Article(id=1251830033837404233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234171981443176, issueId=1251830032927244964, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19659/j.issn.1008-5300.20250528053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776389137943, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776389137943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776389137943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389137943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251830032927244964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234171981443176, year='2025', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='78', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776389137727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389447642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251831332897243625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234171981443176, issueId=1251830032927244964, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251831332897243626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234171981443176, issueId=1251830032927244964, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251830034030342219, articleId=1251830033837404233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234171981443176, language=EN, title=Bearing Ball Measurement System with Laser Interferometry Based on Virtual Wavefront Calibration, columnId=1251830033883546278, journalTitle=Electro-Mechanical Engineering, columnName=Young Scholar Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The laser interferometry measurement system is a non-destructive measurement system with high accuracy. However, when it is utilized to measure the bearing ball, the deviation is introduced unavoidably in the positioning accuracy of the bearing ball to be measured. This deviation conceals the real surface error of the bearing ball, which makes it difficult to guarantee the measurement accuracy of bearing ball. Based on the existing laser interferometry measurement system, a virtual wavefront calibration method is proposed to measure the bearing ball in this paper. With the ray tracing method, the virtual wavefront is generated to compensate the positioning error without any additional component in order to ensure the accuracy of the interferometric measurement system. The experiments show that the maximum positioning error of this measurement system is not more than λ/40 (peak to valley) and λ/80 (root mean square) (λ is the wavelength of measuring light propagation in a vacuum condition), which verifies the effectiveness of this method and this measurement system.

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激光干涉测量系统具有无损伤、测量精度高等优势,但在测量轴承滚珠时,待测滚珠的定位精度会不可避免地引入偏差。该偏差将掩盖待测滚珠轴承的真实面形误差,使得测量精度难以得到保证。文中在现有激光干涉测量系统的基础上,提出一种虚拟波面校正方法对轴承滚珠进行测量。该方法在不增加系统硬件的前提下采用光线追迹方法生成虚拟波面,通过虚拟波面对干涉系统实际测量产生的定位误差进行补偿,从而提高干涉测量系统的精度。干涉测量系统对轴承滚珠进行的测量实验表明,该系统的最大偏差不超过λ/40(峰谷值)和λ/80(均方根值)(λ为测量光在真空条件下传播的波长),验证了该干涉测量系统及误差校正方法的有效性。

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郝维娜 女,1989 年生,博士,讲师,主要从事超精密系统设计和精密测量工作。

雷秉山 男,1987 年生,博士,工程师,主要从事机械结构与传动设计以及动力学仿真分析工作。

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郝维娜 女,1989 年生,博士,讲师,主要从事超精密系统设计和精密测量工作。

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郝维娜 女,1989 年生,博士,讲师,主要从事超精密系统设计和精密测量工作。

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雷秉山 男,1987 年生,博士,工程师,主要从事机械结构与传动设计以及动力学仿真分析工作。

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雷秉山 男,1987 年生,博士,工程师,主要从事机械结构与传动设计以及动力学仿真分析工作。

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注:Δ(xiyj)为每个面元对应的面形误差信息。

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注:FPC为理想位置与实际位置在z轴上的偏差。

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序号nm泽尼克多项式
100Z1 =1
21-1Z2 =y
311Z3 =x
42-2Z4 =2xy
520Z5 =-1+2(x2+y2)
622Z6 =x2-y2
73-3Z7 =3x2y-y3
83-1Z8 =-2y+3y(x2+y2)
931Z9 =-2x+3x(x2+y2)
1033Z10 =x3-3xy2
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所选泽尼克多项式在笛卡尔系下的表达式

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序号nm泽尼克多项式
100Z1 =1
21-1Z2 =y
311Z3 =x
42-2Z4 =2xy
520Z5 =-1+2(x2+y2)
622Z6 =x2-y2
73-3Z7 =3x2y-y3
83-1Z8 =-2y+3y(x2+y2)
931Z9 =-2x+3x(x2+y2)
1033Z10 =x3-3xy2
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实验次序PV值RMS值
10.634 7λ0.024 7λ
20.640 1λ0.023 5λ
30.642 5λ0.025 6λ
40.634 1λ0.019 6λ
50.635 2λ0.029 9λ
60.636 3λ0.027 6λ
70.637 9λ0.027 8λ
80.650 0λ0.028 9λ
90.641 1λ0.022 8λ
100.643 9λ0.027 3λ
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轴承滚珠10次重复性测量结果

