Article(id=1154056980915282551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.121, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639065600000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-10, revisedDate=1646668800000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-08, acceptedDate=1649174400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-06, onlineDate=1753078225592, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753078225592, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753078225592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753078225592, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154056981334712960, articleId=1154056980915282551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Active Damping Method Based on ${H}_{\infty }$ Filter of LCL Grid-connected Inverter, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Although the LCL filter has a good performance of suppressing high-frequency harmonics, it may cause problems such as resonance oscillation and instability. For an LCL grid-connected inverter, the conventional capacitor-current-feedback type active damping method can suppress the resonant peak effectively, at the cost of additional current sensors. Under this background, a novel active damping control strategy based on an H∞ filter is proposed. The state space model and process noise model of the LCL filter are derived to solve the H∞ filter. The filter capacitor current can be estimated according to the information about grid current and the voltage at a point of common coupling, and feedback is further completed. The system damping is improved, and the estimation accuracy can be guaranteed even if parameter perturbations exist in the LCL filter. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method was insensitive to changes in the parameters of the LCL filter and the grid impedance, thereby verifying its feasibility and superiority.

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LCL 型滤波器具有优越的高频谐波抑制性能,但会造成谐振和稳定性问题。对于LCL型并网逆变器,传统的电容电流反馈型有源阻尼方法能有效抑制谐振尖峰,但是需要额外的电流传感器。为此,提出一种基于H滤波器的新型有源阻尼控制策略。根据 LCL 型滤波器状态空间模型及过程噪声模型完成 H滤波器的求解,可利用入网电流和公共耦合点电压信息估计滤波电容电流并完成反馈,增大系统阻尼,即使LCL 型滤波器参数发生摄动也仍能保持估计值的精确度。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对 LCL 滤波器参数变化和电网阻抗变化不敏感,验证了该方法的可行性和优势。

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陈润(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:并网逆变器控制技术。E-mail: eprchen@mail.scut.edu.cn。

曾君(1979-),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电技术。E-mail: junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子及其控制。E-mail: aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

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陈润(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:并网逆变器控制技术。E-mail: eprchen@mail.scut.edu.cn。

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陈润(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:并网逆变器控制技术。E-mail: eprchen@mail.scut.edu.cn。

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曾君(1979-),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电技术。E-mail: junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

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曾君(1979-),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电技术。E-mail: junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

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刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子及其控制。E-mail: aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

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刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子及其控制。E-mail: aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

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Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2014. 29(6): 57-63 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=State feedback based repetitive control for single-phase inverter, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154057026029215926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, awardId=62173148, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173148), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154057026083741879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, awardId=62173148, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154057026134073528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, awardId=51877085, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877085), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154057026180210873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传统的单相并网逆变器控制框图, figureFileSmall=xwqcYrty4V0y9k8bXewS6g==, figureFileBig=UDhfnEQy02CsrZflhtOXdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024468934812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Bode plot of LCL filter, figureFileSmall=NAwCYNTuNQ28JnMbx2DM0Q==, figureFileBig=EHAY/AdHEhDfgXADnAO0Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024519266461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LCL 型滤波器伯德图, figureFileSmall=NAwCYNTuNQ28JnMbx2DM0Q==, figureFileBig=EHAY/AdHEhDfgXADnAO0Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024582181022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Standard ${H}_{\infty }$ configuration, figureFileSmall=SNQvwAoTvwjC6ggfBMXbtQ==, figureFileBig=nxBIGIa8Pb5oDd2kSP26Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024636706975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图4, caption=标准 ${H}_{\infty }$ 结构, figureFileSmall=SNQvwAoTvwjC6ggfBMXbtQ==, figureFileBig=nxBIGIa8Pb5oDd2kSP26Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024699621536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic of proposed control strategy, figureFileSmall=c5qMJjysuVodcOffCylGWQ==, figureFileBig=QhZ1cC6ZO5lRLfCrzGsB0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024754147489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图5, caption=所提出的控制策略的原理, figureFileSmall=c5qMJjysuVodcOffCylGWQ==, figureFileBig=QhZ1cC6ZO5lRLfCrzGsB0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024808673442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Bode plot of ${G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)$, figureFileSmall=/WIIKwtf3J1dEWoEJIy5PA==, figureFileBig=jH6aqcbQKGiM9fkPDIXFbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024863199395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图6, caption=${G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)$ 的伯德图, figureFileSmall=/WIIKwtf3J1dEWoEJIy5PA==, figureFileBig=jH6aqcbQKGiM9fkPDIXFbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057024913531044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Zero-pole map of ${G}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)$ when parameters of LCL filter change, figureFileSmall=3zgRPJHdSsSwVUqF4Vcr7g==, figureFileBig=M9zHCapyM/h/qPnEhVgOhQ==, tableContent=null), 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caption=Steady-state experimental results with ${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= 0\mathrm{{mH}}$, figureFileSmall=NT9puD/06AXPlyNIThzIow==, figureFileBig=yAHq3nqy0zQkrg/eNIeTDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057025563648175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图12, caption=${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= 0\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时的稳态实验波形, figureFileSmall=NT9puD/06AXPlyNIThzIow==, figureFileBig=yAHq3nqy0zQkrg/eNIeTDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057025622368432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Experimental waveforms of dynamic response when ${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ changes, figureFileSmall=hR1xHYtZ+F4FjqeL2CeHcw==, figureFileBig=mgKyoxNbsNq6eHgrhdQUog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057025668505777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=图13, caption=${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 变化时的动态响应实验波形, figureFileSmall=hR1xHYtZ+F4FjqeL2CeHcw==, figureFileBig=mgKyoxNbsNq6eHgrhdQUog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154057025718837426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=System parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 180
电网电压${v}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{V}$ 110
电网频率${f}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
逆变侧电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 2
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 10
交流侧电感${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.8
逆变侧电感寄生电阻${r}_{1}/\Omega$ 0.01
滤波电容寄生电阻${r}_{C}/\Omega$ 0.02
交流侧电感寄生电阻${r}_{2}/\Omega$ 0.005
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
采样频率${f}_{\text{samp }}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 20
采样周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mu \mathrm{s}$ 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154057025790140595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=CN, label=表1, caption=系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 180
电网电压${v}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{V}$ 110
电网频率${f}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
逆变侧电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 2
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 10
交流侧电感${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.8
逆变侧电感寄生电阻${r}_{1}/\Omega$ 0.01
滤波电容寄生电阻${r}_{C}/\Omega$ 0.02
交流侧电感寄生电阻${r}_{2}/\Omega$ 0.005
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
采样频率${f}_{\text{samp }}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 20
采样周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mu \mathrm{s}$ 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154057025848860852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154056980915282551, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of PR controller, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.1
${k}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 10
${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ $\pi /4$
${\omega }_{0}$ ${2\pi }\times {50}$
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参数 数值
${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.1
${k}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 10
${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ $\pi /4$
${\omega }_{0}$ ${2\pi }\times {50}$
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基于${H}_{\infty }$滤波器的LCL型并网逆变器有源阻尼方法
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陈润 1 , 曾君 1 , 刘俊峰 2
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(4): 121-132
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(4): 121-132
基于${H}_{\infty }$滤波器的LCL型并网逆变器有源阻尼方法
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陈润1 , 曾君1 , 刘俊峰2
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 自动化科学与工程学院 广州 510640
  • 陈润(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:并网逆变器控制技术。E-mail: eprchen@mail.scut.edu.cn。

