等内动力作用外,还受到复杂气候环境的影响,局部暴雨、持续性降雨、人类工程活动等外动力条件亦极为活跃,为不同成因边坡失稳提供条件。因此,需加强边坡失稳规律总结研究,并深入分析内外动力耦合作用下的边坡失稳机制,形成不同类型边坡失稳成灾模式(铁永波等,2022)。
依据青藏高原构造活动所诱发的区域构造应力作用特征及其对边坡稳定性的控制作用分析,结合青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场分布特征研究(谭成轩等,2006,2008),认为青藏高原深切峡谷区傍山边坡工程规划面临如下3个方面问题。
(1)青藏高原区域构造应力作用控制深切峡谷边坡稳定性问题
由于青藏高原深切峡谷北向、北东向、东向等边坡临空,并且坡度较大(图2),当受到印度板块对欧亚板块俯冲挤压作用导致的北向、北东向、东向等方向的构造应力作用时,极易发生失稳(殷跃平等,2012),故建议傍山边坡工程优先设计在南向、西向和南西向的边坡处,而避免设计在北向、北东向和东向的边坡处。此外,青藏高原跨越大江大河高拱坝水电工程也需考虑区域构造应力作用影响,当青藏高原跨越大江大河高拱坝的走向与最大水平主应力平行或小角度相交时,建议在高拱坝水电工程规划设计时,考虑区域构造应力作用对深切峡谷高拱坝设计参数和安全性的影响。目前青藏高原已建成的高拱坝由于在勘察设计阶段未能充分考虑区域构造应力作用,导致蓄水高度、发电量及安全性受到一定影响(杨学超等,2018;程恒等,2020;武明鑫和赵全胜,2021)。
(2)青藏高原深切峡谷区反向边坡的稳定性问题
传统工程地质认为反向边坡稳定、顺向边坡不稳定,但在青藏高原深切峡谷区反向边坡工程地质问题严重、不稳定,而顺向边坡在一定水平深度内稳定性相对较好。例如雅砻江某水电站坝址左岸反向边坡深部卸荷裂隙水平深度达到200 m左右、岩体不稳定,而右岸顺向边坡没有深部卸荷裂隙、岩体较稳定(祁生文等,2002)。这主要是由于青藏高原深切峡谷反向边坡在河谷下切的初期相对稳定,易于形成应力集中、能量积累,当应力集中和能量积累程度超过岩体强度,最终导致岩体变形破坏,进而达到新的暂时平衡状态;随着地质过程的发展,又会形成新的边坡应力重分布、应力集中和能量积累,出现新的岩体变形破坏。这种地质作用过程的长期效应必然导致反向边坡卸荷裂隙逐步向山体深部发展,是现今构造活动强烈的深切峡谷快速下切过程中边坡重力和构造复合应力场导致的卸荷结果(谭成轩等,2008),故在青藏高原深切峡谷区反向边坡进行地下工程规划建设时需高度关注其稳定性问题。
(3)傍山边坡地下工程的水平埋深问题
已有研究成果表明,深切峡谷区,尤其是青藏高原强构造活动区,在边坡坡脚和边坡中下部一定水平深度范围内,也存在类似深切峡谷谷底的应力集中区现象。自坡面向山体水平深度具有应力卸荷区(由于岩体卸荷作用导致的应力降低区)、应力集中区(由于地形和构造耦合作用导致的应力集中区)和应力原始区(地形和卸荷影响消失的应力区)的空间分布特征(白世伟等,1982;黄润秋,2004;谭成轩等,2006,2008;孙炜锋等,2021),而边坡应力卸荷区和应力集中区分别易诱发滑坡、岩爆等地质灾害。故傍山边坡地下工程应设计在应力原始区,实现科学有效的减灾防灾,从而改变傍山地下工程水平埋深越大越不利于工程围岩稳定性的传统观念。
目前,青藏高原规划建设多项世纪性重大工程,如何保障工程顺利实施和安全运维备受关注(彭建兵等,2020)。传统的工程地质理论和工程技术标准或经验对于青藏高原强构造活动区工程建设面临的科学技术挑战和重大工程地质问题有待完善,为此,提出以下有待深入研究的关键问题思考与建议。
(1)定量研究青藏高原深切峡谷形态特征及其失稳机制
基于高精度DEM数据,采用统计分析方法,量化厘定青藏高原深切峡谷两侧岸坡坡度变化特征,研究深切峡谷两侧岸坡的不对称性,揭示印度板块对欧亚板块俯冲挤压作用导致的北向、北东向、东向的构造应力作用对深切峡谷岸坡坡度和不对称性的影响(图2),并结合典型大型滑坡(如白格滑坡等)研究,在考虑区域构造应力作用背景下,运用数值模拟方法,开展滑坡失稳的动力机制研究,以期从量化角度系统分析青藏高原构造活动对大型滑坡的控制作用,揭示青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡稳定性空间分布规律,支撑服务重大工程规划建设和减灾防灾。
(2)揭示青藏高原构造快速隆升背景下深切峡谷地应力场演化规律
通过地质建模,运用数值模拟方法,研究青藏高原快速隆升、河流快速下切过程中深切峡谷两侧不同地层结构构造条件下地应力场的演化规律,揭示深切峡谷岸坡(尤其是反向岸坡)深部卸荷裂隙形成的力学机制,同时厘定深切峡谷应力卸荷区、应力集中区和应力原始区的空间分布特征。
(3)定量分析青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场空间分布特征
根据深切峡谷地应力分布情况(图3),通过地质建模,运用数值模拟方法,开展青藏高原深切峡谷边坡应力集中区自坡面向山体内部的水平深度(W)或范围(ΔW)与山体相对高差(H)、山体坡度(θ)、最大或最小水平侧压力系数(KHV或KhV)等参数的相关性研究,厘定其回归经验公式[W/ΔW=f (H,θ, KHV或KhV) + C,C为常数](Tan et al.,2004),并通过典型案例进行验证分析,研究成果可用于工程设计人员较合理地规划部署傍山边坡工程的位置。
文章在青藏高原构造活动特征概述的基础上,从区域构造应力作用、地形地貌、岩体结构和地下水系统等方面,探索分析了青藏高原强烈构造活动对深切峡谷区边坡稳定性分布的影响,提出了边坡工程规划建设中面临的问题。从空间、时间和成因机制上分析认为印度板块对欧亚板块持续强烈俯冲挤压构造活动是诱发青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡失稳的根源。建议下一步开展青藏高原深切峡谷形态特征及其失稳机制、青藏高原构造快速隆升背景下深切峡谷地应力场演化规律、青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场空间分布特征等定量研究,完善并佐证文中所提出的问题和认识。
但由于代表性边坡失稳案例样本、量化数据等较少,文中多为定性宏观分析和讨论,有待定量资料的补充完善。此外文章相关认识和结论主要适用于青藏高原深切峡谷区,应用于其他区域时需结合区域内构造地质特征综合调整。

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doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
  • 修回日期:2025-12-26
  • 录用日期:2026-01-30
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作者信息
    1中国联合工程有限公司,浙江 杭州 310051
    2中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
    3自然资源部新构造与地壳稳定性科技创新团队,北京 100081
    4自然资源部活动构造与地质安全重点实验室,北京 100081

通讯作者:

戚帮申(1988—),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事活动断裂地质灾害效应研究。 Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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