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实验次序PV值RMS值
10.634 7λ0.024 7λ
20.640 1λ0.023 5λ
30.642 5λ0.025 6λ
40.634 1λ0.019 6λ
50.635 2λ0.029 9λ
60.636 3λ0.027 6λ
70.637 9λ0.027 8λ
80.650 0λ0.028 9λ
90.641 1λ0.022 8λ
100.643 9λ0.027 3λ
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基于虚拟波面校正的轴承滚珠干涉测量系统
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郝维娜 1 , 雷秉山 2 , 王恪豪 1
电子机械工程 | 青年学者论坛 2025,41(5): 47-53
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电子机械工程 | 青年学者论坛 2025, 41(5): 47-53
基于虚拟波面校正的轴承滚珠干涉测量系统
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郝维娜1, 雷秉山2, 王恪豪1
作者信息
  • 1西安文理学院机械与材料工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
  • 2中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所,陕西 西安 710068
  • 郝维娜 女,1989 年生,博士,讲师,主要从事超精密系统设计和精密测量工作。

    雷秉山 男,1987 年生,博士,工程师,主要从事机械结构与传动设计以及动力学仿真分析工作。

Bearing Ball Measurement System with Laser Interferometry Based on Virtual Wavefront Calibration
Weina HAO1, Bingshan LEI2, Kehao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
  • 2The 20th Research Institute of CETC, Xi'an 710068, China
doi: 10.19659/j.issn.1008-5300.20250528053
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激光干涉测量系统具有无损伤、测量精度高等优势,但在测量轴承滚珠时,待测滚珠的定位精度会不可避免地引入偏差。该偏差将掩盖待测滚珠轴承的真实面形误差,使得测量精度难以得到保证。文中在现有激光干涉测量系统的基础上,提出一种虚拟波面校正方法对轴承滚珠进行测量。该方法在不增加系统硬件的前提下采用光线追迹方法生成虚拟波面,通过虚拟波面对干涉系统实际测量产生的定位误差进行补偿,从而提高干涉测量系统的精度。干涉测量系统对轴承滚珠进行的测量实验表明,该系统的最大偏差不超过λ/40(峰谷值)和λ/80(均方根值)(λ为测量光在真空条件下传播的波长),验证了该干涉测量系统及误差校正方法的有效性。

激光干涉测量系统  /  虚拟波面  /  定位误差  /  轴承滚珠测量

The laser interferometry measurement system is a non-destructive measurement system with high accuracy. However, when it is utilized to measure the bearing ball, the deviation is introduced unavoidably in the positioning accuracy of the bearing ball to be measured. This deviation conceals the real surface error of the bearing ball, which makes it difficult to guarantee the measurement accuracy of bearing ball. Based on the existing laser interferometry measurement system, a virtual wavefront calibration method is proposed to measure the bearing ball in this paper. With the ray tracing method, the virtual wavefront is generated to compensate the positioning error without any additional component in order to ensure the accuracy of the interferometric measurement system. The experiments show that the maximum positioning error of this measurement system is not more than λ/40 (peak to valley) and λ/80 (root mean square) (λ is the wavelength of measuring light propagation in a vacuum condition), which verifies the effectiveness of this method and this measurement system.