    曾君(1979-),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电技术。E-mail: junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

    刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子及其控制。E-mail: aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

Active Damping Method Based on ${H}_{\infty }$ Filter of LCL Grid-connected Inverter
Run CHEN1 , Jun ZENG1 , Junfeng LIU2
Affiliations
  • School of Automation Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.121
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LCL 型滤波器具有优越的高频谐波抑制性能,但会造成谐振和稳定性问题。对于LCL型并网逆变器,传统的电容电流反馈型有源阻尼方法能有效抑制谐振尖峰,但是需要额外的电流传感器。为此,提出一种基于H滤波器的新型有源阻尼控制策略。根据 LCL 型滤波器状态空间模型及过程噪声模型完成 H滤波器的求解,可利用入网电流和公共耦合点电压信息估计滤波电容电流并完成反馈,增大系统阻尼,即使LCL 型滤波器参数发生摄动也仍能保持估计值的精确度。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对 LCL 滤波器参数变化和电网阻抗变化不敏感,验证了该方法的可行性和优势。

LCL 型滤波器  /  并网逆变器  /  有源阻尼  /  H滤波器

Although the LCL filter has a good performance of suppressing high-frequency harmonics, it may cause problems such as resonance oscillation and instability. For an LCL grid-connected inverter, the conventional capacitor-current-feedback type active damping method can suppress the resonant peak effectively, at the cost of additional current sensors. Under this background, a novel active damping control strategy based on an H∞ filter is proposed. The state space model and process noise model of the LCL filter are derived to solve the H∞ filter. The filter capacitor current can be estimated according to the information about grid current and the voltage at a point of common coupling, and feedback is further completed. The system damping is improved, and the estimation accuracy can be guaranteed even if parameter perturbations exist in the LCL filter. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method was insensitive to changes in the parameters of the LCL filter and the grid impedance, thereby verifying its feasibility and superiority.