laser interferometry measurement system  /  virtual wavefront  /  positioning error  /  bearing ball measurement
郝维娜, 雷秉山, 王恪豪. 基于虚拟波面校正的轴承滚珠干涉测量系统. 电子机械工程, 2025 , 41 (5) : 47 -53 . DOI: 10.19659/j.issn.1008-5300.20250528053
Weina HAO, Bingshan LEI, Kehao WANG. Bearing Ball Measurement System with Laser Interferometry Based on Virtual Wavefront Calibration[J]. Electro-Mechanical Engineering, 2025 , 41 (5) : 47 -53 . DOI: 10.19659/j.issn.1008-5300.20250528053
激光干涉测量因具备结构简单、测量精度高、与待测目标表面无接触无损伤等优点,是最具有应用前景的表面形貌测量方法之一,持续受到广泛关注[1-3]。不同于传统的接触式测量方法,干涉测量通过待测面形反射或折射激光光斑来改变测量波面的形状,形成带有表面误差信息的待测波面,对待测面形进行反射波面采集就可以进行无接触、无损伤的面形误差测量。在通常情况下,采集对象为待测波面与参考波面形成的干涉图像,需要对干涉图像进行相位解算来复原待测波面,进而反演待测面的面形误差。
激光干涉测量的精度建立在理想测量条件下,考虑到实际测量中激光波长对环境参数的高敏感度,需要在测量系统中对各项误差进行具体分析与补偿以达到高精度测量需求。文献[4]利用单光楔可变补偿与在位位姿对准方法,通过子孔径拼接干涉测量系统,对非球面测量对象进行像差补偿以保障系统的测量精度。文献[5]基于莫尔移相干涉技术,研究部分补偿测量中回程误差的消除方法,通过逆向优化完成误差补偿,提高系统的测量精度。文献[6]对小F数标准球面透射镜的待测球面调整误差进行分析,指出回程误差对测量结果的影响并提出相应的抑制方法。文献[7-8]提出两步波面拼接方法对非球面和自由曲面进行测量与校准。以上研究都对激光干涉测量过程中的误差进行了一定的分析与校正。在利用激光干涉测量系统直接对轴承滚珠进行非接触式测量时,由于滚珠的圆心需要与测量系统的光路中心点对准,因而实际操作难度较大,测量时难免产生定位误差,该部分误差将掩盖滚珠面形的误差,造成系统的测量精度下降。
本文主要针对上述测量过程中待测目标的定位误差校正问题,结合干涉测量系统,在不增加系统硬件的前提下对轴承滚珠完成高效、准确的无损测量。针对系统中待测面形未知定位误差对测量结果的显著影响,应用光线追迹基本原理,提出虚拟波面校正方法,以参数化的表征对测量定位误差进行实际描述,结合实际测量得到的波面,通过虚拟波面与实际测量波面的迭代优化对定位误差进行校准,实现待测面形误差的精确测量。通过开展轴承滚珠测量实验,验证虚拟波面校准定位误差方法的有效性,为激光干涉测量系统的实际应用提供理论依据。
在干涉测量系统中,两列波在空间相遇并叠加,从而引起干涉现象。通过一定的调制方法,可以观测到规律变化的干涉信号,对干涉信号进行解算就能获取波的相位信息。根据波的相位信息可以反演造成干涉的两列波的光程差,而两列波的空间位置信息就包含在得到的光程差中。图1所示的迈克尔逊干涉仪就是利用波的干涉设计制造的精密仪器[9]。激光器发出的光束经分光镜后被分为两路,透射一路经过测量光路,反射一路经过参考光路。两路光经过反射棱镜反射后再次到达分光镜,形成的干涉信号被探测器捕获。
同样,在进行轴承滚珠等面形误差测量时,利用微积分思想,对整个待测面形区域进行分解,将每个子区域视为单个点,将待测面形近似地视为多个单点测距的集合就可以解算出整个面形信息。基于泰曼格林干涉仪的测量系统可以方便地对球面进行检测,测量时使用的参考基准为易于获得的标准平面镜,参考光路反射回的波面仍为等光程平面波束[10]。如图2所示,在进行测量时,选取合适的激光光源系统,对激光器发出的高斯波面进行调整优化以得到标准平面波面,参考面与待测面的空间位置布局以及待测面的面形误差信息在测量系统中形成参考光路与测量光路之间的光程差,由此产生的干涉图像最终通过电荷耦合器件 (Charge-coupled Device, CCD)相机捕获。在干涉测量中,待测面上单个子区域的空间位置信息会影响整个反射波面的面形分布。波前相位信息描绘出整个反射波面的面形,而待测面的面形误差信息就包含在这个相位信息中。
通过干涉测量系统对待测对象进行测量时,采集到的原始数据是包含待测面面形误差信息的干涉图像。实际上很难仅仅根据单张干涉图像来重建包含待测面形误差的干涉波面,通常对波前相位进行一定的调制以获得多张干涉图,再结合从多张图像干涉条纹变化得到的信息对波面相位进行复原。
在面形误差中,每个面元测量点P(x,y)对应的相位ϕ(x, y)会受面形误差以及测量系统中参考光路与测量光路的固有光程差的影响。通常情况下,固有光程差为常数,利用移相干涉技术,通过改变参考光路的参考镜位置,引入光程差增量δ (t)以改变原始固有光程差。光程差的改变引起了干涉光强I(x,y,t)的变化,其表达式为:
式中:A1(x,y)和A2(x,y)为光强调制系数;t为时间。
在线性移相中,任一测量点P(x,y)对应的干涉图像上的光强信息都随着时间的改变而发生正弦变化。因此,干涉测量系统不是通过观测整体干涉图像中的条纹数目来复原波面,而是通过对每一个点的分析,观测得到该点在移相过程中的条纹变化规律以恢复该点的相位。待测波面上对应的每一点在干涉图像上的条纹变化是在相同的时间频率下对引入光程差的反映,不用通过条纹中心和条纹级次来计算光程差。
采用五步移相法求解相位ϕ(x,y)。五步移相中第一步与第五步的相位经历了一个周期的变化,因此在理论上是相同的,但在实际测量中,受限于测量环境的扰动、测量设备的误差等不确定因素,第五步移相偏差会累积,一般可通过求取平均值来减小其对测量结果的影响[11]。五步移相法的相位为:
式中,b1b2b3b4b5 分别为五步移相法中每一步对应的光程差增量。
得到了任一测量点P(x,y)对应的相位ϕ(x, y)后,需要对波面进行拟合。采用泽尼克多项式对波面进行拟合,从而将离散测量点信息转化为整个波面信息[12]。泽尼克波面拟合可以表示为:
式中:W (xk , yk)为泽尼克多项式拟合后得到的波面,k 为第k 个离散采样点(待拟合波面共有M个采样点);Zn (xk , yk)为泽尼克多项式,n为多项式的阶数(共有N阶);an为泽尼克多项式系数。
泽尼克多项式是由无穷数量的多项式完全集组成的,其表达式为:
式中:rθ为极坐标变量;nm为多项式的阶数, n取值 0, 1, 2, 3,···
mn同奇偶性,表示为多项式序列数的同时需要满足绝对值不大于 n,当m n为奇数时,=0;当 m-n为偶数时,·s为极坐标变量)。
泽尼克阶数值mn的序列排序不同,可以组成多种形式的泽尼克多项式,本文选择n=[0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3],m=[0, -1, 1, -2, 0, 2, -3, -1, 1, 3]组合。所选的泽尼克多项式为泽尼克圆多项式的展开形式,与像差存在一些特殊的对应关系,因此在进行球面测量时,可以利用这个特性迅速对各类像差进行便捷处理,得到待测面形误差。该泽尼克多项式前十项在笛卡尔系下的表达式见表1,其前十项二维分布如图3所示。
从经泽尼克波面拟合后的相位差的变化中解算出原始相位差的信息,也就得到了空间位置信息。相位差信息的合集也就代表整个待测面误差引入的波面WSE ,通过WSE可以得到待测面形的面形误差ES
式中:n0 为传播介质的折射率;λ为测量光在真空条件下传播的波长。
在进行光学干涉测量时,测量得到的波面主要受到待测面的面形误差、回程误差、定位误差、系统误差以及测量环境的影响[13-14]。在轴承滚珠干涉测量系统中,轴承滚珠为球形目标,测量中处于零位状态,故不存在回程误差。在进行测量时,可以通过标准件测量后对系统进行校正来消除系统误差和环境因素的影响。在安装待测轴承滚珠时,需要将其圆心与测量系统的轴心对准,由于其圆心不可视,因此在实际操作中往往因圆心与轴心未对准而存在定位误差。因此在实际测量中,激光干涉轴承滚珠测量系统的精度主要受待测件的定位误差影响。