LCL filter  /  grid-connected inverter  /  active damping  /  H∞ filter
陈润, 曾君, 刘俊峰. 基于${H}_{\infty }$滤波器的LCL型并网逆变器有源阻尼方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 121 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.121
Run CHEN, Jun ZENG, Junfeng LIU. Active Damping Method Based on ${H}_{\infty }$ Filter of LCL Grid-connected Inverter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 121 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.121
随着分布式发电技术的迅速发展, 并网逆变器得到了越来越广泛的应用[1]。采用脉宽调制 PWM(pulse width modulation)[2] 时,逆变器输出电压含有大量高频谐波。为此,工程上通常采用$\mathrm{L}$ 型滤波器或 LCL 型滤波器用于滤除入网电流中的高次谐波[3-4]。其中, LCL型滤波器的高频衰减特性更为优秀, 但是幅频特性存在谐振尖峰, 不利于并网系统稳定[5]
谐振尖峰抑制方法可分为无源阻尼方法和有源阻尼方法[6]。无源阻尼通过在 LCL 型滤波器中接入电阻来增加阻尼系数,但会增大系统损耗[7]。 电容电流反馈型有源阻尼 CCFTAD(capacitor-current-feedback type active damping)方法等效为滤波电容并联电阻, 可以在保持 LCL 型滤波器高频段幅频特性的同时抑制谐振尖峰, 但需要额外的传感器,显著增加了系统成本[8]。对此,有学者提出在控制环路中级联陷波滤波器来直接消除谐振尖峰的影响[9],但陷波滤波器的中心角频率对系统参数的变化较敏感。而若采用自适应控制来解决这一问题[10-11],则会明显增加设计难度和运算成本。文献[12-14]提出通过改变系统延迟以实现闭环系统的稳定运行;文献[15-16]利用数字滤波器的相频特性改变系统的穿越频率从而提高系统稳定性, 但均未对开环幅频特性中的谐振尖峰进行抑制; 文献[17]通过并网电流二次微分反馈模拟 CCFTAD 方法, 但容易放大高频噪声;文献[18] 采用卡尔曼滤波器进行状态估计, 但卡尔曼滤波器实现最优估计的前提是噪声为高斯白噪声、噪声统计信息精确和模型足够精确, 这些难以在逆变器工程应用中满足, 并且卡尔曼滤波器更新系数矩阵的过程需要进行大量矩阵运算, 实用价值有限。
综上所述,本文提出了 1 种基于${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的新型有源阻尼控制策略。相比于卡尔曼滤波器,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器针对参数摄动范围完成设计, 无需实时更新系数, 可节省大量运算成本, 且能有效处理 LCL 滤波器参数摄动问题。通过建立 LCL 型滤波器的状态空间模型和过程噪声模型可以转化为标准${H}_{\infty }$ 控制问题的一般模型,完成${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的求解。根据采样得到的输出电流和公共耦合点 PCC (point of common coupling)电压可以准确估计滤波电容电流并反馈到控制环路中, 不需要额外的电流传感器。由于系统模型包含了过程噪声信息,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器可在参数不确定性存在的情况下实现电容电流的${H}_{\infty }$ 最优估计。当 LCL 型滤波器参数及电网阻抗在一定范围内变化时, 闭环系统仍然保持稳定。仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的可行性和优势。
图1为采用传统 CCFTAD 方法的单相并网逆变器电路结构, 主要由直流电源、单相逆变器、 LCL 型滤波器及交流电网构成。图中, 直流侧包括电压源${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 和稳压电容${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,为简化分析,将直流电源视为恒压源。单相逆变器为全桥结构, 采用 IGBT 作为开关管。LCL 型滤波器由逆变侧电感${L}_{1}$、滤波电容$C$ 和交流测电感${L}_{2}$ 构成,相应的寄生电阻分别记为${r}_{1}$${r}_{C}$${r}_{2}$${v}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为电网电压,${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为电网阻抗,${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 处电压,幅值为${V}_{\mathrm{{PCCm}}}$。 系统参数见表1
将 PWM 发生器视为零阶保持器, 并考虑数字控制系统的延时,则从调制信号${v}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 到逆变器输出电压${v}_{\text{inv }}$ 的传递函数${G}_{\text{inv }}\left( s\right)$ 近似为
${G}_{\text{inv }}\left( s\right)\approx {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
根据储能元件的电压和电流关系, 以及基尔霍夫电压定律和电流定律, 可得LCL型滤波器的状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{i}_{{L}_{1}}= -\frac{\left({r}_{1}+ {r}_{c}\right)}{{L}_{1}}{i}_{{L}_{1}}- \frac{1}{{L}_{1}}{v}_{C}+ \frac{{r}_{c}}{{L}_{1}}{i}_{{L}_{2}}+ \frac{1}{{L}_{1}}{v}_{\text{inv }}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{v}_{C}= \frac{1}{C}{i}_{{L}_{1}}- \frac{1}{C}{i}_{{L}_{2}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{i}_{{L}_{2}}= \frac{{r}_{c}}{{L}_{1}}{i}_{{L}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{L}_{1}}{v}_{C}- \left(\frac{{r}_{2}+ {r}_{c}}{{L}_{1}}\right){i}_{{L}_{2}}- \frac{1}{{L}_{1}}{v}_{\text{PCC }}\end{array}\right.$
从逆变器输出电压${v}_{\text{inv }}$ 到输出电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 的传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{LCL}}}\left( s\right)$
$G_{\mathrm{LCL}}(s)=\frac{1+s r_{C} C}{s^{3} L_{1} L_{2} C+s^{2} C\left[r_{1} L_{2}+r_{2} L_{1}+r_{C}\left(L_{1}+L_{2}\right)\right]+s\left[L_{1}+L_{2}+\left(r_{C} r_{1}+r_{C} r_{2}+r_{1} r_{2}\right) C\right]+\left(r_{1}+r_{2}\right)}$
图2为传统的单相并网逆变器控制框图, 同时根据式(3)可得如图3所示的${G}_{\mathrm{{LCL}}}\left( s\right)$ 伯德图。由于寄生电阻通常较小, 导致 LCL 型滤波器的阻尼系数较小, 谐振频率点出现尖峰, 同时相位迅速减小${180}^{\circ }$,易造成并网系统谐振乃至不稳定。为此,传统的 CCFTAD 方法将滤波电容电流${i}_{C}$ 经增益环节${K}_{\mathrm{{ad}}}$ 反馈到控制环路中,其中${K}_{\mathrm{{ad}}}$ 可以表示为${L}_{1}/\left({{R}_{\mathrm{d}}\cdot C \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$,阻尼效果可近似等效为将电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 与滤波电容并联,则${K}_{\mathrm{{ad}}}$ 的设计可转化为${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 的选择。 随着${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 的减小,阻尼系数增大,有利于谐振尖峰抑制; 同时, 中低频段的相角衰减速度加快, 闭环系统的相位裕度减小。因此,${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 的选择应该综合考虑上述情况。