在进行面形测量时,探测器得到的干涉波面包含由回程误差、定位误差以及面形误差造成的波面,表示为:
式中: WDE为测量系统实际探测到的干涉波面WAE为由定位误差引入的波面;T为定位误差参数。
图4所示,T由 6 个自由度姿态偏差确定:
式中:Δtx、Δty和∆tz分别为待测面在x轴方向、y轴方向和z轴方向的位移偏差;αβγ 分别为待测面关于x轴、y轴和z轴的转角偏差。
根据对应坐标关系,建立虚拟波面测量系统。当虚拟波面测量系统中的待测面形处于理想位置时,可以在全局坐标系xyz中得到仅包含面形参数的表达。当虚拟测量系统中的待测面不再固定在理想位置时就需要通过坐标变化方法来表达定位误差,不同的定位误差参数对应不同的虚拟波面形态。通过坐标变换矩阵,完成待测面形在定位误差下的表达。
式中:x′、y′和z′分别为偏差位置坐标; F(T )为误差调整函数。
结合 T和待测轴承滚珠面形理论方程中的面形参数向量D,就可以在虚拟测量系统中得到待测面形在任意位置下的表达式。在进行轴承滚珠测量时,由于球面的回转对称性,其在系统中的定位误差仅包含 3 个自由度,T = [∆tx,∆ty,∆tz,α,β,γ]简化为T=[∆tx,∆ty,∆tz,0,0,0]。
在得到了包含定位误差的虚拟波面后,设计了如图5所示的虚拟波面反演流程。整个求解算法主要由2 部分组成:在实验系统中完成波面干涉图像的采集,通过相位求解算法和波面拟合得到整个实测波面;在虚拟仿真测量系统中,对参数化定位误差向量T进行迭代以不断更新误差调整函数F(T ),对更新后的函数再次进行光线追迹得到对应的虚拟波面,直至满足评价函数提出的终止条件,此时输出的虚拟波面为满足实际测量系统中匹配条件的对应波面。当找到对应匹配的波面后,系统终止迭代优化,将虚拟系统得到的匹配波面与实际测量得到的波面作差,就能得到待测面形误差。若在预设阈值内经过迭代优化不能满足终止条件,则在系统约束条件内再次选择初始值,更新虚拟测量系统中的定位误差后再次进行迭代优化,重复该过程,直至寻找到与实际测量匹配的虚拟波面,满足评价函数后得到最终的面形误差。
为了使迭代优化的过程能够顺利进行,需要寻找合适的评价函数。一般情况下,采用峰谷(Peak to Valley, PV)值与均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)值来评价待测面形,但二者均为统计指标,难以作为波面匹配的评价函数。因此本文通过比较虚拟干涉波面WDE′(T)与实测波面WDE的对应采样点的点对点差值来获得优化目标函数ε(T):
对该函数进行最优化求解。经分析可知,面形误差反演算法的关键是对待测面形表示姿态变量的定位误差参数进行迭代,不断更新定位误差调整函数,使得虚拟干涉波面不断向实际干涉波面逼近。这一过程的实质是基于定位误差参数不断迭代的多元函数的优化问题,在测量系统中, T的 6 个姿态变量相互独立。在实际的干涉测量实验系统中,可以通过对待测面位姿进行粗调,将待测面形的空间位置限制在理论值的一定区间内,再根据实验的实际调整情况,给定位误差参数设定适当的约束条件,缩小其优化求解的空间。可根据待测目标的不同特性设置终止条件,在测量文中的轴承滚珠时,终止条件一般设为λ/100。
为了对该问题进行优化求解,通过模式搜索算法对其进行具体分析。模式搜索算法是一种直接优化方法。本文函数没有显性解析表达式,因此难以直接求导,采用模式搜索算法不需要目标函数的导数信息,只依据函数值就能完成优化。在迭代优化波面反演的过程中,预设初始值对最终的搜索能否成功具有很大的影响,因此为了避免局部最优解对最终测量结果的影响,需要考虑该算法能否获得准确的全局最优解。在实际迭代优化过程中,对最优解所处的区间进行预判,并以此选取多组初始值进行求解,根据实际测量情况对得到的解进行判断,去除不符合实际的求解值,然后利用均值法对剩余满足条件的求解值进行处理以获得全局最优值。