传统的 CCFTAD 方法可以有效抑制谐振尖峰, 但需要额外的电流传感器。对此, 本文提出一种基于${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的新型有源阻尼控制策略,可根据输出电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 电压${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 的信息实时估计${i}_{C}$ 值并完成反馈, 实现谐振尖峰的抑制, 无需额外的电流采样电路。为了完成${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的设计,首先对 LCL 型滤波器建立状态空间模型。选择状态向量为$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{i}_{{L}_{1}}& {v}_{C}& {i}_{{L}_{2}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,并考虑过程噪声的影响,则由式(2)可得 LCL 型滤波器的状态方程为
$\dot{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)= \mathbf{{Ax}}\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}_{u}{v}_{\text{inv }}\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}_{d}{v}_{\text{PCC }}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{w}\left( t\right)$
式中:
$ A =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{\left({r}_{1}+ {r}_{C}\right)}{{L}_{1}}& -\frac{1}{{L}_{1}}& \frac{{r}_{C}}{{L}_{1}}\\\frac{1}{C}& 0 &- \frac{1}{C}\\\frac{{r}_{C}}{{L}_{1}}& \frac{1}{{L}_{1}}& -\frac{\left({r}_{2}+ {r}_{C}\right)}{{L}_{1}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\\{\mathbf{B}}_{u}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}\frac{1}{{L}_{1}}& 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\;{\mathbf{B}}_{d}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 0 & 0 &- \frac{1}{{L}_{2}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{w}_{1}\left( t\right)& {w}_{2}\left( t\right)& {w}_{3}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\circ $$\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)$ 为过程噪声向量,主要表征系统参数偏离额定值时对系统状态变量的影响;${w}_{i}\left( t\right)(i = 1$, 2,3) 为实数,其大小与矩阵$\mathbf{A}$ 和运行时的状态变量有关。用${\mathbf{A}}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 表示参数摄动时的状态转移矩阵, 即
${A}_{\mathrm{p}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{\left({{r}_{1}+ {r}_{C}}\right)+ \left({\Delta {r}_{1}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}\right)}{{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}& -\frac{1}{{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}& \frac{{r}_{C}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}{{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}\\\frac{1}{C +{\Delta C}}& 0 &- \frac{1}{C +{\Delta C}}\\\frac{{r}_{C}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}{{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}& \frac{1}{{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}& -\frac{\left({{r}_{2}+ {r}_{C}}\right)+ \left({\Delta {r}_{C}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}\right)}{{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
其中,偏差量会随着运行情况在一定的范围内变化,可视为时变量。定义偏差矩阵$\Delta \mathbf{A}= {\mathbf{A}}_{\mathrm{p}}- \mathbf{A}$,则
${\Delta A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{\left({\Delta {r}_{1}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}\right){L}_{1}- \left({{r}_{1}+ {r}_{C}}\right)\Delta {L}_{1}}{{L}_{1}\left({{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}\right)} &\frac{\Delta {L}_{1}}{{L}_{1}\left({{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}\right)} &\frac{\Delta {r}_{C}{L}_{1}- {r}_{C}\Delta {L}_{1}}{{L}_{1}\left({{L}_{1}+ \Delta {L}_{1}}\right)} &\\- \frac{\Delta C}{C\left({C +{\Delta C}}\right)} & 0 &\frac{\Delta C}{C\left({C +{\Delta C}}\right)} &\\\frac{\Delta {r}_{C}{L}_{2}- {r}_{C}\Delta {L}_{2}}{{L}_{2}\left({{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}\right)} &- \frac{\Delta {L}_{2}}{{L}_{2}\left({{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}\right)} &- \frac{\left({\Delta {r}_{2}+ \Delta {r}_{C}}\right){L}_{2}- \left({{r}_{2}+ {r}_{C}}\right)\Delta {L}_{2}}{{L}_{2}\left({{L}_{2}+ \Delta {L}_{2}}\right)} &\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {a}_{11}& \Delta {a}_{12}& \Delta {a}_{13}\\\Delta {a}_{21}& \Delta {a}_{22}& \Delta {a}_{13}\\\Delta {a}_{31}& \Delta {a}_{32}& \Delta {a}_{33}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