搭建基于虚拟波面校正的轴承滚珠干涉测量系统,对轴承滚珠进行测量,如图6所示。轴承滚珠待测面为球面元件,其测量方式为零位测量。稳频激光器出射的激光经过空间滤波准直扩束之后,得到所需的圆形待测光斑,在系统中以平面波形态对其进行测量。经过分束镜后,光束一分为二,一路为测量光路,另一路为参考光路。参考光经标准平面镜反射,测量光经补偿透镜调整为球面波后被待测球面滚珠反射,在零位测量状态下原路返回,获得包含面形误差的待测波面。参考光路获得的平面波与测量光路获得的待测波面发生干涉,成像于CCD像面,获得干涉图像。
对直径为 40 mm的轴承滚珠进行面形误差测量实验。实验采用的激光器为LE-LS-633-2.0NA单频氦氖激光器,它具有波长稳定且频率线宽窄的优势,其输出波长λ = 632.8 nm,光功率为 1.5 mW,出射光斑直径约为 1.18 mm。采用五步移相法进行移相干涉测量,采用压电陶瓷NEC/TOKIN AE0505D16F进行五步移相,该压电陶瓷具有 16 mm的最大伸长量。根据设置的不同移相量对压电陶瓷进行电压控制,推动参考平面反射镜以得到精准的机械位移,获得不同移相步长。在不同移相量下得到的五步移相干涉图像如图7所示。
根据图像进行解算,得到的面形误差如图8所示。未经校准的轴承滚珠面形误差测量结果中明显存在由定位误差引起的波面。该波面掩盖了真实的面形误差,使得测量结果被放大了近十倍。
接下来采用本文所述的基于虚拟波面的测量方法进行定位校正。将实测波面带入面形误差反演,此时虚拟测量系统中的待测滚珠面形设置为理论面形,对定位误差进行迭代优化。通过基于虚拟波面的面形反演方法,最终求解相应的调整误差及待测面面形误差,如图9所示。
接下来,进行重复性的精度测试,对滚珠轴承的同一位置进行 10 次重复性测量,结果见表2。PV值标准差为 0.005 0λ,RMS值标准差为 0.003 2λ。测量系统得到的是部分球面面形误差,波面参数PV值和RMS值反映的是面形误差的平均水平。测量结果表明,干涉测量系统及基于虚拟波面的面形反演方法具有较高的测量精度。
为了验证该方法的测量精度,将采用ZYGO干涉仪测量的结果(PV值为 0.636 5λ,RMS值为 0.021 0λ)作为基准,与文中测量系统得到的测量结果进行对比,最大偏差不超过λ/40(PV值)和λ/80(RMS值)。
本文围绕轴承滚珠干涉测量系统中定位误差的校准问题,将其以参数化的形式表达于虚拟测量波面之中,通过建立定位误差向量,建立包含定位偏差信息的面形函数,基于三维空间光线追迹理论,得到虚拟波面。根据得到的虚拟波面,结合实际测量中的干涉波面,提出一种基于虚拟波面的定位误差校准方法,采用模式搜索算法在虚拟测量系统中优化定位向量,获得与实际测量情况匹配的定位参数,对定位误差进行标定与校准,从而实现从干涉波面到面形误差的精确求解。
通过测量系统对轴承滚珠进行实际测量实验,采用虚拟波面进行定位误差校正,并与ZYGO干涉仪的测量结果进行对比,得出该系统的最大偏差不超过λ/40(PV值)和λ/80(RMS值)。利用虚拟波面校正方法,简化了在实际测量系统中引入复杂微调机构对待测面形进行精准定位的物理校准过程,在不增加系统硬件的情况下,实现了对面形的高精度检测。该干涉测量系统及误差校正方法为推广激光干涉测量的应用提供了一定的理论依据,对研究其他测量目标也有一定的参考价值。
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doi: 10.19659/j.issn.1008-5300.20250528053
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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    1西安文理学院机械与材料工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
    2中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所,陕西 西安 710068
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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