于是,$\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)$ 可以表示为
$\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)= \Delta \mathbf{A}\left( t\right)\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1,2,3}}\Delta {a}_{1i}{x}_{i}\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1,2,3}}\Delta {a}_{2i}{x}_{i}\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1,3}}\Delta {a}_{3i}{x}_{i}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
相比于${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}},{L}_{2}$ 上的压降可忽略不计,即近似地认为${v}_{C}= {v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$。输出电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 作为被控制量,幅值由运行状态确定,相位通常与${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 同相,则电容电流${i}_{C}$ 相位超前${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 的相位${90}^{\circ }$,幅值可根据${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 和电容值确定。由于${i}_{{L}_{1}}= {i}_{{L}_{2}}+ {i}_{C}$,则${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 的幅值${I}_{{L}_{1}}$ 可表示为(6)
${I}_{{L}_{1\mathrm{\;m}}}= \sqrt{{I}_{{L}_{2\mathrm{\;m}}}^{2}+ {I}_{C\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}}$
由式(6)可知,$\Delta {a}_{21}= -\Delta {a}_{23}$,则${w}_{2}= \Delta {a}_{21}{i}_{C}$。 当系统参数偏移到最小值时,${\Delta A}$ 中元素取最大值。 因此, 在确定参数变化范围后, 以上述情况为基础,$\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)$ 各变量的幅值上界计算式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{W}_{1}\\{W}_{2}\\{W}_{3}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\left|{\Delta {a}_{11}{I}_{{L}_{1}\mathrm{\;m}}}\right|+ \left|{\Delta {a}_{12}{V}_{\mathrm{{PCCm}}}}\right|+ \left|{\Delta {a}_{13}{I}_{{L}_{2}\mathrm{\;m}}}\right|\\\left|{\Delta {a}_{21}{I}_{{L}_{1}\mathrm{\;m}}}\right|+ \left|{\Delta {a}_{32}{V}_{\mathrm{{PCCm}}}}\right|+ \left|{\Delta {a}_{33}{I}_{{L}_{2}\mathrm{\;m}}}\right|\end{array}\right\rbrack $
根据式(9),可将过程噪声$\mathbf{w}$ 缩放为无穷范数小于 1 的向量$\overline{\mathbf{w}}$,即
$\mathbf{w}\left( t\right)= \operatorname{diag}\left(\begin{array}{lll}{W}_{1}& {W}_{2}& {W}_{3}\end{array}\right)\overline{\mathbf{w}}\left( t\right), \\{\begin{Vmatrix}\bar{w}\left( t\right)\end{Vmatrix}}_{\infty }< 1 $
矩阵$\operatorname{diag}\left({{W}_{1},{W}_{2},{W}_{3}}\right)$ 记为${\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{w}$,则参数摄动对系统状态的影响可视为噪声信号$\overline{\mathbf{w}}$ 通过输入矩阵${\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{w}$ 对系统产生影响,由此完成了过程噪声的建模。 将信号${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$${v}_{\text{inv }}$ 分别缩放为幅值小于 1 的量${\bar{v}}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$${\bar{v}}_{\text{inv }}$,对应系数矩阵${\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{u}$${\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{d}$ 分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{u}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/{L}_{1}& 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{d}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 0 & 0 &- {V}_{\mathrm{{PCCm}}}/{L}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
因此, 式(4)的状态方程可以进一步表示为
$\dot{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)= \mathbf{{Ax}}\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}_{1}{\mathbf{w}}_{e}\left( t\right)$
其中,${\mathbf{B}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{u}& {\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{d}& {\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{w}\end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{w}}_{e}\left( t\right)= {\left\lbrack {\bar{v}}_{\text{inv }}\left( t\right){\bar{v}}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}\left( t\right)\overline{\mathbf{w}}{\left( t\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 表示 LCL 型滤波器的外部输入,且${\begin{Vmatrix}{\overline{\mathbf{w}}}_{e}\left( t\right)\end{Vmatrix}}_{\infty }< 1$
标准${H}_{\infty }$ 问题的一般模型为图4所示的线性分式分解变换 LFT(linear fractional transformation)结构[19]。其中,${w}_{e}$ 为所有外部输入信号;${\Delta z}$ 为表征性能的输出变量, 可视为误差信号, 通过设计控制器$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 使其最小化;$\mathbf{y}$ 为可测量的输出变量,同时是$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 的输入信号;$\widehat{z}$ 为控制信号。$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 为广义被控对象,根据输入输出变量将$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 分块为
$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\mathbf{G}}_{11}\left( s\right)& {\mathbf{G}}_{12}\left( s\right)\\{\mathbf{G}}_{21}\left( s\right)& {\mathbf{G}}_{22}\left( s\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack$,
可得从${\mathbf{w}}_{e}$${\Delta z}$ 的闭环传递函数为
${\Delta z}= \left\lbrack {{\mathbf{G}}_{11}+ {\mathbf{G}}_{12}\mathbf{F}{\left(\mathbf{I}- {\mathbf{G}}_{22}\mathbf{F}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{G}}_{21}}\right\rbrack {\mathbf{w}}_{e}= \\{\mathbf{F}}_{l}\left({\mathbf{G},\mathbf{F}}\right){\mathbf{w}}_{e}$
因此,标准${H}_{\infty }$ 最优问题为通过设计$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 使得${\begin{Vmatrix}{\mathbf{F}}_{l}\left(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{F}\right)\end{Vmatrix}}_{\infty }$ 最小。
${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波问题可视为一种特殊的${H}_{\infty }$ 控制问题,$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 仅用于估计目标信号,对$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 不产生控制作用。 用$z$ 表示电容电流${i}_{C}$,则$F\left( s\right)$ 输出信号$\widehat{z}$ 为电容电流估计值${\widehat{i}}_{C}$,误差信号${\Delta z}= z -\widehat{z}$。可测量的输出变量为$\mathbf{y}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{i}_{{L}_{2}}& {\bar{v}}_{\text{inv }}& {v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$。已知${\mathbf{w}}_{e}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack {{\bar{v}}_{\text{inv }}\left( t\right){\bar{v}}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}\left( t\right)}\right.$ ${\left.\overline{\mathbf{w}}{\left( t\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{i}_{{L}_{1}}& {v}_{C}& {i}_{{L}_{2}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,根据输入输出关系, 可得广义受控对象$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 的输出方程为
$\mathbf{y}= {\mathbf{C}}_{2}\mathbf{x}+ {\mathbf{D}}_{21}{\mathbf{w}}_{e}+ {\mathbf{D}}_{22}\widehat{z}$
${\Delta z}= {\mathbf{C}}_{1}\mathbf{x}+ {\mathbf{D}}_{11}{\mathbf{w}}_{e}+ {D}_{12}\widehat{z}$
式中:
${\mathbf{C}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{D}}_{21}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{V}_{\text{PCCm }}& 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \text{,}\\{\mathbf{D}}_{22}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{C}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 1 & 0 &- 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{D}}_{11}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllll} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack \text{,}\\{\mathbf{D}}_{12}= - 1\text{。}$
结合式(12)、式(14)和式(15),$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 的状态空间表达式可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{x}}= \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}+ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\mathbf{B}}_{1}& {\mathbf{B}}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{w}}_{e}\\\widehat{z}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\Delta z}\\\mathbf{y}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{C}}_{1}\\{\mathbf{C}}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack \mathbf{x}+ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\mathbf{D}}_{11}& {\mathbf{D}}_{12}\\{\mathbf{D}}_{21}& {\mathbf{D}}_{22}\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{w}}_{\mathrm{e}}\\\widehat{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中,${\mathbf{B}}_{2}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,表明估计信号$\widehat{z}$ 并不直接对$\mathbf{G}\left( s\right)$ 产生控制作用。式(16)为标准${H}_{\infty }$ 问题的一般模型,观察各系数矩阵,显然矩阵$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\mathbf{A}- \mathrm{j}\omega \mathbf{I}& {\mathbf{B}}_{1}\\{\mathbf{C}}_{2}& {\mathbf{D}}_{21}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack$ 对所有$\omega$ 均保持行满秩。同时,可通过能观性矩阵判定$\left({{\mathbf{C}}_{2},\mathbf{A}}\right)$ 能观,满足可检性要求。因此,对于给定的正实数$\gamma$,求解代数 Riccati 方程可得到满足${\begin{Vmatrix}{\mathbf{F}}_{l}\left(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{F}\right)\end{Vmatrix}}_{\infty }< \gamma$$\mathbf{F}{\left( s\right)}^{\left\lbrack {19}\right\rbrack }$。利用二分法逐步减小$\gamma$ 的值,可解出满足精度要求的最优${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$。上述求解过程可通过调用 MATLAB 软件的 hinfsyn 指令完成[20]。所得$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 可用传递函数的形式表示,即
${\widehat{i}}_{C}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{F}_{1}\left( s\right)& {F}_{2}\left( s\right)& {F}_{3}\left( s\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{{L}_{2}}\\{\overrightarrow{v}}_{\text{inv }}\\{v}_{\text{PCC }}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack。$
对于数字控制的并网系统, 通常取上一开关周期的调制信号${v}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的值近似替代${\bar{v}}_{\text{inv }}$,则基于${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的有源阻尼控制框图如图5所示。由图5可得从指令信号${i}_{\text{ref }}$ 到输出电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 的系统开环传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)$
${G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{{G}_{c}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{LCL}}}\left( s\right)}{1 +{K}_{\mathrm{{ad}}}{F}_{3}\left( s\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-s{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{{ad}}}{F}_{1}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{LCL}}}\left( s\right)} $
取滤波电感和滤波电容的参数变化范围均为 [-20%, 20%], 满载时输出电流为 5A。根据所有参数均减小${20}\%$ 的情况确定过程噪声输入矩阵${\overline{\mathbf{B}}}_{w}$, 并得到形如式 (16) 的标准模型,完成${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器$\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$ 的求解,对应的$\gamma ={3.2844},\mathbf{F}\left( s\right)$
${F}_{1}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{{9.001}\times {10}^{4}{s}^{2}+ {3.52}\times {10}^{13}s +{32.782}\times {10}^{19}}{{s}^{3}+ {3.911}\times {10}^{8}{s}^{2}+ {3.096}\times {10}^{14}s +{2.599}\times {10}^{18}}$
${F}_{2}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{{1250}{s}^{2}+ {2.578}\times {10}^{13}s -{1.545}\times {10}^{17}}{{s}^{3}+ {3.911}\times {10}^{8}{s}^{2}+ {3.096}\times {10}^{14}s +{2.599}\times {10}^{18}}$
${F}_{3}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{{2.023}\times {10}^{10}{s}^{2}- {4.326}\times {10}^{14}s -{2.318}\times {10}^{15}}{{s}^{3}+ {3.911}\times {10}^{8}{s}^{2}+ {3.096}\times {10}^{14}s +{2.599}\times {10}^{18}}$
为实现对入网电流的跟踪,采用$\mathrm{{PR}}$ 控制器作为电流控制器。为了抑制电网电压中的低频谐波对输出电流的干扰, 通过并联谐振控制器来增大对应频率的环路增益。综合考虑电网电压的谐波成分和控制环路带宽的限制,确定电流控制器${G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)$ 的形式为
${G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{p}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1,3,5,7}}\frac{2{k}_{\mathrm{r}i}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s}{{s}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\left( i{\omega }_{\mathrm{o}}\right)}^{2}}$
式中,${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为比例环节增益,用于调节系统带宽,使开环截止频率位于基波频率和系统谐振频率之间;${k}_{\mathrm{r}i}$$i$ 次谐波的谐振环节增益,决定了对应谐振频率点处的增益, 用以调节谐波抑制效果, 为方便设计, 令所有${k}_{\mathrm{r}i}$ 均等于${k}_{\mathrm{r}};{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为谐振控制器的截止角频率, 根据电网频率实际偏移范围确定;${\omega }_{0}$ 为基波角频率, 根据电网频率直接给定。${G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)$ 的参数见表2
选取阻尼电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}}= {6\Omega }$,根据表1可得各环节传递函数,则开环传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)$ 的伯德图如图6所示, 可知: 本文所提控制方法可以有效抑制 LCL 型滤波器的谐振尖峰; 此时, 系统开环截止频率约${750}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,足以满足动态性能和稳定性要求;谐振控制器的谐振频率环路增益均在${40}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 以上,可有效抑制低频谐波的干扰。
由于系统含有延迟环节, 采用闭环零极点分布图分析系统在参数变化和电网阻抗大范围变化时的稳定性。系统闭环传递函数表示为
${G}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)}{1 +{G}_{\mathrm{{op}}}\left( s\right)} $
分别使 LCL 型滤波器所有参数从标称值的${120}\%$ 同步减小为标称值的${80}\%$,并使${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$$0\mathrm{{mH}}$ 增大到$2\mathrm{{mH}}$,可得相应的系统闭环零极点分布, 分别如图7图8所示, 其中箭头方向表示对应参数变化时闭环极点的移动方向, 可知: 虽然 LCL 型滤波器参数摄动和${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 大范围变化均会导致部分闭环极点向虚轴方向移动, 但是在给定工况下系统所有闭环极点始终位于$s$ 平面的左半部分; 值得一提的是, 由于采用了多谐振控制器, 部分极点较为靠近虚轴, 但基本不受参数摄动和电网阻抗变化的影响, 且与相邻零点构成偶极子, 因此这些极点对系统鲁棒性和动态性能的影响可忽略不计。上述分析表明,本文所提控制策略能有效提高系统在参数摄动和电网阻抗大范围变化时的鲁棒性。
为了验证控制策略的可行性, 基于 MATLAB/ Simulink 搭建了单相并网系统的仿真模型, 系统参数如表1所示,设定电网阻抗${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= 0$,满载时入网电流为$5\mathrm{\;A}$。为了在数字控制系统中实现所提控制策略,采用双线性变换将${G}_{c}\left( s\right)$$F\left( s\right)$ 离散化,即将$s = 2\left({z - 1}\right)/\left\lbrack {{T}_{s}\left({z + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 代入${G}_{c}\left( s\right)$$F\left( s\right)$ 的表达式中, 可得离散域中的控制器。
为突出${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器在参数摄动情况下的优势, 选择二阶微分器和龙伯格观测器作为比较对象。其中,龙伯格观测器运算成本与${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器相同,但是基于精确模型完成设计, 无法在参数摄动的情况下保证性能, 并且现有研究大都采用极点配置方法整定参数[21-23],缺乏与性能指标相关联的量化设计原则,不利于实际应用。在系统极点$3 \sim 5$ 倍范围内完成龙伯格观测器的极点配置[22],得到的 3 种方法的仿真波形分别如图10图11所示。
满载情况下,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器、二阶微分器和龙伯格观测器的电容电流估计值${\widehat{i}}_{C}$ 的波形如图9所示, 其中,${i}_{C}$ 为经滑动平均值滤波后的实际电容电流基波波形。由于二阶微分器的估计电流中含有大量高频噪声,为方便比较,图9(b)和(e)中的误差信号为对估计电流信号进行滤波后得到的基波误差信号。由图9可知: 当系统参数发生变化时,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的估计误差均显著小于二阶微分器的估计误差;对于${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器而言,系统参数均减小 -20% 时过程噪声最大,此时${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的估计误差稍小于龙伯格观测器的估计误差; 当系统参数均增大 20%时,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的估计误差显著小于龙伯格观测器的估计误差,表明${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器在参数不确定性存在时能保持较高的估计精度。并且,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器避免了在环路中引入实际电容电流中的高频谐波和放大高频噪声信号,验证了${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的优势。
图10为所有系统参数减小 20%时各控制策略下的入网电流波形, 可知, 基于二阶微分器的有源阻尼控制方法无法稳定运行, 而基于龙伯格观测器的有源阻尼控制方法波形出现严重失真, 同样无法稳定工作。对于本文所提控制方法, 逆变器满载运行时的入网电流 THD 仅为 0.3%, 逆变器由满载切换为半载运行时, 动态响应快, 系统能维持稳定运行, 表明本文所提方法具有良好的稳态性能和动态性能, 对于参数摄动具有较好的鲁棒性, 验证了本文所提方法的可行性。
图11为电网电感${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为$0\text{、}{0.7}\text{、}{2.0}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时的入网电流动态波形,可知,当电网阻抗从$0\mathrm{{mH}}$ 增大到${2.0}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时,系统能维持稳定,超调量无明显变化,尽管系统惯性增大导致调节时间略有增加,但均能在 1 个工频周期内达到稳态。因此,仿真分析验证了本文所提控制策略在电网阻抗大范围变化时具有良好的鲁棒性和动态性能。
为了验证控制算法在实际应用中的可行性, 基于 DSP TMS320F28335 控制芯片搭建了 1 台单相全桥 LCL 型并网逆变器样机。其中, 直流电源采用可编程电源 IT7624,交流电压由${220}\mathrm{\;V}/{50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 市电经变压器降压得到,满载时入网电流为$5\mathrm{\;A}$,样机参数及控制器参数与仿真系统参数相同。
图12${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= 0\mathrm{{mH}}$ 逆变器满载运行时的$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 电压波形的逆变器稳态输出电流波形。${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 的 THD 为 2.89%,存在一定的畸变。而入网电流的 THD 仅为 0.97%。实验结果表明,本文所提控制策略可以有效抑制 LCL 型滤波器的谐振尖峰和电网电压的谐波干扰, 具有良好的稳态性能。
图13为 ${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 取不同值情况下,逆变器由满载切换到半载运行时的入网电流动态响应波形。可以看到:对于不同的电网阻抗,逆变器动态响应实验波形与图11 的仿真波形基本吻合, 超调量并未发生明显变化,始终保持在 $2\mathrm{\;A}$ 以内,且并未出现高频振荡现象;响应时间有所增大, 但能在 1 个工频周期内进入稳态。由此可见, 仿真和实验结果共同验证了本文所提控制策略算法在弱电网下的可行性。
本文提出了 1 种基于${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器的有源阻尼控制策略, 可有效抑制 LCL 型并网逆变器的谐振尖峰问题。该方法利用 PCC 电压和入网电流信息, 通过${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器估计电容电流并反馈到控制环路中, 无需额外的电流采样电路, 降低了硬件成本。 仿真和实验结果表明,${H}_{\infty }$ 滤波器在 LCL 型滤波器参数摄动的情况下仍能保证估计值的精确度, 采用该方法的并网系统在 LCL 型滤波器参数摄动及电网阻抗变化的情况下保持稳定运行, 并具有较好的动态性能和稳态性能, 验证了本文所提方法的可行性与优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.121
  • 接收时间:2021-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-10
  • 修回日期:2022-03-08
  • 录用日期:2022-04-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173148)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877085)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
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    华南理工大学 自动化科学与工程学院 广州 510640
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